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Herz DM, Meder D, Camilleri JA, Eickhoff SB, Siebner HR. Brain Motor Network Changes in Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from Meta-Analytic Modeling. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1180-1190. [PMID: 33427336 PMCID: PMC8127399 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motor‐related brain activity in Parkinson's disease has been investigated in a multitude of functional neuroimaging studies, which often yielded apparently conflicting results. Our previous meta‐analysis did not resolve inconsistencies regarding cortical activation differences in Parkinson's disease, which might be related to the limited number of studies that could be included. Therefore, we conducted a revised meta‐analysis including a larger number of studies. The objectives of this study were to elucidate brain areas that consistently show abnormal motor‐related activation in Parkinson's disease and to reveal their functional connectivity profiles using meta‐analytic approaches. Methods We applied a quantitative meta‐analysis of functional neuroimaging studies testing limb movements in Parkinson's disease comprising data from 39 studies, of which 15 studies (285 of 571 individual patients) were published after the previous meta‐analysis. We also conducted meta‐analytic connectivity modeling to elucidate the connectivity profiles of areas showing abnormal activation. Results We found consistent motor‐related underactivation of bilateral posterior putamen and cerebellum in Parkinson's disease. Primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area also showed deficient activation, whereas cortical regions localized directly anterior to these areas expressed overactivation. Connectivity modeling revealed that areas showing decreased activation shared a common pathway through the posterior putamen, whereas areas showing increased activation were connected to the anterior putamen. Conclusions Despite conflicting results in individual neuroimaging studies, this revised meta‐analytic approach identified consistent patterns of abnormal motor‐related activation in Parkinson's disease. The distinct patterns of decreased and increased activity might be determined by their connectivity with different subregions of the putamen. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M Herz
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - David Meder
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Julia A Camilleri
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Juelich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Juelich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Bologna M, Paparella G, Fasano A, Hallett M, Berardelli A. Evolving concepts on bradykinesia. Brain 2020; 143:727-750. [PMID: 31834375 PMCID: PMC8205506 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradykinesia is one of the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and other parkinsonisms. The various clinical aspects related to bradykinesia and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying bradykinesia are, however, still unclear. In this article, we review clinical and experimental studies on bradykinesia performed in patients with Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism. We also review studies on animal experiments dealing with pathophysiological aspects of the parkinsonian state. In Parkinson's disease, bradykinesia is characterized by slowness, the reduced amplitude of movement, and sequence effect. These features are also present in atypical parkinsonisms, but the sequence effect is not common. Levodopa therapy improves bradykinesia, but treatment variably affects the bradykinesia features and does not significantly modify the sequence effect. Findings from animal and patients demonstrate the role of the basal ganglia and other interconnected structures, such as the primary motor cortex and cerebellum, as well as the contribution of abnormal sensorimotor processing. Bradykinesia should be interpreted as arising from network dysfunction. A better understanding of bradykinesia pathophysiology will serve as the new starting point for clinical and experimental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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3
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Filippi M, Elisabetta S, Piramide N, Agosta F. Functional MRI in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:439-467. [PMID: 30314606 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) has been widely used to study abnormal patterns of brain connectivity at rest and activation during a variety of tasks in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). fMRI studies in PD have led to a better understanding of many aspects of the disease including both motor and non-motor symptoms. Although its translation into clinical practice is still at an early stage, fMRI measures hold promise for multiple clinical applications in PD, including the early detection, predicting future change in clinical status, and as a marker of alterations in brain physiology related to neurotherapeutic agents and neurorehabilitative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sarasso Elisabetta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Movement Analysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Piramide
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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4
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Mohl B, Berman BD, Shelton E, Tanabe J. Levodopa response differs in Parkinson's motor subtypes: A task-based effective connectivity study. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2192-2201. [PMID: 28256710 PMCID: PMC6301039 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a circuit-level disorder with clinically-determined motor subtypes. Despite evidence suggesting each subtype may have different pathophysiology, few neuroimaging studies have examined levodopa-induced differences in neural activation between tremor dominant (TD) and postural instability/gait difficulty (PIGD) subtype patients during a motor task. The goal of this functional MRI (fMRI) study was to examine task-induced activation and connectivity in the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical motor circuit in healthy controls, TD patients, and PIGD patients before and after levodopa administration. Fourteen TD and 12 PIGD cognitively-intact patients and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed a right-hand, paced tapping fMRI paradigm. Collectively, PD patients off medication (OFF) showed hypoactivation of the motor cortex relative to healthy controls, even when controlling for performance. After levodopa intake, the PIGD patients had significantly increased activation in the left putamen compared with TD patients and healthy controls. Psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed that levodopa increased effective connectivity between the posterior putamen and other areas of the motor circuit during tapping in TD patients, but not in PIGD patients. This novel, levodopa-induced difference in the neural responses between PD motor subtypes may have significant implications for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the distinct phenotypic manifestations and enabling the classification of motor subtypes objectively using fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Mohl
