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Rájová J, Davidsson M, Avallone M, Hartnor M, Aldrin-Kirk P, Cardoso T, Nolbrant S, Mollbrink A, Storm P, Heuer A, Parmar M, Björklund T. Deconvolution of spatial sequencing provides accurate characterization of hESC-derived DA transplants in vivo. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:381-394. [PMID: 37251982 PMCID: PMC10209706 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy for Parkinson's disease has experienced substantial growth in the past decades with several ongoing clinical trials. Despite increasing refinement of differentiation protocols and standardization of the transplanted neural precursors, the transcriptomic analysis of cells in the transplant after its full maturation in vivo has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we present spatial transcriptomics analysis of fully differentiated grafts in their host tissue. Unlike earlier transcriptomics analyses using single-cell technologies, we observe that cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in the grafts adopt mature dopaminergic signatures. We show that the presence of phenotypic dopaminergic genes, which were found to be differentially expressed in the transplants, is concentrated toward the edges of the grafts, in agreement with the immunohistochemical analyses. Deconvolution shows dopamine neurons being the dominating cell type in many features beneath the graft area. These findings further support the preferred environmental niche of TH-positive cells and confirm their dopaminergic phenotype through the presence of multiple dopaminergic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Rájová
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Davidsson
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martino Avallone
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Morgan Hartnor
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Aldrin-Kirk
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tiago Cardoso
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Nolbrant
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annelie Mollbrink
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Storm
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Björklund
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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2
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Anwer DM, Gubinelli F, Kurt YA, Sarauskyte L, Jacobs F, Venuti C, Sandoval IM, Yang Y, Stancati J, Mazzocchi M, Brandi E, O’Keeffe G, Steece-Collier K, Li JY, Deierborg T, Manfredsson FP, Davidsson M, Heuer A. A comparison of machine learning approaches for the quantification of microglial cells in the brain of mice, rats and non-human primates. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284480. [PMID: 37126506 PMCID: PMC10150977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are brain-specific macrophages that swiftly react to disruptive events in the brain. Microglial activation leads to specific modifications, including proliferation, morphological changes, migration to the site of insult, and changes in gene expression profiles. A change in inflammatory status has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. For this reason, the investigation and quantification of microglial cells is essential for better understanding their role in disease progression as well as for evaluating the cytocompatibility of novel therapeutic approaches for such conditions. In the following study we implemented a machine learning-based approach for the fast and automatized quantification of microglial cells; this tool was compared with manual quantification (ground truth), and with alternative free-ware such as the threshold-based ImageJ and the machine learning-based Ilastik. We first trained the algorithms on brain tissue obtained from rats and non-human primate immunohistochemically labelled for microglia. Subsequently we validated the accuracy of the trained algorithms in a preclinical rodent model of Parkinson's disease and demonstrated the robustness of the algorithms on tissue obtained from mice, as well as from images provided by three collaborating laboratories. Our results indicate that machine learning algorithms can detect and quantify microglial cells in all the three mammalian species in a precise manner, equipotent to the one observed following manual counting. Using this tool, we were able to detect and quantify small changes between the hemispheres, suggesting the power and reliability of the algorithm. Such a tool will be very useful for investigation of microglial response in disease development, as well as in the investigation of compatible novel therapeutics targeting the brain. As all network weights and labelled training data are made available, together with our step-by-step user guide, we anticipate that many laboratories will implement machine learning-based quantification of microglial cells in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish M. Anwer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Yunus A. Kurt
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Livija Sarauskyte
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Febe Jacobs
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Chiara Venuti
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Ivette M. Sandoval
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Parkinson’s Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Stancati
- Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Martina Mazzocchi
- Brain Development and Repair Group, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Edoardo Brandi
- Neural Plasticity and Repair, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gerard O’Keeffe
- Brain Development and Repair Group, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredric P. Manfredsson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Parkinson’s Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Marcus Davidsson
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Parkinson’s Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
