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Stefanov A, Brakel K, Rau J, Joseph RM, Guice C, Araguz K, Hemphill A, Madry J, Irion A, Dash S, Souza KA, Hook MA. Depression-like behavior is associated with deficits in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis in a subset of spinally contused male, but not female, rats. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 123:270-287. [PMID: 39288895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression and cognitive deficits present at higher rates among people with spinal cord injury (SCI) compared to the general population, yet these SCI comorbidities are poorly addressed. Sex and age appear to play roles in depression incidence, but consensus on the direction of their effects is limited. Systemic and cortical inflammation and disruptions in hippocampal neurogenesis have been identified as potential treatment targets, but a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms remains elusive. We used a rodent SCI model to interrogate these gaps in knowledge. We examined post-injury depression-like behavior and cognitive deficits, as well as the association between affect, cognition, chronic hippocampal inflammation and hippocampal neurogenesis, in young and middle-aged male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Depression-like behavior manifested in male and female subsets of SCI rats irrespective of age, at rates commensurate with the incidence of clinical depression. Changes in components of behavior were driven by sex and age, and affective outcomes were independent of common post-injury pathophysiological outcomes including locomotor functional deficits and spinal lesion severity. Interestingly, however, only male depression-like SCI rats exhibited deficits in hippocampal-associated spatial cognition. Neurogenesis was also disrupted in only SCI males in regions of the hippocampus responsible for affective outcomes. Decreased neurogenesis among middle-aged male subjects coincided with increases in numbers of the pro-inflammatory markers CD86 and iNOS, while middle-aged females had increased numbers of cells expressing Iba-1 and anti-inflammatory marker CD206. Overall, the present data suggest that post-SCI depression and cognition may be affected, in part, by sex- and age-dependent changes in hippocampal neurogenesis and inflammation. Hippocampal neurogenesis is a potential target to address psychological wellbeing after SCI, but therapeutic strategies must carefully consider sex and age as biological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Stefanov
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.
| | - Kiralyn Brakel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Josephina Rau
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Rose M Joseph
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Corey Guice
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Kendall Araguz
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Annebel Hemphill
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Jessica Madry
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Andrew Irion
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Swapnil Dash
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Karienn A Souza
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Michelle A Hook
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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2
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Iannucci J, Dominy R, Bandopadhyay S, Arthur EM, Noarbe B, Jullienne A, Krkasharyan M, Tobin RP, Pereverzev A, Beevers S, Venkatasamy L, Souza KA, Jupiter DC, Dabney A, Obenaus A, Newell-Rogers MK, Shapiro LA. Traumatic brain injury alters the effects of class II invariant peptide (CLIP) antagonism on chronic meningeal CLIP + B cells, neuropathology, and neurobehavioral impairment in 5xFAD mice. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:165. [PMID: 38937750 PMCID: PMC11212436 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and accumulating evidence supports a role for adaptive immune B and T cells in both TBI and AD pathogenesis. We previously identified B cell and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP)-positive B cell expansion after TBI. We also showed that antagonizing CLIP binding to the antigen presenting groove of MHCII after TBI acutely reduced CLIP + splenic B cells and was neuroprotective. The current study investigated the chronic effects of antagonizing CLIP in the 5xFAD Alzheimer's mouse model, with and without TBI. METHODS 12-week-old male wild type (WT) and 5xFAD mice were administered either CLIP antagonist peptide (CAP) or vehicle, once at 30 min after either sham or a lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI). Analyses included flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in dural meninges and spleen, histopathological analysis of the brain, magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, cerebrovascular analysis, and assessment of motor and neurobehavioral function over the ensuing 6 months. RESULTS 9-month-old 5xFAD mice had significantly more CLIP + B cells in the meninges compared to age-matched WT mice. A one-time treatment with CAP significantly reduced this population in 5xFAD mice. Importantly, CAP also improved some of the immune, histopathological, and neurobehavioral impairments in 5xFAD mice over the ensuing six months. Although FPI did not further elevate meningeal CLIP + B cells, it did negate the ability of CAP to reduce meningeal CLIP + B cells in the 5xFAD mice. FPI at 3 months of age exacerbated some aspects of AD pathology in 5xFAD mice, including further reducing hippocampal neurogenesis, increasing plaque deposition in CA3, altering microgliosis, and disrupting the cerebrovascular structure. CAP treatment after injury ameliorated some but not all of these FPI effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Iannucci
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Reagan Dominy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Shreya Bandopadhyay
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - E Madison Arthur
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Brenda Noarbe
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Amandine Jullienne
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Margret Krkasharyan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Richard P Tobin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Aleksandr Pereverzev
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Samantha Beevers
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Lavanya Venkatasamy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Karienn A Souza
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Daniel C Jupiter
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alan Dabney
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts & Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - M Karen Newell-Rogers
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA.
