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Benarroch E. What Are the Functions of Zinc in the Nervous System? Neurology 2023; 101:714-720. [PMID: 37845046 PMCID: PMC10585682 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
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2
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Multifunctional Metallothioneins as a Target for Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040894. [PMID: 37107269 PMCID: PMC10135286 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms based on a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and by non-motor symptoms which precede motor symptoms. Neurodegeneration accompanied by an accumulation of α-synuclein is thought to propagate from the enteric nervous system to the central nervous system. The pathogenesis in sporadic PD remains unknown. However, many reports indicate various etiological factors, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, α-synuclein toxicity and mitochondrial impairment, drive neurodegeneration. Exposure to heavy metals contributes to these etiopathogenesis and increases the risk of developing PD. Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins; MTs chelate metals and inhibit metal-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, MTs possess antioxidative properties by scavenging free radicals and exert anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of microglial activation. Furthermore, MTs recently received attention as a potential target for attenuating metal-induced α-synuclein aggregation. In this article, we summarize MTs expression in the central and enteric nervous system, and review protective functions of MTs against etiopathogenesis in PD. We also discuss neuroprotective strategies for the prevention of central dopaminergic and enteric neurodegeneration by targeting MTs. This review highlights multifunctional MTs as a target for the development of disease-modifying drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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3
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Yi D, Zhao H, Zhao J, Li L. Modular Engineering of DNAzyme-Based Sensors for Spatioselective Imaging of Metal Ions in Mitochondria. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1678-1685. [PMID: 36573341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNAzyme-based sensors remain at the forefront of metal-ion imaging efforts, but most lack the subcellular precision necessary to their applications in specific organelles. Here, we seek to overcome this limitation by presenting a DNAzyme-based biosensor technology for spatiotemporally controlled imaging of metal ions in mitochondria. A DNA nanodevice was constructed by integrating an optically activatable DNAzyme sensor and an upconversion nanoparticle with an organelle-targeting signal. We exemplify that this approach allows for mitochondria-specific imaging of Zn2+ in living cells in a near-infrared light-controlled manner. Based on this, the system is used for the monitoring of mitochondrial Zn2+ during drug treatment in a cellular model of ischemia insult. Furthermore, the DNA nanodevice is employed to assess dynamic Zn2+ change and pharmacological interventions in an injury cell model of Zn2+ toxicity. This method paves the way for engineering of DNAzyme sensors to investigate the pathophysiological roles of metal ions at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hengzhi Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lele Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Metabolic and Cellular Compartments of Acetyl-CoA in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710073. [PMID: 36077475 PMCID: PMC9456256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is characterised by the most diverse morphological, metabolic and functional structure among all body tissues. This is due to the existence of diverse neurons secreting various neurotransmitters and mutually modulating their own activity through thousands of pre- and postsynaptic interconnections in each neuron. Astroglial, microglial and oligodendroglial cells and neurons reciprocally regulate the metabolism of key energy substrates, thereby exerting several neuroprotective, neurotoxic and regulatory effects on neuronal viability and neurotransmitter functions. Maintenance of the pool of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA derived from glycolytic glucose metabolism is a key factor for neuronal survival. Thus, acetyl-CoA is regarded as a direct energy precursor through the TCA cycle and respiratory chain, thereby affecting brain cell viability. It is also used for hundreds of acetylation reactions, including N-acetyl aspartate synthesis in neuronal mitochondria, acetylcholine synthesis in cholinergic neurons, as well as divergent acetylations of several proteins, peptides, histones and low-molecular-weight species in all cellular compartments. Therefore, acetyl-CoA should be considered as the central point of metabolism maintaining equilibrium between anabolic and catabolic pathways in the brain. This review presents data supporting this thesis.
