1
|
Battaglia L, Scorrano G, Spiaggia R, Basile A, Palmucci S, Foti PV, Spatola C, Iacomino M, Marinangeli F, Francia E, Comisi F, Corsello A, Salpietro V, Vittori A, David E. Neuroimaging features of WOREE syndrome: a mini-review of the literature. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1301166. [PMID: 38161429 PMCID: PMC10757851 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1301166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The WWOX gene encodes a 414-amino-acid protein composed of two N-terminal WW domains and a C-terminal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) domain. WWOX protein is highly conserved among species and mainly expressed in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, brain stem, thyroid, hypophysis, and reproductive organs. It plays a crucial role in the biology of the central nervous system, and it is involved in neuronal development, migration, and proliferation. Biallelic pathogenic variants in WWOX have been associated with an early infantile epileptic encephalopathy known as WOREE syndrome. Both missense and null variants have been described in affected patients, leading to a reduction in protein function and stability. The most severe WOREE phenotypes have been related to biallelic null/null variants, associated with the complete loss of function of the protein. All affected patients showed brain anomalies on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), suggesting the pivotal role of WWOX protein in brain homeostasis and developmental processes. We provided a literature review, exploring both the clinical and radiological spectrum related to WWOX pathogenic variants, described to date. We focused on neuroradiological findings to better delineate the WOREE phenotype with diagnostic and prognostic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Battaglia
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rossana Spiaggia
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Basile
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Valerio Foti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Spatola
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Marinangeli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Therapy, University of L’aquila, L’aquila, Italy
| | - Elisa Francia
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Vittori
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele David
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paavola JT, Jokimäki J, Huttunen TJ, Fraunberg MVUZ, Koivisto T, Kämäräinen OP, Lång M, Jääskeläinen JE, Kälviäinen R, Lindgren AE, Huttunen J. Long-term Risk of Epilepsy in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Survivors With Positive Family History: A Population-Based Follow-up Study. Neurology 2023; 101:e1623-e1632. [PMID: 37643884 PMCID: PMC10585675 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating form of stroke affecting the working-age population, where epilepsy is a common complication and major prognostic factor for increased morbidity in aSAH survivors. The objective of this analysis was to assess whether epilepsy in first-degree relatives is a risk of developing epilepsy after aSAH. METHODS We used a region-specific database that includes all cases of unruptured and ruptured saccular intracranial aneurysm admitted to Kuopio University Hospital from its defined Eastern Finnish catchment population. We also retrieved data from Finnish national health registries for prescription drug purchases and reimbursement, hospital discharge, and cause of death and linked them to patients with aSAH, their first-degree relatives, and population controls matched 3:1 by age, sex, and birth municipality. Cox regression modeling and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used for analysis. RESULTS We examined data for 760 consecutive 12-month survivors of aSAH, born in 1950 or after, with a first aSAH from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2018. Of the 760 patients (median age, 47 years; 53% female; median follow-up, 11 years), 111 (15%) developed epilepsy at a median of 7 months (interquartile range, 2-14 months) after admission for aSAH. Of the 2,240 population controls and 4,653 first-degree relatives of patients with aSAH, 23 (0.9%) and 80 (1.7%), respectively, developed epilepsy during the follow-up period. Among 79 patients with epilepsy in first-degree relatives, 22 (28%) developed epilepsy after aSAH; by contrast, among 683 patients with no epilepsy in first-degree relatives, 89 (13%) developed epilepsy after aSAH. Having at least 1 relative with epilepsy was an independent risk factor of epilepsy after aSAH (hazard ratio, 2.44; 95% CI 1.51-3.95). Cumulative 1-year rates by first-degree relationship were 40% with 1 or more children with epilepsy, 38% with 1 or more affected parents, 5% with 1 or more affected siblings, and 10% with no relatives with epilepsy. DISCUSSION Patients who developed epilepsy after aSAH were significantly more likely to have first-degree relatives with epilepsy than those who did not develop epilepsy after the aSAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juho Tapio Paavola
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Jenna Jokimäki
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Terhi Johanna Huttunen
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Mikael von Und Zu Fraunberg
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Timo Koivisto
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Olli-Pekka Kämäräinen