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA.
| | - Lee A Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA.
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Wang Z, Xie Z, Zhang Z, Zhou W, Guo B, Li M. Multi-platform omics sequencing dissects the atlas of plasma-derived exosomes in rats with or without depression-like behavior after traumatic spinal cord injury. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110987. [PMID: 38438071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes can penetrate the blood-brain barrier for material exchange between the peripheral and central nervous systems. Differences in exosome contents could explain the susceptibility of different individuals to depression-like behavior after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). METHODS Hierarchical clustering was used to integrate multiple depression-related behavioral outcomes in sham and TSCI rats and ultimately identify non-depressed and depressed rats. The difference in plasma exosome contents between non-depressed and depressed rats after TSCI was assessed in 15 random subjects by performing plasma exosome transcriptomics, mass spectroscope-based proteomics, and non-targeted metabolomics analyses. RESULTS The results revealed that about 27.6% of the rats developed depression-like behavior after TSCI. Totally, 10 differential metabolites, 81 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 373 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and 55 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified between non-depressed TSCI and sham rats. Meanwhile, 37 differential metabolites, 499 DEPs, 1361 DEGs, and 89 DEmiRNAs were identified between depressed and non-depressed TSCI rats. Enrichment analysis showed that the progression of depression-like behavior after TSCI may be related to amino acid metabolism disorder and dysfunction of multiple signaling pathways, including endocytosis, lipid and atherosclerosis, toll-like receptor, TNF, and PI3K-Akt pathway. CONCLUSION Overall, our study systematically revealed for the first time the differences in plasma exosome contents between non-depressed and depressed rats after TSCI, which will help broaden our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms involved in brain functional recombination after TSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China.
| | - Zhiping Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Boyu Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Wecht JM, Weir JP, Peters CG, Weber E, Wylie GR, Chiaravalloti NC. Autonomic Cardiovascular Control, Psychological Well-Being, and Cognitive Performance in People With Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2610-2620. [PMID: 37212256 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine associations between parameters of psychological well-being, injury characteristics, cardiovascular autonomic nervous system (ANS) control, and cognitive performance in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) compared with age-matched uninjured controls. This is an observational, cross-sectional study including a total of 94 participants (52 with SCI and 42 uninjured controls: UIC). Cardiovascular ANS responses were continuously monitored at rest and during administration of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Self-report scores on the SCI-Quality of Life questionnaires are reported for depression, anxiety, fatigue, resilience, and positive affect. Participants with SCI performed significantly more poorly on the PASAT compared with the uninjured controls. Although not statistically significant, participants with SCI tended to report more psychological distress and less well-being than the uninjured controls. In addition, when compared with uninjured controls, the cardiovascular ANS responses to testing were significantly altered in participants with SCI; however, these responses to testing did not predict PASAT performance. Self-reported levels of anxiety were significantly related to PASAT score in the SCI group, but there was no significant relationship between PASAT and the other indices of SCI-Quality of Life. Future investigations should more closely examine the relationship among cardiovascular ANS impairments, psychological disorders, and cognitive dysfunction to better elucidate the underpinnings of these deficits and to guide interventions aimed at improving physiological, psychological, and cognitive health after SCI. Tetraplegia, paraplegia, blood pressure variability, cognitive, mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Wecht
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, the Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, the Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph P Weir
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Caitlyn G Peters
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Erica Weber
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Glenn R Wylie
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nancy C Chiaravalloti
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers-NJ Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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5
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Hirota R, Sasaki M, Kataoka-Sasaki Y, Oshigiri T, Kurihara K, Fukushi R, Oka S, Ukai R, Yoshimoto M, Kocsis JD, Yamashita T, Honmou O. Enhanced Network in Corticospinal Tracts after Infused Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1665-1677. [PMID: 35611987 PMCID: PMC9734021 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although limited spontaneous recovery occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI), current knowledge reveals that multiple forms of axon growth in spared axons can lead to circuit reorganization and a detour or relay pathways. This hypothesis has been derived mainly from studies of the corticospinal tract (CST), which is the primary descending motor pathway in mammals. The major CST is the dorsal CST (dCST), being the major projection from cortex to spinal cord. Two other components often called "minor" pathways are the ventral and the dorsal lateral CSTs, which may play an important role in spontaneous recovery. Intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provides functional improvement after SCI with an enhancement of axonal sprouting of CSTs. Detailed morphological changes of CST pathways, however, have not been fully elucidated. The primary objective was to evaluate detailed changes in descending CST projections in SCI after MSC infusion. The MSCs were infused intravenously one day after SCI. A combination of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV), which is an anterograde and non-transsynaptic axonal tracer, was injected 14 days after SCI induction. The AAV with advanced tissue clearing techniques were used to visualize the distribution pattern and high-resolution features of the individual axons coursing from above to below the lesion. The results demonstrated increased observable axonal connections between the dCST and axons in the lateral funiculus, both rostral and caudal to the lesion core, and an increase in observable axons in the dCST below the lesion. This increased axonal network could contribute to functional recovery by providing greater input to the spinal cord below the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hirota