- Departments of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Departments of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO USA
| | - Erika Shelton
- Departments of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jody Tanabe
- Departments of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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5
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Mak MKY, Cheung V, Ma S, Lu ZL, Wang D, Lou W, Shi L, Mok VCT, Chu WCW, Hallett M. Increased Cognitive Control During Execution of Finger Tap Movement in People with Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 6:639-50. [PMID: 27372216 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-160849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies employed demanding and complex hand tasks to study the brain activation in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD). There is inconsistent finding about the cerebellar activity during movement execution of this patient population. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the brain activation patterns of PD individuals in the on-state and healthy control subjects in a simple finger tapping task. METHODS Twenty-seven patients with PD and 22 age-matched healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Subjects were instructed to perform simple finger tapping tasks under self- and cue-initiated conditions in separate runs while their brain activations were captured using fMRI. RESULTS Healthy subjects had higher brain activity in contralateral precentral gyrus during the self-initiated task, and higher brain activity in the ipsilateral middle occipital gyrus during the cue-initiated task. PD patients had higher brain activity in the cerebellum Crus I (bilateral) and lobules VI (ipsilateral) during the self-initiated task and higher brain activity in the contralateral middle frontal gyrus during the cue-initiated task. When compared with healthy controls, PD patients had lower brain activity in the contralateral inferior parietal lobule during the self-initiated task, and lower brain activity in the ipsilateral cerebellum lobule VIII, lobule VIIB and vermis VIII, and thalamus during the cue-initiated task. Conjunction analysis indicated that both groups had activation in bilateral cerebellum and SMA and ipsilateral precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus during both self- and cue-initiated movement. Individuals with PD exhibited higher brain activity in the executive zone (cerebellum Crus I and II) during self-initiated movement, and lower brain activity in the sensorimotor zone (i.e. lobule VIIb and VIII of the cerebellum) during cue-initiated movement. DISCUSSIONS The findings suggest that individuals with PD may use more executive control when performing simple movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Y Mak
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Vinci Cheung
- Department of Counselling & Psychology, Shue Yan University, Hong Kong
| | - Shuangye Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong L Lu
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Defeng Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wutao Lou
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie C W Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Pasquereau B, DeLong MR, Turner RS. Primary motor cortex of the parkinsonian monkey: altered encoding of active movement. Brain 2016; 139:127-43. [PMID: 26490335 PMCID: PMC4794619 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the movement-related activation of the primary motor cortex (M1) are thought to be a major contributor to the motor signs of Parkinson's disease. The existing evidence, however, variably indicates that M1 is under-activated with movement, overactivated (due to a loss of functional specificity) or activated with abnormal timing. In addition, few models consider the possibility that distinct cortical neuron subtypes may be affected differently. Those gaps in knowledge were addressed by studying the extracellular activity of antidromically-identified lamina 5b pyramidal-tract type neurons (n = 153) and intratelencephalic-type corticostriatal neurons (n = 126) in the M1 of two monkeys as they performed a step-tracking arm movement task. We compared movement-related discharge before and after the induction of parkinsonism by administration of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and quantified the spike rate encoding of specific kinematic parameters of movement using a generalized linear model. The fraction of M1 neurons with movement-related activity declined following MPTP but only marginally. The strength of neuronal encoding of parameters of movement was reduced markedly (mean 29% reduction in the coefficients from the generalized linear model). This relative decoupling of M1 activity from kinematics was attributable to reductions in the coefficients that estimated the spike rate encoding of movement direction (-22%), speed (-40%), acceleration (-49%) and hand position (-33%). After controlling for MPTP-induced changes in motor performance, M1 activity related to movement itself was reduced markedly (mean 36% hypoactivation). This reduced activation was strong in pyramidal tract-type neurons (-50%) but essentially absent in corticostriatal neurons. The timing of M1 activation was also abnormal, with earlier onset times, prolonged response durations, and a 43% reduction in the prevalence of movement-related changes beginning in the 150-ms period that immediately preceded movement. Overall, the results are consistent with proposals that under-activation and abnormal timing of movement-related activity in M1 contribute to parkinsonian motor signs but are not consistent with the idea that a loss of functional specificity plays an important role. Given that pyramidal tract-type neurons form the primary efferent pathway that conveys motor commands to the spinal cord, the dysfunction of movement-related activity in pyramidal tract-type neurons is likely to be a central factor in the pathophysiology of parkinsonian motor signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pasquereau
