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Dong Y, Zhang X, Wang Y. Interleukins in Epilepsy: Friend or Foe. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:635-657. [PMID: 38265567 PMCID: PMC11127910 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder with recurrent unprovoked seizures, affecting ~ 65 million worldwide. Evidence in patients with epilepsy and animal models suggests a contribution of neuroinflammation to epileptogenesis and the development of epilepsy. Interleukins (ILs), as one of the major contributors to neuroinflammation, are intensively studied for their association and modulatory effects on ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. ILs are commonly divided into pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and therefore are expected to be pathogenic or neuroprotective in epilepsy. However, both protective and destructive effects have been reported for many ILs. This may be due to the complex nature of ILs, and also possibly due to the different disease courses that those ILs are involved in. In this review, we summarize the contributions of different ILs in those processes and provide a current overview of recent research advances, as well as preclinical and clinical studies targeting ILs in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Xia Zhang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Häussler U, Neres J, Vandenplas C, Eykens C, Kadiu I, Schramm C, Fleurance R, Stanley P, Godard P, de Mot L, van Eyll J, Knobeloch KP, Haas CA, Dedeurwaerdere S. Downregulation of Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 15 (USP15) Does Not Provide Therapeutic Benefit in Experimental Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2367-2389. [PMID: 37874479 PMCID: PMC10973041 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Structural epilepsies display complex immune activation signatures. However, it is unclear which neuroinflammatory pathways drive pathobiology. Transcriptome studies of brain resections from mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) patients revealed a dysregulation of transforming growth factor β, interferon α/β, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathways. Since these pathways are regulated by ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP), in particular USP15, we hypothesized that USP15 blockade may provide therapeutic relief in treatment-resistant epilepsies. For validation, transgenic mice which either constitutively or inducibly lack Usp15 gene expression underwent intrahippocampal kainate injections to induce mTLE. We show that the severity of status epilepticus is unaltered in mice constitutively lacking Usp15 compared to wild types. Cell death, reactive gliosis, and changes in the inflammatory transcriptome were pronounced at 4 days after kainate injection. However, these brain inflammation signatures did not differ between genotypes. Likewise, induced deletion of Usp15 in chronic epilepsy did not affect seizure generation, cell death, gliosis, or the transcriptome. Concordantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Usp15 in a microglial cell line did not impact inflammatory responses in the form of cytokine release. Our data show that a lack of USP15 is insufficient to modulate the expression of relevant neuroinflammatory pathways in an mTLE mouse model and do not support targeting USP15 as a therapeutic approach for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Häussler
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - João Neres
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Catherine Vandenplas
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Caroline Eykens
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Irena Kadiu
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Carolin Schramm
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Renaud Fleurance
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Phil Stanley
- Early Development Statistics, UCB Celltech, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Patrice Godard
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Laurane de Mot
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jonathan van Eyll
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute for Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hansastr. 9a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Yang G, Sabunciyan S, Florea L. Comprehensive and scalable quantification of splicing differences with MntJULiP. Genome Biol 2022; 23:195. [PMID: 36104797 PMCID: PMC9472403 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tools for differential splicing detection have failed to provide a comprehensive and consistent view of splicing variation. We present MntJULiP, a novel method for comprehensive and accurate quantification of splicing differences between two or more conditions. MntJULiP detects both changes in intron splicing ratios and changes in absolute splicing levels with high accuracy, and can find classes of variation overlooked by other tools. MntJULiP identifies over 29,000 differentially spliced introns in 1398 GTEx brain samples, including 11,242 novel introns discovered in this dataset. Highly scalable, MntJULiP can process thousands of samples within hours to reveal splicing constituents of phenotypic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Yang
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, 733 N Broadway, MRB 462, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Sarven Sabunciyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Blalock 1147, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Liliana Florea
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, MRB 453, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Shpak A, Guekht A, Druzhkova T, Rider F, Gudkova A, Gulyaeva N. Increased ciliary neurotrophic factor in blood serum and lacrimal fluid as a potential biomarkers of focal epilepsy. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:493-498. [PMID: 34031798 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) level in blood serum (BS) and lacrimal fluid (LF) of people with epilepsy (PWE). METHODS A case-control study of 72 consecutive patients with focal epilepsy (cases, epilepsy group) and 60 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (controls) was performed. Based on comorbid depression, two subgroups of PWE were formed. CNTF level was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the BS and LF. For measurements of low CNTF levels in the BS, the methodology previously improved by the authors was applied. RESULTS As compared to controls, CNTF level (pg/mL) in PWE was increased both in the BS (7.0±2.9 vs. 3.7±2.0, P<0.000) and in LF (34.0±8.0 vs. 30.6±4.8, P=0.005). No significant correlation was found between CNTF level in the BS and LF either in PWE or in controls. No impact of comorbid depression or any demographic or clinical parameters studied on CNTF level in the BS or LF of PWE could be detected. CONCLUSIONS In patients with focal epilepsy, CNTF level is increased both in the BS and LF, though without correlation between them. No association of CNTF levels with age, gender, or clinical parameters, as well as depression occurrence, was found. High CNTF levels in the BS and LF could be considered as non-invasive biomarkers of focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Shpak
- The S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, 59-a Beskudnikovsky Blvd., Moscow, Russian Federation, 127486.