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, and Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Sasaki
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, and Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Address correspondence to: Masanori Sasaki, MD, PhD, Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuko Kataoka-Sasaki
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, and Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Oshigiri
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, and Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kota Kurihara
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, and Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Fukushi
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, and Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, and Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ukai
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, and Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yoshimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jeffery D. Kocsis
- Department of Neurology, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Toshihiko Yamashita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Osamu Honmou
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, and Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Rodocker HI, Bordbar A, Larson MJE, Biltz RG, Wangler L, Fadda P, Godbout JP, Tedeschi A. Breaking Mental Barriers Promotes Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:868563. [PMID: 35875670 PMCID: PMC9301320 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.868563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) often proves difficult as physical and mental barriers bar survivors from enacting their designated rehabilitation programs. We recently demonstrated that adult mice administered gabapentinoids, clinically approved drugs prescribed to mitigate chronic neuropathic pain, recovered upper extremity function following cervical SCI. Given that rehabilitative training enhances neuronal plasticity and promotes motor recovery, we hypothesized that the combination of an aerobic-based rehabilitation regimen like treadmill training with gabapentin (GBP) administration will maximize recovery in SCI mice by strengthening synaptic connections along the sensorimotor axis. Whereas mice administered GBP recovered forelimb functions over the course of weeks and months following SCI, no additive forelimb recovery as the result of voluntary treadmill training was noted in these mice. To our surprise, we also failed to find an additive effect in mice administered vehicle. As motivation is crucial in rehabilitation interventions, we scored active engagement toward the rehabilitation protocol and found that mice administered GBP were consistently participating in the rehabilitation program. In contrast, mice administered vehicle exhibited a steep decline in participation, especially at chronic time points. Whereas neuroinflammatory gene expression profiles were comparable between experimental conditions, we discovered that mice administered GBP had increased hippocampal neurogenesis and exhibited less anxiety-like behavior after SCI. We also found that an external, social motivator effectively rescues participation in mice administered vehicle and promotes forelimb recovery after chronic SCI. Thus, not only does a clinically relevant treatment strategy preclude the deterioration of mental health after chronic SCI, but group intervention strategies may prove to be physically and emotionally beneficial for SCI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haven I. Rodocker
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Arman Bordbar
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Molly J. E. Larson
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca G. Biltz
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lynde Wangler
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Hook MA, Falck A, Dundumulla R, Terminel M, Cunningham R, Sefiani A, Callaway K, Gaddy D, Geoffroy CG. Osteopenia in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury: Effects of Age, Sex and Motor Function. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020189. [PMID: 35205056 PMCID: PMC8869334 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the first two years following spinal cord injury, people lose up to 50% of bone below the injury. This injury-induced bone loss significantly affects rehabilitation and leaves people vulnerable to fractures and post-fracture complications, including lung and urinary tract infections, blood clots in the veins, and depression. Unfortunately, little is known about the factors driving this bone loss. In fact, even though we know that injury, age, and sex independently increase bone loss, there have been no studies looking at the cumulative effects of these variables. People with spinal injury are aging, and the age at which injuries occur is increasing. It is essential to know whether these factors together will further compromise bone. To examine this, we assessed bone loss in young and old, male and female mice after spinal injury. As expected, we found that aging alone decreased motor activity and bone volume. Spinal injury also reduced bone volume, but it did not worsen the effects of age. Instead, injury effects appeared related to reduced rearing activity. The data suggest that although partial weight-bearing does not reduce bone loss after spinal cord injury, therapies that put full weight on the legs may be clinically effective. Abstract After spinal cord injury (SCI), 80% of individuals are diagnosed with osteopenia or osteoporosis. The dramatic loss of bone after SCI increases the potential for fractures 100-fold, with post-fracture complications occurring in 54% of cases. With the age of new SCI injuries increasing, we hypothesized that a SCI-induced reduction in weight bearing could further exacerbate age-induced bone loss. To test this, young (2–3 months) and old (20–30 months) male and female mice were given a moderate spinal contusion injury (T9–T10), and recovery was assessed for 28 days (BMS, rearing counts, distance traveled). Tibial trabecular bone volume was measured after 28 days with ex vivo microCT. While BMS scores did not differ across groups, older subjects travelled less in the open field and there was a decrease in rearing with age and SCI. As expected, aging decreased trabecular bone volume and cortical thickness in both old male and female mice. SCI alone also reduced trabecular bone volume in young mice, but did not have an additional effect beyond the age-dependent decrease in trabecular and cortical bone volume seen in both sexes. Interestingly, both rearing and total activity correlated with decreased bone volume. These data underscore the importance of load and use on bone mass. While partial weight-bearing does not stabilize/reverse bone loss in humans, our data suggest that therapies that simulate complete loading may be effective after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Hook
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (R.D.); (M.T.); (R.C.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-436-0568
| | - Alyssa Falck
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Ravali Dundumulla
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (R.D.); (M.T.); (R.C.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.G.G.)