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- 2 Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert S Turner
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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7
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Li Y, Liang P, Jia X, Li K. Abnormal regional homogeneity in Parkinson's disease: a resting state fMRI study. Clin Radiol 2015; 71:e28-34. [PMID: 26628410 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the functional brain alterations in Parkinson's disease (PD) by measuring blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) signals at rest while controlling for the structural atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three PD patients and 20 age, gender, and education level matched normal controls (NC) were included in this study. Resting state fMRI and structural MRI data were acquired. The resting state brain activity was measured by the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method and the grey matter (GM) volume was attained by the voxel-based morphology (VBM) analysis. Two-sample t-test was then performed to detect the group differences with structural atrophy as a covariate. RESULTS VBM analysis showed GM volume reductions in the left superior frontal gyrus, left paracentral lobule, and left middle frontal gyrus in PD patients as compared to NC. There were widespread ReHo differences between NC and PD patients. Compared to NC, PD patients showed significant alterations in the motor network, including decreased ReHo in the right primary sensory cortex (S1), while increased ReHo in the left premotor area (PMA) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In addition, a cluster in the left superior occipital gyrus (SOG) also showed increased ReHo in PD patients. CONCLUSION The current findings indicate that significant changes of ReHo in the motor and non-motor cortices have been detected in PD patients, independent of age, gender, education level, and structural atrophy. The present study thus suggests ReHo abnormalities as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of PD and further provides insights into the biological mechanism of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, China
| | - P Liang
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, China
| | - X Jia
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, China
| | - K Li
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, China.
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8
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Hu XF, Zhang JQ, Jiang XM, Zhou CY, Wei LQ, Yin XT, Li J, Zhang YL, Wang J. Amplitude of low-frequency oscillations in Parkinson's disease: a 2-year longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:593-601. [PMID: 25698189 PMCID: PMC4834768 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.151652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies have found that functional changes exist in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the majority of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in patients with PD are task-related and cross-sectional. This study investigated the functional changes observed in patients with PD, at both baseline and after 2 years, using resting-state fMRI. It further investigated the relationship between whole-brain spontaneous neural activity of patients with PD and their clinical characteristics. METHODS Seventeen patients with PD underwent an MRI procedure at both baseline and after 2 years using resting-state fMRI that was derived from the same 3T MRI. In addition, 20 age- and sex-matched, healthy controls were examined using resting-state fMRI. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) approach was used to analyze the fMRI data. Nonlinear registration was used to model within-subject changes over the scanning interval, as well as changes between the patients with PD and the healthy controls. A correlative analysis between the fALFF values and clinical characteristics was performed in the regions showing fALFF differences. RESULTS Compared to the control subjects, the patients with PD showed increased fALFF values in the left inferior temporal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and right middle frontal gyrus. Compared to the baseline in the 2 years follow-up, the patients with PD presented with increased fALFF values in the right middle temporal gyrus and right middle occipital gyrus while also having decreased fALFF values in the right cerebellum, right thalamus, right striatum, left superior parietal lobule, left IPL, left precentral gyrus, and left postcentral gyrus (P < 0.01, after correction with AlphaSim). In addition, the fALFF values in the right cerebellum were positively correlated with the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores (r = 0.51, P < 0.05, uncorrected) and the change in the UPDRS motor score (r = 0.61, P < 0.05, uncorrected). CONCLUSIONS The baseline and longitudinal changes of the fALFF values in our study suggest that dysfunction in the brain may affect the regions related to cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic loops and cerebello-thalamo-cortical loops as the disease progresses and that alterations to the spontaneous neural activity of the cerebellum may also play an important role in the disease's progression in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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9