| | - Alla Guekht
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Druzhkova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Flora Rider
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Gudkova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Gulyaeva
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Moradi P, Ganjkhani M, Anarkooli IJ, Abdanipour A. Neuroprotective effects of lovastatin in the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy according to the expression of neurotrophic factors. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1061-1069. [PMID: 31144103 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies have suggested that neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are involved in the status epilepticus development. This indicates their essential role in mediating acquired epileptic conditions. Therefore, modulating the expression of NTFs may inhibit seizure-induced cell loss in the epileptic lesions. In this study, we examined the anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic and regulatory effects of lovastatin on the expression of NTFs in the pilocarpine rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). A total of 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 8 per group): i) normal; ii) non-treated epileptic group [intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 350-400 mg/kg pilocarpine]; iii) treatment group (pilocarpine-treated rats treated followed by 5 mg/kg lovastatin); and iv) vehicle epileptic rats treated with Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Animals that had a behavioral score of 4-5 according to the Racine scale were selected for study participation. Three days after the first seizure, pilocarpine-treated rats received i.p. injections of lovastatin for 14 days. The rats were killed and prepared for histopathologic analysis as well as real-time RT-PCR 17 days after the first seizure. The results of this study showed increased mRNA expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and decreased expressions of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) mRNA in the epileptic rats treated with lovastatin. Histological analysis of neurodegeneration in the brain sections showed that the number of hippocampal apoptotic and necrotic cells significantly decreased in the treatment groups. Furthermore, numerical density of neurons per area was significantly higher in the treated groups compared with the untreated groups. Collectively, the results of this study have shown that lovastatin could attenuate seizure-induced expression of neurotrophic factors and consequently reduce hippocampal cell death in the pilocarpine rat model of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Moradi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), P.O. Box 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mahin Ganjkhani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), P.O. Box 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Iraj Jafari Anarkooli
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), P.O. Box 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdanipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), P.O. Box 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran.
