1
|
De Alba-Alvarado MC, Torres-Gutiérrez E, Reynoso-Ducoing OA, Zenteno-Galindo E, Cabrera-Bravo M, Guevara-Gómez Y, Salazar-Schettino PM, Rivera-Fernández N, Bucio-Torres MI. Immunopathological Mechanisms Underlying Cardiac Damage in Chagas Disease. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020335. [PMID: 36839607 PMCID: PMC9959418 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In Chagas disease, the mechanisms involved in cardiac damage are an active field of study. The factors underlying the evolution of lesions following infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and, in some cases, the persistence of its antigens and the host response, with the ensuing development of clinically observable cardiac damage, are analyzed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Citlalli De Alba-Alvarado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Elia Torres-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Olivia Alicia Reynoso-Ducoing
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno-Galindo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Margarita Cabrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Guevara-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Paz María Salazar-Schettino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Norma Rivera-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (N.R.-F.); (M.I.B-T.)
| | - Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (N.R.-F.); (M.I.B-T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manchola Varón NC, Dos Santos GRRM, Colli W, Alves MJM. Interaction With the Extracellular Matrix Triggers Calcium Signaling in Trypanosoma cruzi Prior to Cell Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:731372. [PMID: 34671568 PMCID: PMC8521164 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.731372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease in humans, infects a wide variety of vertebrates. Trypomastigotes, the parasite infective forms, invade mammalian cells by a still poorly understood mechanism. Adhesion of tissue culture- derived trypomastigotes to the extracellular matrix (ECM) prior to cell invasion has been shown to be a relevant part of the process. Changes in phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and nitration levels of proteins, in the late phase of the interaction (2 h), leading to the reprogramming of both trypomastigotes metabolism and the DNA binding profile of modified histones, were described by our group. Here, the involvement of calcium signaling at a very early phase of parasite interaction with ECM is described. Increments in the intracellular calcium concentrations during trypomastigotes-ECM interaction depends on the Ca2+ uptake from the extracellular medium, since it is inhibited by EGTA or Nifedipine, an inhibitor of the L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels and sphingosine-dependent plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, but not by Vanadate, an inhibitor of the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase. Furthermore, Nifedipine inhibits the invasion of host cells by tissue culture- derived trypomastigotes in a dose-dependent manner, reaching 95% inhibition at 100 µM Nifedipine. These data indicate the importance of both Ca2+ uptake from the medium and parasite-ECM interaction for host-cell invasion. Previous treatment of ECM with protease abolishes the Ca2+ uptake, further reinforcing the possibility that these events may be connected. The mitochondrion plays a relevant role in Ca2+ homeostasis in trypomastigotes during their interaction with ECM, as shown by the increment of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the presence of Antimycin A, in contrast to other calcium homeostasis disruptors, such as Cyclopiazonic acid for endoplasmic reticulum and Bafilomycin A for acidocalcisome. Total phosphatase activity in the parasite decreases in the presence of Nifedipine, EGTA, and Okadaic acid, implying a role of calcium in the phosphorylation level of proteins that are interacting with the ECM in tissue culture- derived trypomastigotes. In summary, we describe here the increment of Ca2+ at an early phase of the trypomastigotes interaction with ECM, implicating both nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the influx of Ca2+ and the mitochondrion as the relevant organelle in Ca2+ homeostasis. The data unravel a complex sequence of events prior to host cell invasion itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nubia Carolina Manchola Varón
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Parasites, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Colli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Parasites, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Julia M Alves
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Parasites, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Differential Role of TGF-β in Extracellular Matrix Regulation During Trypanosoma cruzi-Host Cell Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194836. [PMID: 31569452 PMCID: PMC6801917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a determinant for inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac and skeletal muscle in Chagas disease. To determine its regulatory mechanisms, we investigated the response of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes (CM), cardiac fibroblasts (CF), and L6E9 skeletal myoblasts to TGF-β. Cultures of CM, CF, and L6E9 were infected with T. cruzi (Y strain) and treated with TGF-β (1–10 ng/mL, 1 h or 48 h). Fibronectin (FN) distribution was analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blot (WB). Phosphorylated SMAD2 (PS2), phospho-p38 (p-p38), and phospho-c-Jun (p-c-Jun) signaling were evaluated by WB. CF and L6E9 showed an increase in FN from 1 ng/mL of TGF-β, while CM displayed FN modulation only after 10 ng/mL treatment. CF and L6E9 showed higher PS2 levels than CM, while p38 was less stimulated in CF than CM and L6E9. T. cruzi infection resulted in localized FN disorganization in CF and L6E9. T. cruzi induced an increase in FN in CF cultures, mainly in uninfected cells. Infected CF cultures treated with TGF-β showed a reduction in PS2 and an increase in p-p38 and p-c-Jun levels. Our data suggest that p38 and c-Jun pathways may be participating in the fibrosis regulatory process mediated by TGF-β after T. cruzi infection.