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Ahn S, Zauber SE, Worth RM, Witt T, Rubchinsky LL. Interaction of synchronized dynamics in cortex and basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2164-71. [PMID: 26154341 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease pathophysiology is marked by increased oscillatory and synchronous activity in the beta frequency band in cortical and basal ganglia circuits. This study explores the functional connections between synchronized dynamics of cortical areas and synchronized dynamics of subcortical areas in Parkinson's disease. We simultaneously recorded neuronal units (spikes) and local field potentials (LFP) from subthalamic nucleus (STN) and electroencephalograms (EEGs) from the scalp in parkinsonian patients, and analysed the correlation between the time courses of the spike-LFP synchronization and inter-electrode EEG synchronization. We found the (non-invasively obtained) time course of the synchrony strength between EEG electrodes and the (invasively obtained) time course of the synchrony between spiking units and LFP in STN to be weakly, but significantly, correlated with each other. This correlation is largest for the bilateral motor EEG synchronization, followed by bilateral frontal EEG synchronization. Our observations suggest that there may be multiple functional modes by which the cortical and basal ganglia circuits interact with each other in Parkinson's disease: not only may synchronization be observed between some areas in cortex and the basal ganglia, but also synchronization within cortex and within basal ganglia may be related, suggesting potentially a more global functional interaction. More coherent dynamics in one brain region may modulate or activate the dynamics of another brain region in a more powerful way, causing correlations between changes in synchrony strength in the two regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Ahn
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Mathematical Biosciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Elizabeth Zauber
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert M Worth
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Mathematical Biosciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Witt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leonid L Rubchinsky
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Mathematical Biosciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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10
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Goveas J, O'Dwyer L, Mascalchi M, Cosottini M, Diciotti S, De Santis S, Passamonti L, Tessa C, Toschi N, Giannelli M. Diffusion-MRI in neurodegenerative disorders. Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 33:853-76. [PMID: 25917917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to image the whole brain through ever more subtle and specific methods/contrasts has come to play a key role in understanding the basis of brain abnormalities in several diseases. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), "diffusion" (i.e. the random, thermally-induced displacements of water molecules over time) represents an extraordinarily sensitive contrast mechanism, and the exquisite structural detail it affords has proven useful in a vast number of clinical as well as research applications. Since diffusion-MRI is a truly quantitative imaging technique, the indices it provides can serve as potential imaging biomarkers which could allow early detection of pathological alterations as well as tracking and possibly predicting subtle changes in follow-up examinations and clinical trials. Accordingly, diffusion-MRI has proven useful in obtaining information to better understand the microstructural changes and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying various neurodegenerative disorders. In this review article, we summarize and explore the main applications, findings, perspectives as well as challenges and future research of diffusion-MRI in various neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease and degenerative ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Goveas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, and Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Laurence O'Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Quantitative and Functional Neuroradiology Research Program at Meyer Children and Careggi Hospitals of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirco Cosottini
- Department of Translational Research and New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Unit of Neuroradiology, Pisa University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana", Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Diciotti
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Silvia De Santis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Tessa
- Division of Radiology, "Versilia" Hospital, AUSL 12 Viareggio, Lido di Camaiore, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Medical Physics Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Giannelli
- Unit of Medical Physics, Pisa University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana", Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Hallett M, Obeso J. Where does chorea come from? cortical excitability findings challenge classic pathophysiological concepts. Mov Disord 2014; 30:169-70. [PMID: 25546440 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hallett
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Dopamine agonist modifies cortical activity in Parkinson disease: a functional neuroimaging study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2014; 37:166-72. [PMID: 25384074 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the influence of a long-term dopaminergic therapy on brain activation during a simple motor task in early, previously untreated patients with Parkinson disease. METHODS Thirteen patients with Parkinson disease in Hoehn-Yahr stage 1 or 2, with a right predominance of the disease, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during self-paced continuous right-hand tapping before and after 6 months of therapy with ropinirole 15 mg/d. The task was monitored online with a dedicated device, which measures the strength and frequency of the tapping. RESULTS All patients with Parkinson disease on ropinirole treatment showed a clinically significant improvement, and their functional magnetic resonance imaging pattern after treatment showed a reduced activation in the right postcentral (primary sensory-motor area), supramarginal and inferior parietal gyri compared with the activation pattern before treatment. No area of increased activation was observed after therapy. CONCLUSIONS In line with the classical functional deafferentation hypothesis, dopaminergic stimulation should increase motor cortex activity as a result of restoration of the striatocortical loops. On the contrary, our results challenge this hypothesis as we found decreased cerebral activity after a short-term chronic dopaminergic treatment. We suggest that the recruitment of cortical motor circuits aimed to overcome the functional deficit of the striatocortical loops lessens after dopaminergic treatment.