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Zhang L, Sun W, Xu L, Wang Y, Zhu G, Wu X, Wang Y, Hong Z. The anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of kir2.3 activation in PTZ-induced seizures and the kainic acid model of TLE. Epilepsy Res 2019; 156:106167. [PMID: 31336325 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the role of activating the inwardly rectifying K+ channel 2.3 (Kir2.3) in acute seizure and chronic epilepsy, we investigated the effect of a Kir2.3 agonist (tenidap) on epileptic and electrophysiological activities in mice. Neuronal excitability and damage were also evaluated. METHODS A Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced acute seizure model and a kainic acid (KA)-induced temporal epilepsy model were used in adult mice. The mice were given tenidap 30 min before PTZ injection or were given tenidap for 7 days after entering the chronic stage of the KA model. Video monitoring and EEG recordings were performed for comparisons. Immunofluorescence of c-fos was detected in the PTZ model, and Nissl staining was performed in the KA model. RESULTS Tenidap intervention significantly reduced the duration and severity of PTZ-induced acute seizures, which conformed with the power-spectrum analyses of the EEG and the quantification of spikes on EEG. C-fos expression representing neuronal excitability was also reduced with tenidap pretreatment. However, the latency time to seizure onset was unaltered. Seven days of tenidap treatment in the chronic KA model significantly attenuated seizure and spike frequencies compared to the same animal before administration. Nissl staining showed reduced hilar neuron loss in the tenidap-intervention group but showed no difference in the width of the granule cell layer. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, few studies have reported the relevance of Kir2.3 to epilepsy. The present data suggested that activation of Kir2.3 exerts an anticonvulsant effect in acute seizures and the chronic stage of TLE, which makes this channel a potent therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurology at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wanbing Sun
- Department of Neurology at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Neurology at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guoxing Zhu
- Department of Neurology at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xunyi Wu
- Department of Neurology at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurology at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Ohgomori T, Yamasaki R, Takeuchi H, Kadomatsu K, Kira JI, Jinno S. Differential activation of neuronal and glial STAT3 in the spinal cord of the SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2001-2014. [PMID: 28715117 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are activated by phosphorylation in the spinal cord of patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The major scope of our study is a comprehensive histological characterization of the mechanisms underlying neuronal and glial STAT3 activation in the pathogenesis of ALS using SOD1G93A mice. We calculated the fold changes (FCs, ratios vs. appropriate controls) of the numerical densities of the following phosphorylated STAT3-positive (pSTAT3)+ cells - choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ α-motoneurons, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)+ microglia, and S100β+ astrocytes in SOD1G93A mice. The FCs of pSTAT3+ microglia and pSTAT3+ astrocytes were increased from 9 to 15 weeks of age and then plateaued until 21 weeks. In contrast, the FCs of pSTAT3+ α-motoneurons peaked at 9 weeks and then decreased until 21 weeks. The immunoreactivity for nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32), a marker of axonal impairment, was decreased in pSTAT3+ α-motoneurons compared with pSTAT3- α-motoneurons at 9 weeks of age. We then compared the following pharmacological models - the chronic administration of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), which models axonal impairment, and the acute administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a model of neuroinflammation. The FCs of pSTAT3+ α-motoneurons were increased in IDPN-treated mice, while those of pSTAT3+ microglia were increased in LPS-treated mice. The FCs of pSTAT3+ astrocytes were higher in SOD1G93A mice at 9 weeks compared with IDPN- and LPS-treated mice. Our results indicate that axonopathy and neuroinflammation may trigger the respective activation of neuronal and glial STAT3, which is observed during ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Musina LO, Uzbekov MG. Changes in the level of ciliary neurotrophic factor are related to the degree of severity of epilepsy. NEUROCHEM J+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241701010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jiao J, Sevcencu C, Jensen W, Yang X, Harreby KR. The Influence of Vagus Nerve and Spinal Cord Stimulation on the Ictal Fast Ripple Activity in a Spike-and-Wave Rat Model of Seizures. Neuromodulation 2016; 19:292-8. [PMID: 26817965 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fast ripple (FR) activity has received increasing attention as a potential epileptic marker. The current knowledge on how neurostimulation affects FRs is, however, very limited. In this study, we assess the influence of the vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and spinal cord stimulation (SCS) frequency on ictal FRs associated with spike-and-wave (SW) seizures. METHODS SW discharges were induced and maintained by an infusion of pentylenetetrazol in rat. During ongoing SW seizures, SCS was conducted at 30, 80, 130, and 180 Hz and VNS at 10, 30, 80, 130, and 180 Hz. The FRs were derived from intracortical recordings and the FR rate was used for quantifying the level of FR activity. RESULTS The FR rate was significantly correlated (r = 0.81) with the level of total pentylenetetrazol dose. Compared with no stimulation intervals, SCS conducted at 80, 130, and 180 Hz significantly reduced the normalized FR rate by 24, 38, and 44%, respectively. Similarly, VNS conducted at 30, 80, 130, and 180 Hz significantly reduced the normalized FR rate by 23, 40, 61, and 65%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In the present model of sustained SW seizures, the FR rate was proportional with the severity of the SW seizures. Both SCS and VNS attenuated the FR rate and this attenuation was consistently strongest at the higher stimulation frequencies. Our results suggest that SCS may induce some of the same antiepileptic effects as VNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Jiao