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Gubinelli F, Sarauskyte L, Venuti C, Kulacz I, Cazzolla G, Negrini M, Anwer D, Vecchio I, Jakobs F, Manfredsson F, Davidsson M, Heuer A. Characterisation of functional deficits induced by AAV overexpression of alpha-synuclein in rats. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 4:100065. [PMID: 36632447 PMCID: PMC9827042 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decades different preclinical animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been generated, aiming to mimic the progressive neuronal loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) cells as well as motor and non-motor impairment. Among all the available models, AAV-based models of human alpha-synuclein (h-aSYN) overexpression are promising tools for investigation of disease progression and therapeutic interventions. Objectives The goal with this work was to characterise the impairment in motor and non-motor domains following nigrostriatal overexpression of h-aSYN and correlate the behavioural deficits with histological assessment of associated pathology. Methods Intranigral injection of an AAV9 expressing h-aSYN was compared with untreated animals, 6-OHDA and AAV9 expressing either no transgene or GFP. The animals were assessed on a series of simple and complex behavioural tasks probing motor and non-motor domains. Post-mortem neuropathology was analysed using immunohistochemical methods. Results Overexpression of h-aSYN led to progressive degeneration of DA neurons of the SN and axonal terminals in the striatum (STR). We observed extensive nigral and striatal pathology, resembling that of human PD brain, as well as the development of stable progressive deficit in simple motor tasks and in non-motor domains such as deficits in motivation and lateralised neglect. Conclusions In the present work we characterized a rat model of PD that closely resembles human PD pathology at the histological and behavioural level. The correlation of cell loss with behavioural performance enables the selection of rats which can be used in neuroprotective or neurorestorative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Gubinelli
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L. Sarauskyte
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C. Venuti
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - I. Kulacz
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - G. Cazzolla
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Negrini
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - D. Anwer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - I. Vecchio
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - F. Jakobs
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - F.P. Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - M. Davidsson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA,Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Heuer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Corresponding author. Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 22 184, Lund, Sweden.
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4
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Lane EL, Lelos MJ. Defining the unknowns for cell therapies in Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276886. [PMID: 36165848 PMCID: PMC9555765 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
First-in-human clinical trials have commenced to test the safety and efficacy of cell therapies for people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Proof of concept that this neural repair strategy is efficacious is based on decades of preclinical studies and clinical trials using primary foetal cells, as well as a significant literature exploring more novel stem cell-derived products. Although several measures of efficacy have been explored, including the successful in vitro differentiation of stem cells to dopamine neurons and consistent alleviation of motor dysfunction in rodent models, many unknowns still remain regarding the long-term clinical implications of this treatment strategy. Here, we consider some of these outstanding questions, including our understanding of the interaction between anti-Parkinsonian medication and the neural transplant, the impact of the cell therapy on cognitive or neuropsychiatric symptoms of PD, the role of neuroinflammation in the therapeutic process and the development of graft-induced dyskinesias. We identify questions that are currently pertinent to the field that require further exploration, and pave the way for a more holistic understanding of this neural repair strategy for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Lane
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Mariah J Lelos
- School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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5
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Lateralized deficits after unilateral AAV-vector based overexpression of alpha-synuclein in the midbrain of rats on drug-free behavioural tests. Behav Brain Res 2022; 429:113887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Negrini M, Tomasello G, Davidsson M, Fenyi A, Adant C, Hauser S, Espa E, Gubinelli F, Manfredsson FP, Melki R, Heuer A. Sequential or Simultaneous Injection of Preformed Fibrils and AAV Overexpression of Alpha-Synuclein Are Equipotent in Producing Relevant Pathology and Behavioral Deficits. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1133-1153. [PMID: 35213388 PMCID: PMC9198765 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical rodent models for Parkinson's disease (PD) based on viral human alpha-synuclein (h-αSyn) overexpression recapitulate some of the pathological hallmarks as it presents in humans, such as progressive cell loss and additional synucleinopathy in cortical and subcortical structures. Recent studies have combined viral vector-based overexpression of human wild-type αSyn with the sequential or simultaneous inoculation of preformed fibrils (PFFs) derived from human αSyn. OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to investigate whether sequential or combined delivery of the AAV vector and the PFFs are equipotent in inducing stable neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. METHODS Here we compare between four experimental paradigms (PFFs only, AAV-h-αSyn only, AAV-h-αSyn with simultaneous PFFs, and AAV-h-αSyn with sequential PFFs) and their respective GFP control groups. RESULTS We observed reduction of TH expression and loss of neurons in the midbrain in all AAV (h-αSyn or GFP) injected groups, with or without additional PFFs inoculation. The overexpression of either h-αSyn or GFP alone induced motor deficits and dysfunctional dopamine release/reuptake in electrochemical recordings in the ipsilateral striatum. However, we observed a substantial formation of insoluble h-αSyn aggregates and inflammatory response only when h-αSyn and PFFs were combined. Moreover, the presence of h-αSyn induced higher axonal pathology compared to control groups. CONCLUSION Simultaneous AAV and PFFs injections are equipotent in the presented experimental setup in inducing histopathological and behavioral changes. This model provides new and interesting possibilities for characterizing PD pathology in preclinical models and means to assess future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Negrini