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Planetta PJ, McFarland NR, Okun MS, Vaillancourt DE. MRI reveals brain abnormalities in drug-naive Parkinson's disease. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2014; 42:12-22. [PMID: 24188978 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Most brain studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) focus on patients who are already taking antiparkinsonian medication. This makes it difficult to isolate the effects of disease from those of treatment. We review magnetic resonance imaging evidence supporting the hypothesis that early-stage untreated PD patients have structural and functional abnormalities in the brain, some of which are related to motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy J Planetta
- Departments of 1Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, and 2Neurology, 3Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, and Departments of 4Neurosurgery, and 5Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Mascalchi M, Ginestroni A, Toschi N, Poggesi A, Cecchi P, Salvadori E, Tessa C, Cosottini M, De Stefano N, Pracucci G, Pantoni L, Inzitari D, Diciotti S. The burden of microstructural damage modulates cortical activation in elderly subjects with MCI and leuko-araiosis. A DTI and fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:819-30. [PMID: 23225611 PMCID: PMC6869323 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The term leuko-araiosis (LA) describes a common chronic affection of the cerebral white matter (WM) in the elderly due to small vessel disease with variable clinical correlates. To explore whether severity of LA entails some adaptive reorganization in the cerebral cortex we evaluated with functional MRI (fMRI) the cortical activation pattern during a simple motor task in 60 subjects with mild cognitive impairment and moderate or severe (moderate-to-severe LA group, n = 46) and mild (mild LA group, n = 14) LA extension on visual rating. The microstructural damage associated with LA was measured on diffusion tensor data by computation of the mean diffusivity (MD) of the cerebral WM and by applying tract based spatial statistics (TBSS). Subjects were examined with fMRI during continuous tapping of the right dominant hand with task performance measurement. Moderate-to-severe LA group showed hyperactivation of left primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) and right cerebellum. Regression analyses using the individual median of WM MD as explanatory variable revealed a posterior shift of activation within the left SM1 and hyperactivation of the left SMA and paracentral lobule and of the bilateral cerebellar crus. These data indicate that brain activation is modulated by increasing severity of LA with a local remapping within the SM1 and increased activity in ipsilateral nonprimary sensorimotor cortex and bilateral cerebellum. These potentially adaptive changes as well lack of contralateral cerebral hemisphere hyperactivation are in line with sparing of the U fibers and brainstem and cerebellar WM tracts and the emerging microstructual damage of the corpus callosum revealed by TBSS with increasing severity of LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mascalchi
- Radiodiagnostic Section, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Herz DM, Eickhoff SB, Løkkegaard A, Siebner HR. Functional neuroimaging of motor control in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:3227-37. [PMID: 24123553 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging has been widely used to study the activation patterns of the motor network in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), but these studies have yielded conflicting results. This meta-analysis of previous neuroimaging studies was performed to identify patterns of abnormal movement-related activation in PD that were consistent across studies. We applied activation likelihood estimation (ALE) of functional neuroimaging studies probing motor function in patients with PD. The meta-analysis encompassed data from 283 patients with PD reported in 24 functional neuroimaging studies and yielded consistent alterations in neural activity in patients with PD. Differences in cortical activation between PD patients and healthy controls converged in a left-lateralized fronto-parietal network comprising the presupplementary motor area, primary motor cortex, inferior parietal cortex, and superior parietal lobule. Both, increases as well as decreases in motor cortical activity, which were related to differences in movement timing and selection in the applied motor tasks, were reported in these cortical areas. In the basal ganglia, PD patients expressed a decrease of motor activation in the posterior motor putamen, which improved with dopaminergic medication. The likelihood of detecting a decrease in putaminal activity increased with motor impairment. This reduced motor activation of the posterior putamen across previous neuroimaging studies indicates that nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation affects neural processing in the denervated striatal motor territory. In contrast, fronto-parietal motor areas display both increases as well as decreases in movement related activation. This points to a more complex relationship between altered cortical physiology and nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M Herz
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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16
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Choe IH, Yeo S, Chung KC, Kim SH, Lim S. Decreased and increased cerebral regional homogeneity in early Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2013; 1527:230-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
We used a network approach to assess systems-level abnormalities in motor activation in humans with Parkinson's disease (PD). This was done by measuring the expression of the normal movement-related activation pattern (NMRP), a previously validated activation network deployed by healthy subjects during motor performance. In this study, NMRP expression was prospectively quantified in (15)O-water PET scans from a PD patient cohort comprised of a longitudinal early-stage group (n = 12) scanned at baseline and at two or three follow-up visits two years apart, and a moderately advanced group scanned on and off treatment with either subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (n = 14) or intravenous levodopa infusion (n = 14). For each subject and condition, we measured NMRP expression during both movement and rest. Resting expression of the abnormal PD-related metabolic covariance pattern was likewise determined in the same subjects. NMRP expression was abnormally elevated (p < 0.001) in PD patients scanned in the nonmovement rest state. By contrast, network activity measured during movement did not differ from normal (p = 0.34). In the longitudinal cohort, abnormal increases in resting NMRP expression were evident at the earliest clinical stages (p < 0.05), which progressed significantly over time (p = 0.003). Analogous network changes were present at baseline in the treatment cohort (p = 0.001). These abnormalities improved with subthalamic nucleus stimulation (p < 0.005) but not levodopa (p = 0.25). In both cohorts, the changes in NMRP expression that were observed did not correlate with concurrent PD-related metabolic covariance pattern measurements (p > 0.22). Thus, the resting state in PD is characterized by changes in the activity of normal as well as pathological brain networks.