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Maarit Lång
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Juha Eerik Jääskeläinen
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Reetta Kälviäinen
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Antti Elias Lindgren
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jukka Huttunen
- From the Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter (J.T.P., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., J.E.J., R.K., A.E.L., J.H.), Kuopio University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (J.T.P., J.J., T.J.H., T.K., O.-P.K., M.L., J.E.J., A.E.L., J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Department of Neurosurgery (M.U.Z.F.), Oulu University Hospital; Research Unit of Clinical Medicine (M.U.Z.F.), University of Oulu; Neurointensive Care Unit (M.L.), Kuopio University Hospital; Epilepsy Center (R.K.), Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE; and Department of Clinical Radiology (A.E.L.), Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
WWOX Loss of Function in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238922. [PMID: 33255508 PMCID: PMC7727818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The WWOX gene was initially discovered as a putative tumor suppressor. More recently, its association with multiple central nervous system (CNS) pathologies has been recognized. WWOX biallelic germline pathogenic variants have been implicated in spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCAR12; MIM:614322) and in early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE28; MIM:616211). WWOX germline copy number variants have also been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). All identified germline genomic variants lead to partial or complete loss of WWOX function. Importantly, large-scale genome-wide association studies have also identified WWOX as a risk gene for common neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, the spectrum of CNS disorders associated with WWOX is broad and heterogeneous, and there is little understanding of potential mechanisms at play. Exploration of gene expression databases indicates that WWOX expression is comparatively higher in the human cerebellar cortex than in other CNS structures. However, RNA in-situ hybridization data from the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas show that specific regions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), the medial entorhinal cortex (EC), and deep layers of the isocortex can be singled out as brain regions with specific higher levels of Wwox expression. These observations are in close agreement with single-cell RNA-seq data which indicate that neurons from the medial entorhinal cortex, Layer 5 from the frontal cortex as well as GABAergic basket cells and granule cells from cerebellar cortex are the specific neuronal subtypes that display the highest Wwox expression levels. Importantly, the brain regions and cell types in which WWOX is most abundantly expressed, such as the EC and BLA, are intimately linked to pathologies and syndromic conditions in turn associated with this gene, such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, ASD, and AD. Higher Wwox expression in interneurons and granule cells from cerebellum points to a direct link to the described cerebellar ataxia in cases of WWOX loss of function. We now know that total or partial impairment of WWOX function results in a wide and heterogeneous variety of neurodegenerative conditions for which the specific molecular mechanisms remain to be deciphered. Nevertheless, these observations indicate an important functional role for WWOX in normal development and function of the CNS. Evidence also indicates that disruption of WWOX expression at the gene or protein level in CNS has significant deleterious consequences.
Collapse
|
4
|
Eriksson H, Wirdefeldt K, Åsberg S, Zelano J. Family history increases the risk of late seizures after stroke. Neurology 2019; 93:e1964-e1970. [PMID: 31645466 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between a family history of epilepsy and risk of late poststroke seizures (LPS). METHODS This register-based cohort study was based on adult patients from the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke) with stroke from 2001 to 2012 and no prior epilepsy. LPS (>7 days after stroke) and epilepsy were ascertained in cases and in their first-degree biological relatives by cross-referencing Riksstroke, the Multi-Generation Register, and the National Patient Register. RESULTS Of 86,550 patients with stroke, a family history of epilepsy was detected in 7,433 (8.6%), and LPS (>7 days after stroke) occurred in 7,307 (8.4%). The survival-adjusted risk of LPS was higher in patients with compared to those without a family history of epilepsy: 6.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.2%-7.4%) vs 5.9% (95% CI 5.7%-6.1%) at 2 years and 9.5% (95% CI 8.7%-10.3%) vs 8.2% (95% CI 8.0%-8.4%) at 5 years. In a Cox model adjusted for age, sex, and stroke type, the hazard ratio (HR) for LPS in patients with stroke with ≥1 relative with epilepsy was 1.18 (95% CI 1.09-1.28). The increased HR remained significant with adjustments for stroke severity and in multiple sensitivity analyses. A higher risk for patients with stroke with >1 relative with epilepsy was also seen but was not significant in all Cox models. CONCLUSIONS Although stroke characteristics remain the most important risk factors for LPS, having a first-degree relative with epilepsy also increases the risk in a multivariate analysis. The findings highlight the need for family history assessment in patients with stroke and the need for future studies on genetic vulnerability and environmental factors that may aid in the identification of at-risk individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Eriksson