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cristian Sevcencu
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Winnie Jensen
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Hospital, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kristian R Harreby
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Häussler U, Rinas K, Kilias A, Egert U, Haas CA. Mossy fiber sprouting and pyramidal cell dispersion in the hippocampal CA2 region in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampus 2015; 26:577-88. [PMID: 26482541 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dentate granule cells and the hippocampal CA2 region are resistant to cell loss associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). It is known that granule cells undergo mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus which contributes to a recurrent, proepileptogenic circuitry in the hippocampus. Here it is shown that mossy fiber sprouting also targets CA2 pyramidal cell somata and that the CA2 region undergoes prominent structural reorganization under epileptic conditions. Using the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model for MTLE and the CA2-specific markers Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4) and regulator of G-Protein signaling 14 (RGS14), it was found that during epileptogenesis CA2 neurons survive and disperse in direction of CA3 and CA1 resulting in a significantly elongated CA2 region. Using transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in granule cells and mossy fibers, we show that the recently described mossy fiber projection to CA2 undergoes sprouting resulting in aberrant large, synaptoporin-expressing mossy fiber boutons which surround the CA2 pyramidal cell somata. This opens up the potential for altered synaptic transmission that might contribute to epileptic activity in CA2. Indeed, intrahippocampal recordings in freely moving mice revealed that epileptic activity occurs concomitantly in the dentate gyrus and in CA2. Altogether, the results call attention to CA2 as a region affected by MTLE-associated pathological restructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Häussler
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Katrin Rinas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Antje Kilias
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,Laboratory for Biomicrotechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Ulrich Egert
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,Laboratory for Biomicrotechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79110, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
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Kaur H, Patro I, Tikoo K, Sandhir R. Curcumin attenuates inflammatory response and cognitive deficits in experimental model of chronic epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Seidel JL, Faideau M, Aiba I, Pannasch U, Escartin C, Rouach N, Bonvento G, Shuttleworth CW. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) activation of astrocytes decreases spreading depolarization susceptibility and increases potassium clearance. Glia 2015; 63:91-103. [PMID: 25092804 PMCID: PMC5141616 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Waves of spreading depolarization (SD) have been implicated in the progressive expansion of acute brain injuries. SD can persist over several days, coincident with the time course of astrocyte activation, but little is known about how astrocyte activation may influence SD susceptibility. We examined whether activation of astrocytes modified SD threshold in hippocampal slices. Injection of a lentiviral vector encoding Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) into the hippocampus in vivo, led to sustained astrocyte activation, verified by up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at the mRNA and protein levels, as compared to controls injected with vector encoding LacZ. In acute brain slices from LacZ controls, localized 1M KCl microinjections invariably generated SD in CA1 hippocampus, but SD was never induced with this stimulus in CNTF tissues. No significant change in intrinsic excitability was observed in CA1 neurons, but excitatory synaptic transmission was significantly reduced in CNTF samples. mRNA levels of the predominantly astrocytic Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase pump α2 subunit were higher in CNTF samples, and the kinetics of extracellular K(+) transients during matched synaptic activation were consistent with increased K(+) uptake in CNTF tissues. Supporting a role for the Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase pump in increased SD threshold, ouabain, an inhibitor of the pump, was able to generate SD in CNTF tissues. These data support the hypothesis that activated astrocytes can limit SD onset via increased K(+) clearance and suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting these glial cells could improve the outcome following acute brain injuries associated with SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Seidel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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13