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Novel Mechanisms Underlying Inhibitory and Facilitatory Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Abnormalities in Parkinson's Disease. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Holiga Š, Mueller K, Möller HE, Sieger T, Schroeter ML, Vymazal J, Růžička E, Jech R. Motor matters: tackling heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease in functional MRI studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56133. [PMID: 23418522 PMCID: PMC3572025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To tackle the heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease symptoms, most functional imaging studies tend to select a uniform group of subjects. We hypothesize that more profound considerations are needed to account for intra/inter-subject clinical variability and possibly for differing pathophysiological processes. Twelve patients were investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging during visually-guided finger tapping. To account for disease heterogeneity, the motor score and individual symptom scores from the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) were utilized in the group-level model using two approaches either as the explanatory variable or as the effect of interest. Employment of the UPDRS-III score and symptom scores was systematically tested on the resulting group response to the levodopa challenge, which further accentuated the diversity of the diseased state of participants. Statistics revealed a bilateral group response to levodopa in the basal ganglia. Interestingly, systematic incorporation of individual motor aspects of the disease in the modelling amended the resulting activity patterns conspicuously, evidencing a manifold amount of explained variability by the particular score. In conclusion, the severity of clinical symptoms expressed in the UPDRS-III scores should be considered in the analysis to attain unbiased statistics, draw reliable conclusions and allow for comparisons between research groups studying Parkinson’s disease using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Holiga
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald E. Möller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomáš Sieger
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias L. Schroeter
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology & Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig and FTLD Consortium, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Vymazal
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Rizzo G, Tonon C, Lodi R. Looking into the brain: How can conventional, morphometric and functional MRI help in diagnosing and understanding PD? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Jech R, Mueller K, Urgošík D, Sieger T, Holiga Š, Růžička F, Dušek P, Havránková P, Vymazal J, Růžička E. The subthalamic microlesion story in Parkinson's disease: electrode insertion-related motor improvement with relative cortico-subcortical hypoactivation in fMRI. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49056. [PMID: 23145068 PMCID: PMC3492182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrode implantation into the subthalamic nucleus for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with a temporary motor improvement occurring prior to neurostimulation. We studied this phenomenon by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) when considering the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) and collateral oedema. Twelve patients with PD (age 55.9± (SD)6.8 years, PD duration 9-15 years) underwent bilateral electrode implantation into the subthalamic nucleus. The fMRI was carried out after an overnight withdrawal of levodopa (OFF condition): (i) before and (ii) within three days after surgery in absence of neurostimulation. The motor task involved visually triggered finger tapping. The OFF/UPDRS-III score dropped from 33.8±8.7 before to 23.3±4.8 after the surgery (p<0.001), correlating with the postoperative oedema score (p<0.05). During the motor task, bilateral activation of the thalamus and basal ganglia, motor cortex and insula were preoperatively higher than after surgery (p<0.001). The results became more enhanced after compensation for the oedema and UPDRS-III scores. In addition, the rigidity and axial symptoms score correlated inversely with activation of the putamen and globus pallidus (p<0.0001). One month later, the OFF/UPDRS-III score had returned to the preoperative level (35.8±7.0, p = 0.4).In conclusion, motor improvement induced by insertion of an inactive electrode into the subthalamic nucleus caused an acute microlesion which was at least partially related to the collateral oedema and associated with extensive impact on the motor network. This was postoperatively manifested as lowered movement-related activation at the cortical and subcortical levels and differed from the known effects of neurostimulation or levodopa. The motor system finally adapted to the microlesion within one month as suggested by loss of motor improvement and good efficacy of deep brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jech