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5
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Medvedeva YV, Yin HZ, Bazrafkan A, Yeromin A, Ji SG, Weiss-Hung EJ, Sharman E, Avilez AP, Maki N, Rafi MA, Tian G, Akbari Y, Weiss JH. Blocking Mitochondrial Zn 2+ Accumulation after Ischemia Reduces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuronal Injury. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5281-5292. [PMID: 35623885 PMCID: PMC9236293 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0874-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2+ is an important contributor to ischemic brain injury, and recent studies support the hypothesis that mitochondria are key sites of its injurious effects. In murine hippocampal slices (both sexes) subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), we found that Zn2+ accumulation and its entry into mitochondria precedes and contributes to the induction of acute neuronal death. In addition, if the ischemic episode is short (and sublethal), there is ongoing Zn2+ accumulation in CA1 mitochondria after OGD that may contribute to their delayed dysfunction. Using this slice model of sublethal OGD, we have examined Zn2+ contributions to the progression of changes evoked by OGD and occurring over 4-5 h. We detected progressive mitochondrial depolarization occurring from ∼2 h after ischemia, a large increase in spontaneous synaptic activity between 2 and 3 h, and mitochondrial swelling and fragmentation at 4 h. Blockade of the primary route for Zn2+ entry, the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (with ruthenium red [RR]) or Zn2+ chelation shortly after OGD withdrawal substantially attenuated the mitochondrial depolarization and the changes in synaptic activity. RR also largely reversed the mitochondrial swelling. Finally, using an in vivo rat (male) asphyxial cardiac arrest model of transient global ischemia, we found that ∼8 min asphyxia induces considerable injury of CA1 neurons 4 h later that is associated with strong Zn2+ accumulation within many damaged mitochondria. These effects were substantially attenuated by infusion of RR on reperfusion. Our findings highlight mitochondrial Zn2+ accumulation after ischemia as a possible target for neuroprotective therapy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Brain ischemia is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability that still lacks effective treatment. After transient ischemia, delayed death of neurons occurs in vulnerable brain regions. There is a critical need to understand mechanisms of this delayed neurodegeneration which can be targeted for neuroprotection. We found progressive and long-lasting mitochondrial Zn2+ accumulation to occur in highly vulnerable CA1 neurons after ischemia. Here we demonstrate that this Zn2+ accumulation contributes strongly to deleterious events occurring after ischemia, including mitochondrial dysfunction, swelling, and structural changes. We suggest that this mitochondrial Zn2+ entry may constitute a promising target for development of therapeutic interventions to be delivered after termination of an episode of transient global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yama Akbari
- Departments of Neurology
- Anatomy & Neurobiology
- Neurological surgery
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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6
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Huo T, Nie H, Li W, Lin C, Akhtar M, Huang R. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Antioxidation Dyshomeostasis-Enhanced Tumor Starvation Synergistic Chemotherapy Achieved using a Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nano-Enzyme Reactor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3675-3684. [PMID: 35020346 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-based nanoparticles to synergistically enhance starvation-combined chemotherapy strategies remains an urgent demand. Herein, glucose oxidase (GOX) and doxorubicin (DOX) were facilely incorporated into ZIFs for starvation-combined chemotherapy. The as-prepared DOX/GOX-loaded ZIF (DGZ) exhibited uniform size with good dispersity, effective protection of the GOX activity, and stable delivery of the drugs into tumor. Correspondingly, it could achieve the glucose- and pH-responsive degradation and thus the controllable drug release. As a result, the acidification of glucose accompanied with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was observed for the starvation-enhanced chemotherapy and the improved degradation. Most importantly, adjustable Zn2+ release was achieved with the biodegradation of DGZ, which thus contributed to an augmented therapeutic outcome via the Zn2+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and antioxidation dyshomeostasis. These findings, synergized with the enhancement of starvation-combined chemotherapy by inhibiting the mitochondrial energy metabolism and boosting the ROS accumulation using pristine ZIF-based nanoparticles, provide a new insight into the metal-organic framework-based nanomedicine for further cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Huo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huifang Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenteng Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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7
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Song J, Yang X, Zhang M, Wang C, Chen L. Glutamate Metabolism in Mitochondria is Closely Related to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:557-578. [PMID: 34602474 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and its excitatory neurotoxicity is closely related to the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease. However, increasing evidence shows that in the process of Alzheimer's disease, glutamate is not only limited to its excitotoxicity as a neurotransmitter but also related to the disorder of its metabolic balance. The balance of glutamate metabolism in the brain is an important determinant of central nervous system health, and the maintenance of this balance is closely related to glutamate uptake, glutamate circulation, intracellular mitochondrial transport, and mitochondrial metabolism. In this paper, we intend to elaborate the key role of mitochondrial glutamate metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and review glutamate metabolism in mitochondria as a potential target in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,Cadre's Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Cadre's Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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8
