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Russo C, Patanè M, Vicario N, Di Bella V, Cosentini I, Barresi V, Gulino R, Pellitteri R, Russo A, Stanzani S. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells express both Ghrelin and Ghrelin Receptor in vitro: a new hypothesis in favor of a neurotrophic effect. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:101997. [PMID: 31784044 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs) are glial cells able to secrete different neurotrophic growth factors and thus promote axonal growth, also acting as a mechanical support. In the olfactory system, during development, they drive the non-myelinated axons of the Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) towards the Olfactory Bulb (OB). Ghrelin (Ghre), a gut-brain peptide hormone, and its receptor (GHS-R 1a) are expressed in different parts of the central nervous system. In the last few years, this peptide has stimulated particular interest as results show it to be a neuroprotective factor with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Our previous studies showed that OB mitral cells express Ghre, thus being able to play an important role in regulating food behavior in response to odors. In this study, we investigated the presence of Ghre and GHS-R 1a in primary mouse OECs. The expression of both Ghre and its receptor was assessed by an immunocytochemical technique, Western Blot and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis. Our results demonstrated that OECs are able to express both Ghre and GHS-R 1a and that these proteins are detectable after extensive passages in vitro; in addition, PCR analysis further confirmed these data. Therefore, we can hypothesize that Ghre and GHS-R 1a interact with a reinforcement function, in the peripheral olfactory circuit, providing a neurotrophic support to the synaptic interaction between ORNs and mitral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Patanè
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Virginia Di Bella
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cosentini
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Gulino
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Inst for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Stefania Stanzani
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
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Yang H, Hao D, Liu C, Huang D, Chen B, Fan H, Liu C, Zhang L, Zhang Q, An J, Zhao J. Generation of functional dopaminergic neurons from human spermatogonial stem cells to rescue parkinsonian phenotypes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:195. [PMID: 31248447 PMCID: PMC6598262 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent progress in the induced generation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons from different types of stem cells or reprogrammed somatic cells holds tremendous potential for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the lack of a reliable source for cell replacement therapy remains a major limitation in the treatment of human neurological disorders. Additionally, the current protocols for in vitro differentiation or cell reprogramming to generate human DA neurons are laborious, time-consuming, and expensive, and efficient conversion of human spermatogonial stem cells (hSSCs) to functional DA neurons has not yet been achieved. Methods Primary hSSCs from testicular tissues of patients were exposed to an improved induction system, which consisted mainly of olfactory ensheathing cell conditioned culture medium (OECCM) and a set of defined cell-extrinsic factors and small molecules. Morphological changes were assessed, along with the expression of various DA neuron phenotypic markers (e.g., Tuj-1, TH, Nurr1, DAT) and several critical pro-DA neurogenesis effectors (e.g., EN-1, Pitx3, Foxa2, Lmx1a, Lmx1b, and OTX2). In addition, transcriptome analysis was used to further evaluate the genetic similarity between the artificially differentiated DA neurons and genuine ones. Concomitantly, the functional properties of converted DA neurons including synapse formation, dopamine release, electrophysiological activity, and neuron-specific Ca2+ signaling images were determined. Finally, hSSCs in the early stage of induction were evaluated for survival, differentiation, migration, tumorigenicity in the mouse striatum, and improvement of functional deficits in MPTP-induced PD animals. Results The hSSC-derived neurons not only acquired neuronal morphological features but also expressed various phenotypic genes and protein characteristic of DA neurons and several effectors critical for pro-DA neurogenesis. Strikingly, as the period of induction was prolonged, expression of the critical molecules for DA neuron epigenetic status gradually increased while hSSC-specific markers sharply decreased. After 3 weeks of induction, the transdifferentiation efficiency reached 21%. In addition, hierarchical clustering analysis showed that the differentiated DA neurons closely resembled genuine ones. Furthermore, the hSSC-derived neurons gained sophisticated functional properties of wild-type DA neurons, and pro-induced hSSCs efficiently survived, migrated, and differentiated into DA neurons without tumorigenesis after transplantation into mouse striatum, leading to improvement of functional deficits in PD animals. Conclusions The results showed that, using the present improved straightforward approach, hSSCs could acquire DA neuron morphological features and functional properties and rescue parkinsonian phenotypes. Our strategy for the conversion of hSSCs into DA neurons is very efficient and thus may provide an alternative approach suitable for clinical cell therapy to treat neurodegenerative diseases including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surge, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Dageng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jing An
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
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Liadi M, Collins A, Li Y, Li D. The Impact of Tissue Storage Conditions on Rat Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Yield and the Future Clinical Implications. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1320-1327. [PMID: 30095003 PMCID: PMC6168985 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718787762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma causes spinal cord injury, and the devastating consequences of the injury are due
to the failure of the damaged central nervous system (CNS) axons to regenerate. Previous
studies have shown that olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a unique type of glial cell
and they can promote regeneration of CNS axons to aid recovery after spinal cord injury.