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (H.E., J.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.W.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; and Department of Medical Sciences (S.Å), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (H.E., J.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.W.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; and Department of Medical Sciences (S.Å), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Signild Åsberg
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (H.E., J.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.W.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; and Department of Medical Sciences (S.Å), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Johan Zelano
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (H.E., J.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.W.), Karolinska Institutet; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; and Department of Medical Sciences (S.Å), Uppsala University, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hussain T, Kil H, Hattiangady B, Lee J, Kodali M, Shuai B, Attaluri S, Takata Y, Shen J, Abba MC, Shetty AK, Aldaz CM. Wwox deletion leads to reduced GABA-ergic inhibitory interneuron numbers and activation of microglia and astrocytes in mouse hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 121:163-176. [PMID: 30290271 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase WWOX gene loss of function with central nervous system (CNS) related pathologies is well documented. These include spinocerebellar ataxia, epilepsy and mental retardation (SCAR12, OMIM: 614322) and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE28, OMIM: 616211) syndromes. However, there is complete lack of understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms at play. In this study, using a Wwox knockout (Wwox KO) mouse model (2 weeks old, both sexes) and stereological studies we observe that Wwox deletion leads to a significant reduction in the number of hippocampal GABA-ergic (γ-aminobutyric acid) interneurons. Wwox KO mice displayed significantly reduced numbers of calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) expressing interneurons in different subfields of the hippocampus in comparison to Wwox wild-type (WT) mice. We also detected decreased levels of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase protein isoforms GAD65/67 expression in Wwox null hippocampi suggesting lower levels of GABA synthesis. In addition, Wwox deficiency was associated with signs of neuroinflammation such as evidence of activated microglia, astrogliosis, and overexpression of inflammatory cytokines Tnf-a and Il6. We also performed comparative transcriptome-wide expression analyses of neural stem cells grown as neurospheres from hippocampi of Wwox KO and WT mice thus identifying 283 genes significantly dysregulated in their expression. Functional annotation of transcriptome profiling differences identified 'neurological disease' and 'CNS development related functions' to be significantly enriched. Several epilepsy-related genes were found differentially expressed in Wwox KO neurospheres. This study provides the first genotype-phenotype observations as well as potential mechanistic clues associated with Wwox loss of function in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabish Hussain
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Hyunsuk Kil
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Yoko Takata
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Martin C Abba
- CINIBA, School of Medicine, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - C Marcelo Aldaz
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Fever-associated seizures or epilepsy (FASE) is primarily characterised by the occurrence of a seizure or epilepsy usually accompanied by a fever. It is common in infants and children, and generally includes febrile seizures (FS), febrile seizures plus (FS+), Dravet syndrome (DS) and genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFSP). The aetiology of FASE is unclear. Genetic factors may play crucial roles in FASE. Mutations in certain genes may cause a wide spectrum of phenotypical overlap ranging from isolated FS, FS+ and GEFSP to DS. Synapse-associated proteins, postsynaptic GABAA receptor, and sodium channels play important roles in synaptic transmission. Mutations in these genes may involve in the pathogenesis of FASE. Elevated temperature promotes synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling and enlarges SV size, which may enhance synaptic transmission and contribute to FASE occurring. This review provides an overview of the loci, genes, underlying pathogenesis and the fever-inducing effect of FASE. It may provide a more comprehensive understanding of pathogenesis and contribute to the clinical diagnosis of FASE.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jackson MR, Lee K, Mattiske T, Jaehne EJ, Ozturk E, Baune BT, O'Brien TJ, Jones N, Shoubridge C. Extensive phenotyping of two ARX polyalanine expansion mutation mouse models that span clinical spectrum of intellectual disability and epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:245-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