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Wang X, An P, Gu Z, Luo Y, Luo J. Mitochondrial Metal Ion Transport in Cell Metabolism and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147525. [PMID: 34299144 PMCID: PMC8305404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital to life and provide biological energy for other organelles and cell physiological processes. On the mitochondrial double layer membrane, there are a variety of channels and transporters to transport different metal ions, such as Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+/Fe3+. Emerging evidence in recent years has shown that the metal ion transport is essential for mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism, including oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP production, mitochondrial integrity, mitochondrial volume, enzyme activity, signal transduction, proliferation and apoptosis. The homeostasis of mitochondrial metal ions plays an important role in maintaining mitochondria and cell functions and regulating multiple diseases. In particular, channels and transporters for transporting mitochondrial metal ions are very critical, which can be used as potential targets to treat neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the current research on several types of mitochondrial metal ion channels/transporters and their functions in cell metabolism and diseases, providing strong evidence and therapeutic strategies for further insights into related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.A.)
| | - Peng An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.A.)
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Yongting Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Junjie Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.L.)
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9
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The Multifaceted Roles of Zinc in Neuronal Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050489. [PMID: 33946782 PMCID: PMC8145363 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a highly abundant cation in the brain, essential for cellular functions, including transcription, enzymatic activity, and cell signaling. However, zinc can also trigger injurious cascades in neurons, contributing to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria, critical for meeting the high energy demands of the central nervous system (CNS), are a principal target of the deleterious actions of zinc. An increasing body of work suggests that intracellular zinc can, under certain circumstances, contribute to neuronal damage by inhibiting mitochondrial energy processes, including dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), leading to ATP depletion. Additional consequences of zinc-mediated mitochondrial damage include reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial permeability transition, and excitotoxic calcium deregulation. Zinc can also induce mitochondrial fission, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation, as well as inhibition of mitochondrial motility. Here, we review the known mechanisms responsible for the deleterious actions of zinc on the organelle, within the context of neuronal injury associated with neurodegenerative processes. Elucidating the critical contributions of zinc-induced mitochondrial defects to neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets in the clinical setting.
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10
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Granzotto A, Canzoniero LMT, Sensi SL. A Neurotoxic Ménage-à-trois: Glutamate, Calcium, and Zinc in the Excitotoxic Cascade. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:600089. [PMID: 33324162 PMCID: PMC7725690 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.600089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty years ago, the seminal work by John Olney provided the first evidence of the neurotoxic properties of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. A process hereafter termed excitotoxicity. Since then, glutamate-driven neuronal death has been linked to several acute and chronic neurological conditions, like stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mechanisms linked to the overactivation of glutamatergic receptors involve an aberrant cation influx, which produces the failure of the ionic neuronal milieu. In this context, zinc, the second most abundant metal ion in the brain, is a key but still somehow underappreciated player of the excitotoxic cascade. Zinc is an essential element for neuronal functioning, but when dysregulated acts as a potent neurotoxin. In this review, we discuss the ionic changes and downstream effects involved in the glutamate-driven neuronal loss, with a focus on the role exerted by zinc. Finally, we summarize our work on the fascinating distinct properties of NADPH-diaphorase neurons. This neuronal subpopulation is spared from excitotoxic insults and represents a powerful tool to understand mechanisms of resilience against excitotoxic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Granzotto
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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11