| | - Mabel Terminel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (R.D.); (M.T.); (R.C.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.G.G.)
| | - Rachel Cunningham
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (R.D.); (M.T.); (R.C.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.G.G.)
| | - Arthur Sefiani
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (R.D.); (M.T.); (R.C.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.G.G.)
| | - Kayla Callaway
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (R.D.); (M.T.); (R.C.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.G.G.)
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Cédric G. Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (R.D.); (M.T.); (R.C.); (A.S.); (K.C.); (C.G.G.)
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8
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Zieglowski L, Kümmecke AM, Ernst L, Palme R, Weiskirchen R, Talbot SR, Tolba RH. Assessing the severity of laparotomy and partial hepatectomy in male rats-A multimodal approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255175. [PMID: 34339407 PMCID: PMC8328343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the postoperative severity after three different visceral surgical interventions in rats by using objective parameters pertaining to various disciplines. The objective was to evaluate whether the degree of severity increases with the invasiveness of the intervention and whether this is in accordance with the EU Directive 2010/63. 136 adult male WistarHan rats were assigned to three groups: Sham-laparotomy (Sham) [7 days post-surgical survival time]; 50% partial hepatectomy (PH); 70% PH [PH groups with 1, 3, or 7 days post-surgical survival times]. Post-surgical severity assessment was performed via several multimodal assessment tools: I) model-specific score sheet focusing on body weight, general condition, spontaneous behavior, and the animals' willingness to move as well as on wound healing; II) Open Field tests evaluating the total distance and velocity an animal moved within 10 minutes and its rearing behavior during the test; III) telemetric data analyzing heart rate and blood pressure; and IV) analysis of blood (AST, ALT, and hemogram) and fecal samples (fecal corticosterone metabolites). Significant differences among the experimental groups and models were observed. We demonstrated that the Open Field test can detect significant changes in severity levels. Sham-laparotomy and removal of 50% of the liver mass were associated with comparable severity (mild-moderate); the severity parameters returned to baseline levels within seven days. Removal of 70% of the liver tissue seemed to be associated with a moderate severity grade and entailed a longer recovery period (>7 days) for complete regeneration. We recommend the use of Open Field tests as part of multimodal objective severity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Zieglowski
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Kümmecke
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernst
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven R. Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - René H. Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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9
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Brakel K, Aceves M, Garza A, Yoo C, Escobedo G, Panchani N, Shapiro L, Hook M. Inflammation increases the development of depression behaviors in male rats after spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100258. [PMID: 34589764 PMCID: PMC8474513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury, 18-26% of patients are diagnosed with depressive disorders, compared to 8-12% in the general population. As increased inflammation strongly correlates with depression in both animal and human studies, we hypothesized that the immune activation inherent to SCI could increase depression-like behavior. Thus, we proposed that reducing immune activation with minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, would decrease depression-like behavior following injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given minocycline in their drinking water for 14 days following a moderate, mid-thoracic (T12) spinal contusion. An array of depression-like behaviors (social activity, sucrose preference, forced swim, open field activity) were examined prior to injury as well as on days 9-10, 19-20, and 29-30 post-injury. Peripheral cytokine levels were analyzed in serum collected prior to injury and 10 days post-injury. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided subjects into two groups based on behavior: depressed and not-depressed. Depressed subjects displayed lower levels of open field activity and social interaction relative to their not-depressed counterparts. Depressed subjects also showed significantly greater expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines both before and after injury and displayed lower levels of hippocampal neurogenesis than not-depressed subjects. Intriguingly, subjects who later showed depressive behaviors had higher baseline levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, which persisted throughout the duration of the experiment. Minocycline, however, did not affect serum cytokine levels and did not block the development of depression; equal numbers of minocycline versus vehicle-treated subjects appeared in both phenotypic groups. Despite this, these data overall suggest that molecular correlates of inflammation prior to injury could predict the development of depression after a physical stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiralyn Brakel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Ste. 1005 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, United States
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Miriam Aceves
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Ste. 1005 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, United States
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Aryana Garza
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Chaeyoung Yoo
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel Escobedo
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Nishah Panchani
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Lee Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Ste. 1005 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, United States