8
|
Sourbron J, Smolders I, de Witte P, Lagae L. Pharmacological Analysis of the Anti-epileptic Mechanisms of Fenfluramine in scn1a Mutant Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:191. [PMID: 28428755 PMCID: PMC5382218 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is a genetic encephalopathy that is characterized by severe seizures and prominent co-morbidities (e.g., physical, intellectual disabilities). More than 85% of the DS patients carry an SCN1A mutation (sodium channel, voltage gated, type I alpha subunit). Although numerous anti-epileptic drugs have entered the market since 1990, these drugs often fail to adequately control seizures in DS patients. Nonetheless, current clinical data shows significant seizure reduction in DS patients treated with the serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) drug fenfluramine (FA). Recent preclinical research confirmed the anti-epileptiform activity of FA in homozygous scn1a mutant zebrafish larvae that mimic DS well. Here we explored the anti-epileptiform mechanisms of FA by investigating whether selective agonists/antagonists of specific receptor subtypes were able to counteract the FA-induced inhibition of seizures and abnormal brain discharges observed in the scn1a mutants. We show that antagonists of 5-HT1D and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes were able to do so (LY 310762 and SB 242084, respectively), but notably, a 5-HT2A-antagonist (ketanserin) was not. In addition, exploring further the mechanism of action of FA beyond its serotonergic profile, we found that the anti-epileptiform brain activity of FA was significantly abolished when it was administered in combination with a σ1-agonist (PRE 084). Our study therefore provides the first evidence of an involvement of the σ1 receptor in the mechanism of FA. We further show that the level of some neurotransmitters [i.e., dopamine and noradrenaline (NAD)] in head homogenates was altered after FA treatment, whereas γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate levels were not. Of interest, NAD-decreasing drugs have been employed successfully in the treatment of neurological diseases; including epilepsy and this effect could contribute to the therapeutic effect of the compound. In summary, we hypothesize that the anti-epileptiform activity of FA not only originates from its 5-HT1D- and 5-HT2C-agonism, but likely also from its ability to block σ1 receptors. These findings will help in better understanding the pharmacological profile of compounds that is critical for their applicability in the treatment of DS and possibly also other drug-resistant epilepsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Sourbron
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | | | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Lagae
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Section Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang X, Lachance M, Rossignol E. Involvement of cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive basket cells in epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 226:81-126. [PMID: 27323940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons of the parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking basket cells subtype (PV INs) are important regulators of cortical network excitability and of gamma oscillations, involved in signal processing and cognition. Impaired development or function of PV INs has been associated with epilepsy in various animal models of epilepsy, as well as in some genetic forms of epilepsy in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of some of the experimental data linking PV INs dysfunction with epilepsy, focusing on disorders of the specification, migration, maturation, synaptic function, or connectivity of PV INs. Furthermore, we reflect on the potential therapeutic use of cell-type specific stimulation of PV INs within active networks and on the transplantation of PV INs precursors in the treatment of epilepsy and its comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Lachance
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - E Rossignol
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
As the genetic etiologies of an expanding number of epilepsy syndromes are revealed, the complexity of the phenotype genotype correlation increases. As our review will show, multiple gene mutations cause different epilepsy syndromes, making identification of the specific mutation increasingly more important for prognostication and often more directed treatment. Examples of that include the need to avoid specific drugs in Dravet syndrome and the ongoing investigations of the potential use of new directed therapies such as retigabine in KCNQ2-related epilepsies, quinidine in KCNT1-related epilepsies, and memantine in GRIN2A-related epilepsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer J Hani
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital and Health Center, Suite T0913J, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Husam M Mikati