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Cadmium elicits alterations in mitochondrial morphology and functionality in C3H10T1/2Cl8 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Cao JW, Duan SY, Zhang HX, Chen Y, Guo M. Zinc Deficiency Promoted Fibrosis via ROS and TIMP/MMPs in the Myocardium of Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:145-152. [PMID: 31625053 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an important trace element in the body that has antioxidant effects. It has been proven that Zn deficiency can cause oxidative stress. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the effect and mechanism of Zn deficiency on myocardial fibrosis. Mice were fed with different Zn levels dietary for 9 weeks: Zn-normal group (ZnN, 34 mg Zn/kg), Zn-deficient group (ZnD, 2 mg Zn/kg), and Zn-adequate group (ZnA, 100 mg Zn/kg). We found that the Zn-deficient diet reduced the Zn concentration in myocardial tissue. Moreover, the TUNEL results demonstrated that cardiomyocytes in the ZnD group died in large numbers. Furthermore, ROS levels were significantly increased, and metallothionein (MT) expression levels decreased in the ZnD group. The results of Sirius Red staining indicated an increase in collagen in the ZnD group. Moreover, the ELISA results showed that collagen I, III, and IV and fibronectin (FN) were increased. In addition, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) was detected by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the expression of TIMP-1 in the ZnD group was increased, while MMPs were decreased. Immunohistochemical results showed an increase in the content of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), while H&E staining showed an increase in interstitial width and a decrease in the number of cardiac cells. All data suggest that Zn deficiency enhances the oxidative stress response of myocardial tissue and eventually triggers myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Cao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yu Duan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Yin HZ, Wang HL, Ji SG, Medvedeva YV, Tian G, Bazrafkan AK, Maki NZ, Akbari Y, Weiss JH. Rapid Intramitochondrial Zn2+ Accumulation in CA1 Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons After Transient Global Ischemia: A Possible Contributor to Mitochondrial Disruption and Cell Death. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:655-664. [PMID: 31150090 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Zn2+ accumulation, particularly in CA1 neurons, occurs after ischemia and likely contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent neurodegeneration. However, the relationship between mitochondrial Zn2+ accumulation and their disruption has not been examined at the ultrastructural level in vivo. We employed a cardiac arrest model of transient global ischemia (TGI), combined with Timm's sulfide silver labeling, which inserts electron dense metallic silver granules at sites of labile Zn2+ accumulation, and used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine subcellular loci of the Zn2+ accumulation. In line with prior studies, TGI-induced damage to CA1 was far greater than to CA3 pyramidal neurons, and was substantially progressive in the hours after reperfusion (being significantly greater after 4- than 1-hour recovery). Intriguingly, TEM examination of Timm's-stained sections revealed substantial Zn2+ accumulation in many postischemic CA1 mitochondria, which was strongly correlated with their swelling and disruption. Furthermore, paralleling the evolution of neuronal injury, both the number of mitochondria containing Zn2+ and the degree of their disruption were far greater at 4- than 1-hour recovery. These data provide the first direct characterization of Zn2+ accumulation in CA1 mitochondria after in vivo TGI, and support the idea that targeting these events could yield therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung G Ji
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John H Weiss
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Ji SG, Medvedeva YV, Weiss JH. Zn 2+ entry through the mitochondrial calcium uniporter is a critical contributor to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2019; 325:113161. [PMID: 31881218 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxic Ca2+ accumulation contributes to ischemic neurodegeneration, and Ca2+ can enter the mitochondria through the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) to promote mitochondrial dysfunction. Yet, Ca2+-targeted therapies have met limited success. A growing body of evidence has highlighted the underappreciated importance of Zn2+, which also accumulates in neurons after ischemia and can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. While studies have indicated that Zn2+ can also enter the mitochondria through the MCU, the specificity of the pore's role in Zn2+-triggered injury is still debated. Present studies use recently available MCU knockout mice to examine how the deletion of this channel impacts deleterious effects of cytosolic Zn2+ loading. In cultured cortical neurons from MCU knockout mice, we find significantly reduced mitochondrial Zn2+ accumulation. Correspondingly, these neurons were protected from both acute and delayed Zn2+-triggered mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, depolarization, swelling and inhibition of respiration. Furthermore, when toxic extramitochondrial effects of Ca2+ entry were moderated, both cultured neurons (exposed to Zn2+) and CA1 neurons of hippocampal slices (subjected to prolonged oxygen glucose deprivation to model ischemia) from MCU knockout mice displayed decreased neurodegeneration. Finally, to examine the therapeutic applicability of these findings, we added an MCU blocker after toxic Zn2+ exposure in wildtype neurons (to induce post-insult MCU blockade). This significantly attenuated the delayed evolution of both mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity. These data-combining both genetic and pharmacologic tools-support the hypothesis that Zn2+ entry through the MCU is a critical contributor to ischemic neurodegeneration that could be targeted for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung G Ji
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Yuliya V Medvedeva
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, United States of America
| | - John H Weiss
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, United States of America.