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michelle Hook
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Ste. 1005 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, United States
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
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10
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Sefiani A, Geoffroy CG. The Potential Role of Inflammation in Modulating Endogenous Hippocampal Neurogenesis After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682259. [PMID: 34220440 PMCID: PMC8249862 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there are approximately 291,000 people suffering from a spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States. SCI is associated with traumatic changes in mobility and neuralgia, as well as many other long-term chronic health complications, including metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoporosis, and elevated inflammatory markers. Due to medical advances, patients with SCI survive much longer than previously. This increase in life expectancy exposes them to novel neurological complications such as memory loss, cognitive decline, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, these usually age-associated disorders are more prevalent in people living with SCI. A common factor of these disorders is the reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis. Inflammation, which is elevated after SCI, plays a major role in modulating hippocampal neurogenesis. While there is no clear consensus on the mechanism of the decline in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition after SCI, we will examine in this review how SCI-induced inflammation could modulate hippocampal neurogenesis and provoke age-associated neurological disorders. Thereafter, we will discuss possible therapeutic options which may mitigate the influence of SCI associated complications on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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11
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Jeffery ND, Brakel K, Aceves M, Hook MA, Jeffery UB. Variability in Open-Field Locomotor Scoring Following Force-Defined Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: Quantification and Implications. Front Neurol 2020; 11:650. [PMID: 32733366 PMCID: PMC7363775 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury research in experimental animals aims to define mechanisms of tissue damage and identify interventions that can be translated into effective clinical therapies. Highly reliable models of injury and outcome measurement are essential to achieve these aims and avoid problems with reproducibility. Functional scoring is a critical component of outcome assessment and is currently commonly focused on open field locomotion (the "BBB score"). Here we analyze variability of observed locomotor outcome after a highly regulated spinal cord contusion in a large group of rats that had not received any therapeutic intervention. Our data indicate that, despite tight regulation of the injury severity, there is considerable variability in open-field score of individual rats at 21 days after injury, when the group as a whole reaches a functional plateau. The bootstrapped reference interval (that defines boundaries that contain 95% scores in the population without regard for data distributional character) for the score at 21 days was calculated to range from 2.3 to 15.9 on the 22-point scale. Further analysis indicated that the mean day 21 score of random groups of 10 individuals drawn by bootstrap sampling from the whole study population varies between 9.5 and 13.5. Wide variability between individuals implies that detection of small magnitude group-level treatment effects will likely be unreliable, especially if using small experimental group sizes. To minimize this problem in intervention studies, consideration should be given to assessing treatment effects by comparing proportions of animals in comparator groups that attain pre-specified criterion scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kiralyn Brakel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Miriam Aceves
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michelle A Hook
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Unity B Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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12
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Brakel K, Hook MA. SCI and depression: Does inflammation commandeer the brain? Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112977. [PMID: 31203113 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of depression is almost twice as high in the spinally injured population compared to the general population. While this incidence has long been attributed to the psychological, economic, and social burdens that accompany spinal cord injury (SCI), data from animal studies indicate that the biology of SCI may play an important role in the development of depression. Inflammation has been shown to impact stress response in rodents and humans, and inflammatory cytokines have been associated with depression for decades. The inflammation inherent to SCI may disrupt necessary mechanisms of mental homeostasis, such as serotonin production, dopamine production, and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. Additionally, gut dysbiosis that occurs after SCI can exacerbate inflammation and may cause further mood and behavior changes. These mediators combined may significantly contribute to the rise in depression seen after SCI. Currently, there are no therapies specific to depression after SCI. Elucidation of the molecular pathways that contribute to SCI-specific depression is crucial for the understanding of this disease and its potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiralyn Brakel
- School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Ste. 1005, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, United States; Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474 College Station, TAMU, TX, United States.
| | - Michelle A Hook
- School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Ste. 1005, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, United States; Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, Rm 3148, 3474 College Station, TAMU, TX, United States
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