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Tomasello
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Davidsson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexis Fenyi
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cécile Adant
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Swantje Hauser
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elena Espa
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredric P. Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Aldrin-Kirk P, Åkerblom M, Cardoso T, Nolbrant S, Adler AF, Liu X, Heuer A, Davidsson M, Parmar M, Björklund T. A novel two-factor monosynaptic TRIO tracing method for assessment of circuit integration of hESC-derived dopamine transplants. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 17:159-172. [PMID: 34971563 PMCID: PMC8758947 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation in Parkinson's disease using human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons is a promising future treatment option. However, many of the mechanisms that govern their differentiation, maturation, and integration into the host circuitry remain elusive. Here, we engrafted hESCs differentiated toward a ventral midbrain DA phenotype into the midbrain of a preclinical rodent model of Parkinson's disease. We then injected a novel DA-neurotropic retrograde MNM008 adeno-associated virus vector capsid, into specific DA target regions to generate starter cells based on their axonal projections. Using monosynaptic rabies-based tracing, we demonstrated for the first time that grafted hESC-derived DA neurons receive distinctly different afferent inputs depending on their projections. The similarities to the host DA system suggest a previously unknown directed circuit integration. By evaluating the differential host-to-graft connectivity based on projection patterns, this novel approach offers a tool to answer outstanding questions regarding the integration of grafted hESC-derived DA neurons. A novel retrograde AAV-capsid (MNM008) allows highly accurate monosynaptic tracing Nigral human dopamine (DA) grafts reconstitute the nigrostriatal pathway The host rat brain makes circuit-specific connections with hESC-derived DA grafts The herein developed tool allows for detailed mapping of CNS circuits and repair
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Aldrin-Kirk
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Åkerblom
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tiago Cardoso
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Nolbrant
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrew F Adler
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiaohe Liu
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Davidsson
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Björklund
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Evaluation of TH-Cre knock-in cell lines for detection and specific targeting of stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06006. [PMID: 33532642 PMCID: PMC7821040 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The focal and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in ventral midbrain has made Parkinson's disease (PD) a particularly interesting target of cell-based therapies. However, ethical issues and limited tissue availability have so far hindered the widespread use of human fetal tissue in cell-replacement therapy. DA neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unprecedented opportunities to access a renewable source of cells suitable for PD therapeutic applications. To better understand the development and functional properties of stem-cell derived DA neurons, we generated targeted hPSC lines with the gene coding for Cre recombinase knocked into the TH locus. When combined with flexed GFP, they serve as reporter cell lines able to identify and isolate TH+ neurons in vitro and after transplantation in vivo. These TH-Cre lines provide a valuable genetic tool to manipulate DA neurons useful for the design of more precise DA differentiation protocols and the study of these cells after transplantation in pre-clinical animal models of PD.
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9
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A comparison of AAV-vector production methods for gene therapy and preclinical assessment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21532. [PMID: 33299011 PMCID: PMC7726153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno Associated Virus (AAV)-mediated gene expression in the brain is widely applied in the preclinical setting to investigate the therapeutic potential of specific molecular targets, characterize various cellular functions, and model central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In therapeutic applications in the clinical setting, gene therapy offers several advantages over traditional pharmacological based therapies, including the ability to directly manipulate disease mechanisms, selectively target disease-afflicted regions, and achieve long-term therapeutic protein expression in the absence of repeated administration of pharmacological agents. Next to the gold-standard iodixanol-based AAV vector production, we recently published a protocol for AAV production based on chloroform-precipitation, which allows for fast in-house production of small quantities of AAV vector without the need for specialized equipment. To validate our recent protocol, we present here a direct side-by-side comparison between vectors produced with either method in a series of in vitro and in vivo assays with a focus on transgene expression, cell loss, and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. We do not find differences in transduction efficiency nor in any other parameter in our in vivo and in vitro panel of assessment. These results suggest that our novel protocol enables most standardly equipped laboratories to produce small batches of high quality and high titer AAV vectors for their experimental needs.