Transplantation of OECs, in particular from the olfactory bulb (OB), is considered one of
the most promising therapeutic strategies for the repair of CNS injuries, including spinal
cord injury. Transplantation of OECs can be autologous or allogenic. Here we focused on
the less invasive and more error-proof allograft approach which needs a collection of
donor OB tissue for OEC production. In this study, we investigated the effects on the
yield and proportions of OECs and olfactory nerve fibroblasts (ONFs) from storing OB
tissue in various media for periods of 24 and 48 hours. The OEC yield contributes to the
viability of a successful cell transplant. We concluded that storing OB tissue for a
period longer than 24 hours negatively impacted the total cell number and subsequently the
OEC population. This study provides useful information for future clinical
applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modinat Liadi
- 1 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Spinal Repair Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Andrew Collins
- 1 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Spinal Repair Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Ying Li
- 1 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Spinal Repair Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Daqing Li
- 1 Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Spinal Repair Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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Geller S, Lomet D, Caraty A, Tillet Y, Duittoz A, Vaudin P. Rostro-caudal maturation of glial cells in the accessory olfactory system during development: involvement in outgrowth of GnRH neurites. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2596-2607. [PMID: 28973792 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian embryonic development, GnRH neurones differentiate from the nasal placode and migrate through the nasal septum towards the forebrain. We previously showed that a category of glial cells, the olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), forms the microenvironment of migrating GnRH neurones. Here, to characterize the quantitative and qualitative importance of this glial, we investigated the spatiotemporal maturation of glial cells in situ and the role of maturing glia in GnRH neurones development ex vivo. More than 90% of migrating GnRH neurones were found to be associated with glial cells. There was no change in the cellular microenvironment of GnRH neurones in the regions crossed during embryonic development as glial cells formed the main microenvironment of these neurones (53.4%). However, the phenotype of OEC associated with GnRH neurones changed across regions. The OEC progenitors immunoreactive to brain lipid binding protein formed the microenvironment of migrating GnRH neurones from the vomeronasal organ to the telencephalon and were also present in the diencephalon. However, during GnRH neurone migration, maturation of OEC to [GFAP+] state (glial fibrillary acid protein) was only observed in the nasal septum. Inducing depletion of OEC in maturation, using transgenic mice expressing herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase driven by the GFAP promoter, had no impact on neurogenesis or on triggering GnRH neurones migration in nasal explant culture. Nevertheless, depletion of [GFAP+] cells decreased GnRH neurites outgrowth by 57.4%. This study suggests that specific maturation of OEC in the nasal septum plays a role in morphological differentiation of GnRH neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Geller
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Lomet
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alain Caraty
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Tillet
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Duittoz
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Vaudin
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 0085 INRA, 7247 CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, SFR FED4226 Neuroimagerie, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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Rak K, Völker J, Jürgens L, Völker C, Frenz S, Scherzad A, Schendzielorz P, Jablonka S, Mlynski R, Radeloff A, Hagen R. Cochlear nucleus whole mount explants promote the differentiation of neuronal stem cells from the cochlear nucleus in co-culture experiments. Brain Res 2015; 1616:58-70. [PMID: 25960344 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The cochlear nucleus is the first brainstem nucleus to receive sensory input from the cochlea. Depriving this nucleus of auditory input leads to cellular and molecular disorganization which may potentially be counteracted by the activation or application of stem cells. Neuronal stem cells (NSCs) have recently been identified in the neonatal cochlear nucleus and a persistent neurogenic niche was demonstrated in this brainstem nucleus until adulthood. The present work investigates whether the neurogenic environment of the cochlear nucleus can promote the survival of engrafted NSCs and whether cochlear nucleus-derived NSCs can differentiate into neurons and glia in brain tissue. Therefore, cochlear nucleus whole-mount explants were co-cultured with NSCs extracted from either the cochlear nucleus or the hippocampus and compared to a second environment using whole-mount explants from the hippocampus. Factors that are known to induce neuronal differentiation were also investigated in these NSC-explant experiments. NSCs derived from the cochlear nucleus engrafted in the brain tissue and differentiated into all cells of the neuronal lineage. Hippocampal NSCs also immigrated in cochlear nucleus explants and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Laminin expression was up-regulated in the cochlear nucleus whole-mounts and regulated the in vitro differentiation of NSCs from the cochlear nucleus. These experiments confirm a neurogenic environment in the cochlear nucleus and the capacity of cochlear nucleus-derived NSCs to differentiate into neurons and glia. Consequently, the presented results provide a first step for the possible application of stem cells to repair the disorganization of the cochlear nucleus, which occurs after hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Rak
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Völker
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Jürgens
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Völker
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Frenz
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Schendzielorz
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Jablonka
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mlynski
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery "Otto Körner", Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Radeloff
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Silva NA, Gimble JM, Sousa N, Reis RL, Salgado AJ. Combining adult stem cells and olfactory ensheathing cells: the secretome effect. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1232-40. [PMID: 23316915 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived adult stem cells (ASCs), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs), and human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) tissue have been widely tested for regenerative applications, such as bone regeneration. Moreover, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) show promise in promoting spinal cord injury (SCI) regeneration. Our group recently proposed the use of a hybrid scaffold targeting both vertebral bone repair and SCI regeneration. According to this concept, both MSCs and OECs should be in close contact to be influenced by the factors that are involved in secretion. For this reason, here we studied the effects of the OEC secretome on the metabolic activity and proliferation of ASCs, bmMSCs, and HUCPVCs. The stem cells' secretome effects on metabolic activity and proliferation of the OECs were also considered. In co-cultures of OECs with ASCs, bmMSCs, or HUCPVCs, the metabolic activity/viability, proliferation, and total cell numbers were measured after 2 and 7 days of culture. The results demonstrated that the secretome of OECs has a positive effect on the metabolic activity and proliferation of MSCs from different origins, especially on ASCs. Furthermore, in general, the stem cells' secretome also had a positive effect on the OECs behavior, particularly when ASCs were in co-culture with OECs. These results suggest that the most suitable combination of cells to be used in our hybrid scaffold is the OECs with the ASCs. Finally, this work adds new knowledge to the cell therapy field, bringing new information about paracrine interactions between OECs and distinct mesenchymal stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A Silva
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
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Silva NA, Sousa RA, Pires AO, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Reis RL. Interactions between Schwann and olfactory ensheathing cells with a starch/polycaprolactone scaffold aimed at spinal cord injury repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:470-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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