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Jacobs J, Golla T, Mader M, Schelter B, Dümpelmann M, Korinthenberg R, Schulze-Bonhage A. Electrical stimulation for cortical mapping reduces the density of high frequency oscillations. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108:1758-69. [PMID: 25301524 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High frequency oscillations (HFOs, 80-500 Hz) are EEG biomarkers for epileptogenic areas. HFOs are also indicators of disease activity as HFO rates increase after reduction of antiepileptic medication. Electrical stimulation (ES) can be used for diagnostic purposes as well as therapy in patients with refractory epilepsy. This study investigates the occurrence and changes of HFOs during ES in patients with refractory epilepsy. OBJECTIVE Analysis of the effects of ES using intracranial ES on the occurrence of epileptic HFOs. METHODS Patients underwent ES for diagnostic purposes. Ripples (80-200 Hz) and fast ripples (200-500 Hz) were visually marked in a baseline EEG segment prior to ES, after each period of ES as well as after the end of ES. In patients in whom ES triggered a seizure a pre- and postictal segment was marked. Rates of HFOs were compared for the different time periods using a Spearman's correlation and Wilcoxon rank sum test (p<0.05). RESULTS 12 patients with 911 EEG channels were analyzed. Ripple (r=-0.42, p<0.001) as well as fast ripple (r=-0.21, p<0.001) rates decreased significantly over the course of stimulation. This phenomenon was not focal over the seizure onset or neighboring contacts but even observed over distant contacts. CONCLUSIONS ES resulted in a gradual decrease of HFO-Rates over time. The decrease of HFOs was not limited to SOZ areas. If HFOs are considered as markers of disease activity the reduction in HFO-rates as a result of intracranial ES has to be interpreted as a reduction of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jacobs
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscular Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Tilin Golla
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscular Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; Epilepsy Center, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Malenka Mader
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscular Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Schelter
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, AB24 3UE Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Rudolf Korinthenberg
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscular Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Katiella K, Huang W. Chemically extracted acellular allogeneic nerve graft combined with ciliary neurotrophic factor promotes sciatic nerve repair. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1358-64. [PMID: 25221592 PMCID: PMC4160866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.137588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemically extracted acellular allogeneic nerve graft can reduce postoperative immune rejection, similar to an autologous nerve graft, and can guide neural regeneration. However, it remains poorly understood whether a chemically extracted acellular allogeneic nerve graft combined with neurotrophic factors provides a good local environment for neural regeneration. This study investigated the repair of injured rat sciatic nerve using a chemically extracted acellular allogeneic nerve graft combined with ciliary neurotrophic factor. An autologous nerve anastomosis group and a chemical acellular allogeneic nerve bridging group were prepared as controls. At 8 weeks after repair, sciatic functional index, evoked potential amplitude of the soleus muscle, triceps wet weight recovery rate, total number of myelinated nerve fibers and myelin sheath thickness were measured. For these indices, values in the three groups showed the autologous nerve anastomosis group > chemically extracted acellular nerve graft + ciliary neurotrophic factor group > chemical acellular allogeneic nerve bridging group. These results suggest that chemically extracted acellular nerve grafts combined with ciliary neurotrophic factor can repair sciatic nerve defects, and that this repair is inferior to autologous nerve anastomosis, but superior to chemically extracted acellular allogeneic nerve bridging alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhang
- Institute of International Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China ; Institute of Clinical Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Kaka Katiella
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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15
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Xu K, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ling P, Xie X, Jiang C, Zhang Z, Lian XY. Ginseng Rb fraction protects glia, neurons and cognitive function in a rat model of neurodegeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101077. [PMID: 24971630 PMCID: PMC4074135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss and injury of neurons play an important role in the onset of various neurodegenerative diseases, while both microgliosis and astrocyte loss or dysfunction are significant causes of neuronal degeneration. Previous studies have suggested that an extract enriched panaxadiol saponins from ginseng has more neuroprotective potential than the total saponins of ginseng. The present study investigated whether a fraction of highly purified panaxadiol saponins (termed as Rb fraction) was protective for both glia and neurons, especially GABAergic interneurons, against kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in rats. Rats received Rb fraction at 30 mg/kg (i.p.), 40 mg/kg (i.p. or saline followed 40 min later by an intracerebroventricular injection of KA. Acute hippocampal injury was determined at 48 h after KA, and impairment of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory as well as delayed neuronal injury was