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10
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Alghamdi M, Chierchini F, Eigel D, Taplan C, Miles T, Pette D, Welzel PB, Werner C, Wang W, Neto C, Gumbleton M, Newland B. Poly(ethylene glycol) based nanotubes for tuneable drug delivery to glioblastoma multiforme. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4498-4509. [PMID: 36132909 PMCID: PMC9418774 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of malignant brain tumour, which is associated with a poor two-year survival rate and a high rate of fatal recurrence near the original tumour. Focal/local drug delivery devices hold promise for improving therapeutic outcomes for GBM by increasing drug concentrations locally at the tumour site, or by facilitating the use of potent anti-cancer drugs that are poorly permeable across the blood brain barrier (BBB). For inoperable tumours, stereotactic delivery to the tumour necessitates the development of nanoscale/microscale injectable drug delivery devices. Herein we assess the ability of a novel class of polymer nanotube (based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)) to load doxorubicin (a mainstay breast cancer therapeutic with poor BBB permeability) and release it slowly. The drug loading properties of the PEG nanotubes could be tuned by varying the degree of carboxylic acid functionalisation and hence the capacity of the nanotubes to electrostatically bind and load doxorubicin. 70% of the drug was released over the first seven days followed by sustained drug release for the remaining two weeks tested. Unloaded PEG nanotubes showed no toxicity to any of the cell types analysed, whereas doxorubicin loaded nanotubes decreased GBM cell viability (C6, U-87 and U-251) in a dose dependent manner in 2D in vitro culture. Finally, doxorubicin loaded PEG nanotubes significantly reduced the viability of in vitro 3D GBM models whilst unloaded nanotubes showed no cytotoxicity. Taken together, these findings show that polymer nanotubes could be used to deliver alternative anti-cancer drugs for local therapeutic strategies against brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Alghamdi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff CF10 3NB UK
- School of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo Chierchini
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff CF10 3NB UK
| | - Dimitri Eigel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden Hohe Straße 6 D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Christian Taplan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden Hohe Straße 6 D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Miles
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff CF10 3NB UK
| | - Dagmar Pette
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden Hohe Straße 6 D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Petra B Welzel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden Hohe Straße 6 D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden Hohe Straße 6 D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin Ireland
| | - Catia Neto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff CF10 3NB UK
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff CF10 3NB UK
| | - Ben Newland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff CF10 3NB UK
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden Hohe Straße 6 D-01069 Dresden Germany
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11
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Tiklová K, Nolbrant S, Fiorenzano A, Björklund ÅK, Sharma Y, Heuer A, Gillberg L, Hoban DB, Cardoso T, Adler AF, Birtele M, Lundén-Miguel H, Volakakis N, Kirkeby A, Perlmann T, Parmar M. Single cell transcriptomics identifies stem cell-derived graft composition in a model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2434. [PMID: 32415072 PMCID: PMC7229159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement is a long-standing and realistic goal for the treatment of Parkinsonʼs disease (PD). Cells for transplantation can be obtained from fetal brain tissue or from stem cells. However, after transplantation, dopamine (DA) neurons are seen to be a minor component of grafts, and it has remained difficult to determine the identity of other cell types. Here, we report analysis by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) combined with comprehensive histological analyses to characterize intracerebral grafts from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and fetal tissue after functional maturation in a pre-clinical rat PD model. We show that neurons and astrocytes are major components in both fetal and stem cell-derived grafts. Additionally, we identify a cell type closely resembling a class of recently identified perivascular-like cells in stem cell-derived grafts. Thus, this study uncovers previously unknown cellular diversity in a clinically relevant cell replacement PD model. What happens to cells on engrafting into the brain in animal models to treat Parkinson’s disease is unclear. Here, the authors use scRNA-seq to examine ventral midbrain (VM)-patterned human embryonic stem cells after functional maturation in a pre-clinical rat model for Parkinson’s disease and identify perivascular-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Tiklová
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Box 240, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Nolbrant
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Fiorenzano
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa K Björklund
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yogita Sharma
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Gillberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Box 240, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Deirdre B Hoban
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tiago Cardoso
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrew F Adler
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcella Birtele
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Nikolaos Volakakis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Box 240, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agnete Kirkeby
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Box 240, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