- Dept. of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Tessa C, Diciotti S, Lucetti C, Baldacci F, Cecchi P, Giannelli M, Bonuccelli U, Mascalchi M. fMRI changes in cortical activation during task performance with the unaffected hand partially reverse after ropinirole treatment in de novo Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 19:265-8. [PMID: 22901957 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous fMRI studies indicated a relationship between changes of the cortical activation pattern and disease severity in Parkinson's disease (PD). Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease offers the opportunity to evaluate the putative neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of drugs at a clinical stage when they might be more effective. The aim of this study was to assess motor cortex reorganization at the earliest clinically detectable stage of PD and the effects on it of chronic dopaminergic treatment. METHODS We evaluated with fMRI 11 de novo patients with right unilateral parkinsonism during execution of a controlled hand-tapping task by the unaffected left hand. In 7 of them fMRI examination with the same task was repeated after 6 months of ropinirole administration. RESULTS At baseline, as compared to control subjects, PD patients showed significant hypoactivation of right sensory-motor cortex (SM1) and hyperactivation of the left parietal superior and inferior gyri and frontal superior gyrus and of the right parietal superior gyrus and precuneus. Ropinirole treatment yielded a significant clinical improvement (mean UPDRS score subitem III 13.4 at baseline, 9.4 at follow-up; p < 0.001 at a paired t-test) which was combined with lower activation in the left parietal superior and inferior gyri and in right parietal and occipital superior gyri with respect to their baseline fMRI examination. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in PD patients changes in cortical activation precede the onset of motor symptoms in the clinically unaffected side and are partially reversed by chronic administration of long acting dopamine agonist ropinirole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Tessa
- Division of Radiology, Versilia Hospital, AUSL 12 Viareggio, Via Aurelia 335, 55041 Lido di Camaiore (Lu), Italy.
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Leon-Sarmiento FE, Rizzo-Sierra CV, Bayona EA, Bayona-Prieto J, Bara-Jimenez W. WITHDRAWN: Mechanisms Underlying Inhibitory and Facilitatory Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Abnormalities in a Large Sample of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Arch Med Res 2012:S0188-4409(12)00158-0. [PMID: 22721866 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidias E Leon-Sarmiento
- Smell and Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Unit of Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Mediciencias Research Group, Universidad Nacional/Ramon and Cajal Panamerican Health Foundation, Bogota, Colombia
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Tessa C, Lucetti C, Diciotti S, Paoli L, Cecchi P, Giannelli M, Baldacci F, Ginestroni A, Vignali C, Mascalchi M, Bonuccelli U. Hypoactivation of the primary sensorimotor cortex in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Neuroradiology 2011; 54:261-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-011-0955-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ginestroni A, Diciotti S, Cecchi P, Pesaresi I, Tessa C, Giannelli M, Della Nave R, Salvatore E, Salvi F, Dotti MT, Piacentini S, Soricelli A, Cosottini M, De Stefano N, Mascalchi M. Neurodegeneration in friedreich's ataxia is associated with a mixed activation pattern of the brain. A fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:1780-91. [PMID: 21674694 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is associated with a distributed pattern of neurodegeneration in the spinal cord and the brain secondary to selective neuronal loss. We used functional MR Imaging (fMRI) to explore brain activation in FRDA patients during two motor-sensory tasks of different complexity, i.e. continuous hand tapping and writing of "8" figure, with the right dominant hand and without visual feedback. Seventeen FRDA patients and two groups of age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Task execution was monitored and recorded using MR-compatible devices. Hand tapping was correctly performed by 11 (65%) patients and writing of the "8" by 7 (41%) patients. After correction for behavioral variables, FRDA patients showed in both tasks areas of significantly lower activation in the left primary sensory-motor cortex and right cerebellum. Also left thalamus and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed hypo-activation during hand tapping. During writing of the "8" task FRDA patients showed areas of higher activation in the right parietal and precentral cortex, globus pallidus, and putamen. Activation of right parietal cortex, anterior cingulum, globus pallidus, and putamen during writing of the "8" increased with severity of the neurological deficit. In conclusion fMRI demonstrates in FRDA a mixed pattern constituted by areas of decreased activation and areas of increased activation. The decreased activation in the primary motor cortex and cerebellum presumably reflects a regional neuronal damage, the decreased activation of the left thalamus and primary sensory cortex could be secondary to deafferentation phenomena, and the increased activation of right parietal cortex and striatum might have a possible compensatory significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ginestroni