- Center of Human Genome Variation, LSRC, Duke University School of Medicine, 201 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital and Health Center, Suite T0913J, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Dyment DA, Tétreault M, Beaulieu CL, Hartley T, Ferreira P, Chardon JW, Marcadier J, Sawyer SL, Mosca SJ, Innes AM, Parboosingh JS, Bulman DE, Schwartzentruber J, Majewski J, Tarnopolsky M, Boycott KM. Whole-exome sequencing broadens the phenotypic spectrum of rare pediatric epilepsy: a retrospective study. Clin Genet 2014; 88:34-40. [PMID: 25046240 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) has transformed our ability to detect mutations causing rare diseases. FORGE (Finding Of Rare disease GEnes) and Care4Rare Canada are nation-wide projects focused on identifying disease genes using WES and translating this technology to patient care. Rare forms of epilepsy are well-suited for WES and we retrospectively selected FORGE and Care4Rare families with clinical descriptions that included childhood-onset epilepsy or seizures not part of a recognizable syndrome or an early-onset encephalopathy where standard-of-care investigations were unrevealing. Nine families met these criteria and a diagnosis was made in seven, and potentially eight, of the families. In the eight families we identified mutations in genes associated with known neurological and epilepsy disorders: ASAH1, FOLR1, GRIN2A (two families), SCN8A, SYNGAP1 and SYNJ1. A novel and rare mutation was identified in KCNQ2 and was likely responsible for the benign seizures segregating in the family though additional evidence would be required to be definitive. In retrospect, the clinical presentation of four of the patients was considered atypical, thereby broadening the phenotypic spectrum of these conditions. Given the extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity associated with epilepsy, our findings suggest that WES may be considered when a specific gene is not immediately suspected as causal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Dyment
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Tétreault
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C L Beaulieu
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Hartley
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - J W Chardon
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Marcadier
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S L Sawyer
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - A M Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J S Parboosingh
- Department of Medical Genetics.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D E Bulman
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Schwartzentruber
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Majewski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - K M Boycott
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baek JH, Rubinstein M, Scheuer T, Trimmer JS. Reciprocal changes in phosphorylation and methylation of mammalian brain sodium channels in response to seizures. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15363-73. [PMID: 24737319 PMCID: PMC4140893 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.562785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels initiate action potentials in brain neurons and are primary therapeutic targets for anti-epileptic drugs controlling neuronal hyperexcitability in epilepsy. The molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal Nav channel expression, localization, and function during development of epilepsy are poorly understood but can potentially result from altered posttranslational modifications (PTMs). For example, phosphorylation regulates Nav channel gating, and has been proposed to contribute to acquired insensitivity to anti-epileptic drugs exhibited by Nav channels in epileptic neurons. However, whether changes in specific brain Nav channel PTMs occur acutely in response to seizures has not been established. Here, we show changes in PTMs of the major brain Nav channel, Nav1.2, after acute kainate-induced seizures. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses of Nav1.2 purified from the brains of control and seizure animals revealed a significant down-regulation of phosphorylation at nine sites, primarily located in the interdomain I-II linker, the region of Nav1.2 crucial for phosphorylation-dependent regulation of activity. Interestingly, Nav1.2 in the seizure samples contained methylated arginine (MeArg) at three sites. These MeArgs were adjacent to down-regulated sites of phosphorylation, and Nav1.2 methylation increased after seizure. Phosphorylation and MeArg were not found together on the same tryptic peptide, suggesting reciprocal regulation of these two PTMs. Coexpression of Nav1.2 with the primary brain arginine methyltransferase PRMT8 led to a surprising 3-fold increase in Nav1.2 current. Reciprocal regulation of phosphorylation and MeArg of Nav1.2 may underlie changes in neuronal Nav channel function in response to seizures and also contribute to physiological modulation of neuronal excitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Je-Hyun Baek
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and
| | - Moran Rubinstein
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280
| | - Todd Scheuer
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280
| | - James S Trimmer
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 and
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ferraro TN. The relationship between genes affecting the development of epilepsy and approaches to epilepsy therapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:329-52. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.888651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
15
|
Jeffery ND. Canine epilepsy: in search of a fitting end. Vet J 2013; 199:311-2. [PMID: 24440441 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick D Jeffery
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|