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Breger LS, Kienle K, Smith GA, Dunnett SB, Lane EL. Influence of chronic L-DOPA treatment on immune response following allogeneic and xenogeneic graft in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:155-164. [PMID: 27864045 PMCID: PMC5325122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although intrastriatal transplantation of fetal cells for the treatment of Parkinson's disease had shown encouraging results in initial open-label clinical trials, subsequent double-blind studies reported more debatable outcomes. These studies highlighted the need for greater preclinical analysis of the parameters that may influence the success of cell therapy. While much of this has focused on the cells and location of the transplants, few have attempted to replicate potentially critical patient centered factors. Of particular relevance is that patients will be under continued L-DOPA treatment prior to and following transplantation, and that typically the grafts will not be immunologically compatible with the host. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the effect of chronic L-DOPA administered during different phases of the transplantation process on the survival and function of grafts with differing degrees of immunological compatibility. To that end, unilaterally 6-OHDA lesioned rats received sham surgery, allogeneic or xenogeneic transplants, while being treated with L-DOPA before and/or after transplantation. Irrespective of the L-DOPA treatment, dopaminergic grafts improved function and reduced the onset of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. Importantly, although L-DOPA administered post transplantation was found to have no detrimental effect on graft survival, it did significantly promote the immune response around xenogeneic transplants, despite the administration of immunosuppressive treatment (cyclosporine). This study is the first to systematically examine the effect of L-DOPA on graft tolerance, which is dependent on the donor-host compatibility. These findings emphasize the importance of using animal models that adequately represent the patient paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine S. Breger
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, UK,Brain Repair Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK,Corresponding author at: Dept of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.Dept of Experimental Medical ScienceWallenberg Neuroscience CentreLund UniversityBMC A11221 84 LundSweden
| | - Korbinian Kienle
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, UK.
| | - Gaynor A. Smith
- Brain Repair Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen B. Dunnett
- Brain Repair Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma L. Lane
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, UK
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13
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Inverse Expression Levels of EphrinA3 and EphrinA5 Contribute to Dopaminergic Differentiation of Human SH-SY5Y Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:483-92. [PMID: 27217159 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two key principles underlying successful cellular therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) are appropriate differentiation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons from transplanted cells and precise axon growth. EphrinAs, a subclass of ephrins, act as axon guidance molecules and are highly expressed in DA brain regions. Existing evidences indicate that they act as either repulsion or attraction signals to guide axon growth. This study investigated whether ephrinAs are involved in DA neuron differentiation. Data from miRCURY™ LNA mRNAs/microRNAs microarrays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed upregulated ephrinA3 mRNA (EFNA3) and downregulated ephrinA5 mRNA (EFNA5) during DA neuron differentiation. In addition, hsa-miR-4271 was downregulated, which could influence EFNA3 translation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence (IF) and western blotting confirmed the mRNA results and showed increased ephrinA3 and decreased ephrinA5 protein levels in differentiating DA neurons. Taken together, our results indicate that inverse expression levels of ephrinA3 and ephrinA5, which are possibly influenced by microRNAs, contribute to DA neuron differentiation by guiding axon growth.
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14
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Lelos MJ, Morgan RJ, Kelly CM, Torres EM, Rosser AE, Dunnett SB. Amelioration of non-motor dysfunctions after transplantation of human dopamine neurons in a model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 278:54-61. [PMID: 26851542 PMCID: PMC4801014 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) display cognitive and neuropsychiatric dysfunctions, especially with disease progression. Although these impairments have been reported to impact more heavily upon a patient's quality of life than any motor dysfunctions, there are currently no interventions capable of adequately targeting these non-motor deficits. Objectives Utilizing a rodent model of PD, we investigated whether cell replacement therapy, using intrastriatal transplants of human-derived ventral mesencephalic (hVM) grafts, could alleviate cognitive and neuropsychiatric, as well as motor, dysfunctions. Methods Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions to the medial forebrain bundle were tested on a complex operant task that dissociates motivational, visuospatial and motor impairments sensitive to the loss of dopamine. A subset of lesioned rats received intrastriatal hVM grafts of ~ 9 weeks gestation. Post-graft, rats underwent repeated drug-induced rotation tests and were tested on two versions of the complex operant task, before post-mortem analysis of the hVM tissue grafts. Results Post-graft behavioural testing revealed that hVM grafts improved non-motor aspects of task performance, specifically visuospatial function and motivational processing, as well as alleviating motor dysfunctions. Conclusions We report the first evidence of human VM cell grafts alleviating both non-motor and motor dysfunctions in an animal model of PD. This intervention, therefore, is the first to improve cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms long-term in a model of PD. Non-motor dysfunctions affect quality of life in Parkinson's disease. We tested whether human-derived foetal dopamine cells could improve these deficits. Human dopamine cells improved rotational bias and movement impairments in a rat model. Non-motor dysfunctions, specifically visuospatial and motivational deficits, improved. This is the first evidence of improved non-motor deficits from human dopamine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lelos