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Radiodiagnostic Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Arima T, Yanagi Y, Niddam DM, Ohata N, Arendt-Nielsen L, Minagi S, Sessle BJ, Svensson P. Corticomotor plasticity induced by tongue-task training in humans: a longitudinal fMRI study. Exp Brain Res 2011; 212:199-212. [PMID: 21590261 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Corticomotor pathways may undergo neuroplastic changes in response to acquisition of new motor skills. Little is known about the motor control strategies for learning new tongue tasks. The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal effect of novel tongue-task training on corticomotor neuroplasticity. Thirteen healthy, right-handed men, aged 24-35 years (mean age ± SD: 27.3 ± 0.3 years), performed a training task consisting of standardized tongue protrusion onto a force transducer. The tongue task consisted of a relax-protrude-hold-relax cycle with 1.0 N as the target at the hold phase lasting for 1.5 s. Subjects repeated this task for 1 h. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was carried out before the tongue-task training (baseline), 1-h after the training, and one-day and one-week follow-up. During scanning, the subjects performed tongue protrusion in blocks interspersed with rest. A region-of-interest (ROI) approach and an explorative search were implemented for the analysis of corticomotor activity across conditions. All subjects completed the tongue-task training (mean success rate 43.0 ± 13.2%). In the baseline condition, tongue protrusion resulted in bilateral activity in regions most typically associated with a motor task including medial frontal gyrus (supplementary motor area [SMA]), precentral gyrus (tongue motor cortex), putamen, thalamus, and cerebellum. The ROI analysis revealed increased activity in the precentral gyrus already 1 h post-training. One day after the training, increased activity was observed in the precentral gyrus, SMA, putamen, and cerebellum. No increase was found 1 week after training. Correlation analyses between changes in success rates and changes in the numbers of voxels showed robust associations for left Area 4a in primary motor cortex 1 h, 1 day, and 1 week after the tongue-task training and for the left Area 4p in primary motor cortex and the left lateral premotor cortex 1 day after the training. In the unrestricted analysis, increased activity was found in the parahippocampal gyrus 1 h after the tongue-task training and remained for a week. Decreased activity was found in right post-central and middle frontal gyri 1 h and 1 week post-training. The results verified the involvement of specific corticomotor areas in response to tongue protrusion. Short-term tongue-task training was associated with longer-lasting (up to 1 week) changes in motor-related brain activity. The results suggested that primary motor areas are involved in the early and late stages, while other motor areas mainly are engaged in the later stage of corticomotor neuroplasticity of the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Arima
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
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Vernon AC, Crum WR, Johansson SM, Modo M. Evolution of extra-nigral damage predicts behavioural deficits in a rat proteasome inhibitor model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17269. [PMID: 21364887 PMCID: PMC3045435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing the neurological basis of behavioural dysfunction is key to provide a better understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD) and facilitate development of effective novel therapies. For this, the relationships between longitudinal structural brain changes associated with motor behaviour were determined in a rat model of PD and validated by post-mortem immunohistochemistry. Rats bearing a nigrostriatal lesion induced by infusion of the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin into the left-medial forebrain bundle and saline-injected controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline (prior to surgery) and 1, 3 and 5 weeks post-surgery with concomitant motor assessments consisting of forelimb grip strength, accelerating rotarod, and apormorphine-induced rotation. Lactacystin-injected rats developed early motor deficits alongside decreased ipsilateral cortical volumes, specifically thinning of the primary motor (M1) and somatosensory cortices and lateral ventricle hypertrophy (as determined by manual segmentation and deformation-based morphometry). Although sustained, motor dysfunction and nigrostriatal damage were maximal by 1 week post-surgery. Additional volume decreases in the ipsilateral ventral midbrain; corpus striatum and thalamus were only evident by week 3 and 5. Whilst cortical MRI volume changes best predicted the degree of motor impairment, post-mortem tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum was a better predictor of motor behaviour overall, with the notable exception of performance in the accelerating rotarod, in which, M1 cortical thickness remained the best predictor. These results highlight the importance of identifying extra-nigral regions of damage that impact on behavioural dysfunction from damage to the nigrostriatal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Vernon
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Crum
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saga M. Johansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Modo
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Berardelli A, Suppa A. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: Evidence from fMRI and TMS studies. Exp Neurol 2011; 227:10-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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