determined 16 to 21 days later. KA injection produced significant acute hippocampal injuries, including GAD67-positive GABAergic interneuron loss in CA1, paralbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic interneuron loss, pyramidal neuron degeneration and astrocyte damage accompanied with reactive microglia in both CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. There was also a delayed loss of GAD67-positive interneurons in CA1, CA3, hilus and dentate gyrus. Microgliosis also became more severe 21 days later. Accordingly, KA injection resulted in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory impairment. Interestingly, the pretreatment with Rb fraction at 30 or 40 mg/kg significantly protected the pyramidal neurons and GABAergic interneurons against KA-induced acute excitotoxicity and delayed injury. Rb fraction also prevented memory impairments and protected astrocytes from KA-induced acute excitotoxicity. Additionally, microglial activation, especially the delayed microgliosis, was inhibited by Rb fraction. Overall, this study demonstrated that Rb fraction protected both astrocytes and neurons, especially GABAergic interneurons, and maintained microglial homeostasis against KA-induced excitotoxicity. Therefore, Rb fraction has the potential to prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Ling
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyao Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XYL); (ZZZ)
| | - Xiao-Yuan Lian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XYL); (ZZZ)
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16
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Keasey MP, Kang SS, Lovins C, Hagg T. Inhibition of a novel specific neuroglial integrin signaling pathway increases STAT3-mediated CNTF expression. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:35. [PMID: 23693126 PMCID: PMC3691611 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) expression is repressed in astrocytes by neuronal contact in the CNS and is rapidly induced by injury. Here, we defined an inhibitory integrin signaling pathway. Results The integrin substrates laminin, fibronectin and vitronectin, but not collagen, thrombospondin or fibrinogen, reduced CNTF expression in C6 astroglioma cells. Antibodies against αv and β5, but not α6 or β1, integrin induced CNTF. Together, the ligand and antibody specificity suggests that CNTF is repressed by αvβ5 integrin. Antibodies against Thy1, an abundant neuronal surface protein whose function is unclear, induced CNTF in neuron-astrocyte co-cultures indicating that it is a neuroglial CNTF repressor. Inhibition of the integrin signaling molecule Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) or the downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) or p38 MAPK, greatly induced CNTF mRNA and protein expression within 4 hours. This selective inhibitory pathway phosphorylated STAT3 on its inhibitory ser-727 residue interfering with activity of the pro-transcription Tyr-705 residue. STAT3 can activate CNTF transcription because it bound to its promoter and FAK antagonist-induced CNTF was reduced by blocking STAT3. Microinjection of FAK inhibitor directly into the brain or spinal cord in adult mice rapidly induced CNTF mRNA and protein expression. Importantly, systemic treatment with FAK inhibitors over 3 days induced CNTF in the subventricular zone and increased neurogenesis. Conclusions Neuron-astroglia contact mediated by integrins serves as a sensor to enable rapid neurotrophic responses and provides a new pharmacological avenue to exploit the neuroprotective properties of endogenous CNTF.
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Hertle D, Werhahn L, Beynon C, Zweckberger K, Vienenkötter B, Jung C, Unterberg A, Kiening K, Sakowitz O. Depression of neuronal activity by sedatives is associated with adverse effects after brain injury. Brain Res 2013; 1510:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Askvig JM, Lo DY, Sudbeck AW, Behm KE, Leiphon LJ, Watt JA. Inhibition of the Jak-STAT pathway prevents CNTF-mediated survival of axotomized oxytocinergic magnocellular neurons in organotypic cultures of the rat supraoptic nucleus. Exp Neurol 2012; 240:75-87. [PMID: 23123407 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) enhances survival and process outgrowth from magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular (PVN) and the supraoptic (SON) nuclei. However, the mechanisms by which CNTF facilitates these processes remain to be determined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the immediate signal transduction events that occur within the rat SON following administration of exogenous rat recombinant CNTF (rrCNTF) and to determine the contribution of those intracellular signaling pathway(s) to neuronal survival and process outgrowth, respectively. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses demonstrated that axonal injury and acute unilateral pressure injection of 100 ng/μl of rrCNTF directly over the rat SON resulted in a rapid and transient increase in phosphorylated-STAT3 (pSTAT3) in astrocytes but not neurons in the SON in vivo. Utilizing rat hypothalamic organotypic explant cultures, we then demonstrated that administration of 25 ng/ml rrCNTF for 14days significantly increased the survival and process outgrowth of OT magnocellular neurons. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of the Jak-STAT pathway via AG490 and cucurbitacin I significantly reduced the survival of OT magnocellular neurons in the SON and PVN; however, the contribution of the Jak-STAT pathway to CNTF-mediated process outgrowth remains to be determined. Together, these data indicate that CNTF-induced survival of OT magnocellular neurons is mediated indirectly through astrocytes via the Jak-STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Askvig
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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