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15
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Ischia J, Bolton DM, Patel O. Why is it worth testing the ability of zinc to protect against ischaemia reperfusion injury for human application. Metallomics 2019; 11:1330-1343. [PMID: 31204765 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00079h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemia (interruption in the blood/oxygen supply) and subsequent damage induced by reperfusion (restoration of blood/oxygen supply) ultimately leads to cell death, tissue injury and permanent organ dysfunction. The impact of ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is not limited to heart attack and stroke but can be extended to patients undergoing surgeries such as partial nephrectomy for renal cancer, liver resection for colorectal cancer liver metastasis, cardiopulmonary bypass, and organ transplantation. Unfortunately, there are no drugs that can protect organs against the inevitable peril of IRI. Recent data show that a protocol incorporating specific Zn formulation, dosage, number of dosages, time of injection, and mode of Zn delivery (intravenous) and testing of efficacy in a large preclinical sheep model of IRI strongly supports human trials of Zn preconditioning. No doubt, scepticism still exists among funding bodies and research fraternity on whether Zn, a naturally occurring metal, will work where everything else has failed. Therefore, in this article, we review the conflicting evidence on the promoter and protector role of Zn in the case of IRI and highlight factors that may help explain the contradictory evidence. Finally, we review the literature related to the knowledge of Zn's mechanism of action on ROS generation, apoptosis, HIF activation, inflammation, and signal transduction pathways, which highlight Zn's likelihood of success compared to various other interventions targeting IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ischia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Studley Rd., Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia. and Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien M Bolton
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Studley Rd., Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia. and Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oneel Patel
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Studley Rd., Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Zyśk M, Gapys B, Ronowska A, Gul-Hinc S, Erlandsson A, Iwanicki A, Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Szutowicz A, Bielarczyk H. Protective effects of voltage-gated calcium channel antagonists against zinc toxicity in SN56 neuroblastoma cholinergic cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209363. [PMID: 30571745 PMCID: PMC6301650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the pathological site effects in excitotoxic activation is Zn2+ overload to postsynaptic neurons. Such an effect is considered to be equivalent to the glutamate component of excitotoxicity. Excessive uptake of Zn2+ by active voltage-dependent transport systems in these neurons may lead to significant neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and which antagonists of the voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC) might modify this Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cells. Our data demonstrates that depolarized SN56 neuronal cells may take up large amounts of Zn2+ and store these in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial sub-fractions. The mitochondrial Zn2+ excess suppressed pyruvate uptake and oxidation. Such suppression was caused by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, aconitase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activities, resulting in the yielding of acetyl-CoA and ATP shortages. Moreover, incoming Zn2+ increased both oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde levels, known parameters of oxidative stress. In depolarized SN56 cells, nifedipine treatment (L-type VGCC antagonist) reduced Zn2+ uptake and oxidative stress. The treatment applied prevented the activities of PDHC, aconitase and NADP-IDH enzymes, and also yielded the maintenance of acetyl-CoA and ATP levels. Apart from suppression of oxidative stress, N- and P/Q-type VGCCs presented a similar, but weaker protective influence. In conclusion, our data shows that in the course of excitotoxity, impairment to calcium homeostasis is tightly linked with an excessive neuronal Zn2+ uptake. Hence, the VGCCs types L, N and P/Q share responsibility for neuronal Zn2+ overload followed by significant energy-dependent neurotoxicity. Moreover, Zn2+ affects the target tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, yields acetyl-CoA and energy deficits as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Beata Gapys
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Gul-Hinc