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - R J Morgan
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - C M Kelly
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - E M Torres
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - A E Rosser
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
| | - S B Dunnett
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
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15
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Nigral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion impairs performance in a lateralised choice reaction time task--impact of training and task parameters. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:207-15. [PMID: 24613237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral intrastriatal and intra-medial forebrain bundle injections of 6-OHDA impair the performance in a lateralised choice reaction time task. However, the extent and pattern of deficits after nigral 6-OHDA injections is less well studied, as well as the impact of training regime or the modification of various task parameters. The nigral 6-OHDA lesion resulted in impaired response accuracy and an increased time to react to and execute the response on the side contralateral to the lesion as compared to sham-lesioned controls. Pre-training of the rats on the task prior to the lesion resulted in slightly faster reaction times as well as a reduced number of preservative panel presses compared to when rats were trained after the 6-OHDA injection. When the rat had to perform a longer sustained nose poke before responding to the lateralised stimuli, the number of useable trials was reduced in both controls and 6-OHDA rats as a result of an increased number of premature withdrawals from the centre hole. This study demonstrates that rats with a nigral 6-OHDA lesion display several distinct deficits in this operant task, which are similar to those seen after striatal and bundle 6-OHDA injections. In addition, by combining pre-training with the use of a short set of holds, improved sensitivity of this task can be achieved. This improvement in sensitivity may be of advantage when exploring new therapeutic interventions for PD, where subtle but relevant changes in performance may arise.
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16
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Adult hemiparkinsonian rats do not benefit from tactile stimulation. Behav Brain Res 2014; 261:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lindgren HS, Demirbugen M, Bergqvist F, Lane EL, Dunnett SB. The effect of additional noradrenergic and serotonergic depletion on a lateralised choice reaction time task in rats with nigral 6-OHDA lesions. Exp Neurol 2013; 253:52-62. [PMID: 24333808 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients often suffer from visuospatial deficits, which have been considered a disruption of the representation of external space. The lateralised choice reaction time (CRT) task is an operant task for rodents in which similar deficits can be assessed. It has been demonstrated that specific parameters in this task is disrupted after unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which have been associated with the dopamine (DA) depletion that inevitably follows this type of lesion. However, studies have demonstrated that this type of lesion also affects the serotonergic (5HT) and noradrenergic (NA) systems. However, the impact of these systems on parameters in the CRT task had not yet been investigated. To this end, rats were pretrained on the CRT task before receiving selective lesions of the DAergic system, either alone or in combination with depletion of the NA or 5HT system. All rats with a 6-OHDA lesion displayed a gradual decline in the selection, initiation and execution of lateralised movements compared to sham-lesion controls on the side contralateral to the lesion. They also displayed a reduced number of useable trials as well as an increased number of procedural errors. Interestingly, the group with an additional noradrenergic lesion was significantly slower in reacting to lateralised stimuli throughout the testing period compared to the other two groups with a 6-OHDA lesion. There was however no difference between the three different lesion groups in the other parameters assessed in the task. These data confirm previous findings demonstrating that the majority of the parameters assessed in the lateralised CRT task are strongly dependent on DA. However, this study has also shown that the NAergic system may play an important role in contributing to the attentive performance influencing the capacity to react to the presented lateralised stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S Lindgren
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Merve Demirbugen
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Filip Bergqvist
- Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma L Lane
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen B Dunnett
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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18
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Heuer A, Vinh NN, Dunnett SB. Behavioural recovery on simple and complex tasks by means of cell replacement therapy in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mice. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1691-704. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heuer
- Brain Repair Group; School of Bioscience; Cardiff University; Cardiff; UK
| | - Ngoc-Nga Vinh
- Brain Repair Group; School of Bioscience; Cardiff University; Cardiff; UK
| | - Stephen B. Dunnett
- Brain Repair Group; School of Bioscience; Cardiff University; Cardiff; UK
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