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Iwanicki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, University of Gdańsk & Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Szutowicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Hanna Bielarczyk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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The TRPM2 channel nexus from oxidative damage to Alzheimer's pathologies: An emerging novel intervention target for age-related dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:67-79. [PMID: 30009973 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative condition, is the most common cause of dementia among the elder people, but currently there is no treatment. A number of putative pathogenic events, particularly amyloid β peptide (Aβ) accumulation, are believed to be early triggers that initiate AD. However, thus far targeting Aβ generation/aggregation as the mainstay strategy of drug development has not led to effective AD-modifying therapeutics. Oxidative damage is a conspicuous feature of AD, but this remains poorly defined phenomenon and mechanistically ill understood. The TRPM2 channel has emerged as a potentially ubiquitous molecular mechanism mediating oxidative damage and thus plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. This article will review the emerging evidence from recent studies and propose a novel 'hypothesis' that multiple TRPM2-mediated cellular and molecular mechanisms cascade Aβ and/or oxidative damage to AD pathologies. The 'hypothesis' based on these new findings discusses the prospect of considering the TRPM2 channel as a novel therapeutic target for intervening AD and age-related dementia.
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18
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How cellular Zn 2+ signaling drives physiological functions. Cell Calcium 2018; 75:53-63. [PMID: 30145429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient affecting many aspects of human health. Cellular Zn2+ homeostasis is critical for cell function and survival. Zn2+, acting as a first or second messenger, triggers signaling pathways that mediate the physiological roles of Zn2+. Transient changes in Zn2+ concentrations within the cell or in the extracellular region occur following its release from Zn2+ binding metallothioneins, its transport across membranes by the ZnT or ZIP transporters, or release of vesicular Zn2+. These transients activate a distinct Zn2+ sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39, or modulate numerous proteins and signaling pathways. Importantly, Zn2+ signaling regulates cellular physiological functions such as: proliferation, differentiation, ion transport and secretion. Indeed, novel therapeutic approaches aimed to maintain Zn2+ homeostasis and signaling are evolving. This review focuses on recent findings describing roles of Zn2+ and its transporters in regulating physiological or pathological processes.
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Ji SG, Medvedeva YV, Wang HL, Yin HZ, Weiss JH. Mitochondrial Zn 2+ Accumulation: A Potential Trigger of Hippocampal Ischemic Injury. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:126-138. [PMID: 29742958 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418772548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disabilities worldwide, and it has been long hoped that improved understanding of relevant injury mechanisms would yield targeted neuroprotective therapies. While Ca2+ overload during ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity has been identified as a major contributor, failures of glutamate targeted therapies to achieve desired clinical efficacy have dampened early hopes for the development of new treatments. However, additional studies examining possible contributions of Zn2+, a highly prevalent cation in the brain, have provided new insights that may help to rekindle the enthusiasm. In this review, we discuss both old and new findings yielding clues as to sources of the Zn2+ that accumulates in many forebrain neurons after ischemia, and mechanisms through which it mediates injury. Specifically, we highlight the growing evidence of important Zn2+ effects on mitochondria in promoting neuronal injury. A key focus has been to examine Zn2+ contributions to the degeneration of highly susceptible hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Recent studies provide evidence of differences in sources of Zn2+ and its interactions with mitochondria in CA1 versus CA3 neurons that may pertain to their differential vulnerabilities in disease. We propose that Zn2+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical and potentially targetable early event in the ischemic neuronal injury cascade, providing opportunities for the development of novel neuroprotective strategies to be delivered after transient ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung G Ji
- 1 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Hwai-Lee Wang
- 2 Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,3 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong Z Yin
- 2 Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - John H Weiss
- 1 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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