Collapse
|
4
|
Reprogramming of Trypanosoma cruzi metabolism triggered by parasite interaction with the host cell extracellular matrix. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007103. [PMID: 30726203 PMCID: PMC6380580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, affects 8 million people predominantly living in socioeconomic underdeveloped areas. T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Ty), the classical infective stage, interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM), an obligatory step before invasion of almost all mammalian cells in different tissues. Here we have characterized the proteome and phosphoproteome of T. cruzi trypomastigotes upon interaction with ECM (MTy) and the data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010970. Proteins involved with metabolic processes (such as the glycolytic pathway), kinases, flagellum and microtubule related proteins, transport-associated proteins and RNA/DNA binding elements are highly represented in the pool of proteins modified by phosphorylation. Further, important metabolic switches triggered by this interaction with ECM were indicated by decreases in the phosphorylation of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglycerate kinase in MTy. Concomitantly, a decrease in the pyruvate and lactate and an increase of glucose and succinate contents were detected by GC-MS. These observations led us to focus on the changes in the glycolytic pathway upon binding of the parasite to the ECM. Inhibition of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in MTy were observed and this correlated with the phosphorylation levels of the respective enzymes. Putative kinases involved in protein phosphorylation altered upon parasite incubation with ECM were suggested by in silico analysis. Taken together, our results show that in addition to cytoskeletal changes and protease activation, a reprogramming of the trypomastigote metabolism is triggered by the interaction of the parasite with the ECM prior to cell invasion and differentiation into amastigotes, the multiplicative intracellular stage of T. cruzi in the vertebrate host.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ribeiro FAP, Pontes C, Machado ADMV, Bruna-Romero O, Quintana HT, De Oliveira F, De Vasconcelos JRC, Ribeiro DA. Therapeutical effects of vaccine from Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote surface protein 2 by simultaneous inoculation with live parasites. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3373-3383. [PMID: 30246366 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine using replication-deficient human recombinant Type 5 replication-defective adenoviruses (AdHu5) carrying sequences of the amastigote surface protein 2 (ASP2) (AdASP2) in mice infected with the Trypanosoma cruzi ( T cruzi) Y strain. A total of 16 A/Sn mice female were distributed into four groups, as follows (n = 4 per group): Group 1 - Control Group (CTRL); Group 2 - Infected Group (TC): animals were infected by subcutaneous route with 150 bloodstream trypomastigotes of T cruzi Y strain; Group 3 - Immunized Group (AdASP-2): animals were immunized by intramuscular injection (im) route with 50 µL of AdSP-2 (2 × 10 8 plaque forming units [pfu]/cam) at day 0; Group 4-Immunized and Infected Group (AdASP-2+TC): animals were immunized by im route with 50 µL of ASP-2 (2 × 10 8 pfu/cam) and infected by T cruzi at the same day (day 0). It was observed a significant decrease of nests in the group that was immunized with AdASP-2 and infected on the same day. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expressions showed a significant increase in the AdASP-2+TC group when compared to TC group, but it was noted that Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) was increased in TC group when compared to AdASP-2+TC group. Increase of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and decrease of MMP-9 immunoexpression in the AdASP-2+TC group was noticed as well. Oxidative DNA damage was present in myocardium for AdASP-2+TC group as a result of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine immunoexpression. Taken together, our results highlighted an increased oxidative stress, MMP-2 activity and inflammatory host response promoted by AdASP-2 against T cruzi infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Pontes
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTCMol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - Hananiah T Quintana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
| | - Flávia De Oliveira
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
| | | | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coelho LL, Pereira IR, Pereira MCDS, Mesquita L, Lannes-Vieira J, Adesse D, Garzoni LR. Trypanosoma cruzi activates mouse cardiac fibroblasts in vitro leading to fibroblast-myofibroblast transition and increase in expression of extracellular matrix proteins. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:72. [PMID: 29382361 PMCID: PMC5791182 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac fibrosis is a consequence of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). In other cardiovascular diseases, the protagonist role of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis is well established. However, the role of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) in fibrosis during the CCC is not clear. Here, our aim was to investigate the effect of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease on CFs activation. Methods Cardiac fibroblasts were purified from primary cultures of mouse embryo cardiac cells. After two passages, cells were infected with T. cruzi (Y strain) and analyzed at different times for determination of infectivity, activation and production of extracellular matrix components (fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV) by immunofluorescence and western blot. Results At second passage, cultures were enriched in CFs (95% of fibroblasts and 5% of cardiomyocytes), as revealed by presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) and absence of sarcomeric tropomyosin (ST) protein expression. Trypanosoma cruzi infection induced fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, with increased expression of α-SMA after 6 and 24 h post-infection (hpi). Fibronectin was increased at 6, 24 and 48 hpi, laminin was increased at 6 and 24 hpi and collagen IV was increased at 6 hpi. Conclusions Our results showed that T. cruzi activates CFs, inducing activation and exacerbates ECM production. Furthermore, our data raise the possibility of the involvement of CFs in heart fibrosis during Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lacerda Coelho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Cardoso Fontes, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Resende Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Cardoso Fontes, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Mirian Claudia de Souza Pereira
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas sala 308, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Liliane Mesquita
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas sala 308, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Cardoso Fontes, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ribeiro Garzoni
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Cardoso Fontes, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McCall LI, Morton JT, Bernatchez JA, de Siqueira-Neto JL, Knight R, Dorrestein PC, McKerrow JH. Mass Spectrometry-Based Chemical Cartography of a Cardiac Parasitic Infection. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10414-10421. [PMID: 28892370 PMCID: PMC6298790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi parasites are the causative agents of Chagas disease, a leading infectious form of heart failure whose pathogenesis is still not fully characterized. In this work, we applied untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to heart sections from T. cruzi-infected and uninfected mice. We combined molecular networking and three-dimensional modeling to generate chemical cartographical heart models. This approach revealed for the first time preferential parasite localization to the base of the heart and regiospecific distributions of nucleoside derivatives and eicosanoids, which we correlated to tissue-damaging immune responses. We further detected novel cardiac chemical signatures related to the severity and ultimate outcome of the infection. These signatures included differential representation of higher- vs lower-molecular-weight carnitine and phosphatidylcholine family members in specific cardiac regions of mice infected with lethal or nonlethal T. cruzi strains and doses. Overall, this work provides new insights into Chagas disease pathogenesis and presents an analytical chemistry approach that can be broadly applied to the study of host-microbe interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Isobel McCall
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019-5251
| | - James T. Morton
- Department of Computer Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jean A. Bernatchez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jair Lage de Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Computer Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pereira IR, Vilar-Pereira G, Silva AAD, Lannes-Vieira J. Severity of chronic experimental Chagas' heart disease parallels tumour necrosis factor and nitric oxide levels in the serum: models of mild and severe disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 109:289-98. [PMID: 24937048 PMCID: PMC4131780 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart tissue inflammation, progressive fibrosis and electrocardiographic alterations
occur in approximately 30% of patients infected by Trypanosoma
cruzi, 10-30 years after infection. Further, plasma levels of tumour
necrosis factor (TNF) and nitric oxide (NO) are associated with the degree of heart
dysfunction in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). Thus, our aim was to establish
experimental models that mimic a range of parasitological, pathological and cardiac
alterations described in patients with chronic Chagas’ heart disease and evaluate
whether heart disease severity was associated with increased TNF and NO levels in the
serum. Our results show that C3H/He mice chronically infected with the Colombian
T. cruzi strain have more severe cardiac parasitism and
inflammation than C57BL/6 mice. In addition, connexin 43 disorganisation and
fibronectin deposition in the heart tissue, increased levels of creatine kinase
cardiac MB isoenzyme activity in the serum and more severe electrical abnormalities
were observed in T. cruzi-infected C3H/He mice compared to C57BL/6
mice. Therefore, T. cruzi-infected C3H/He and C57BL/6 mice represent
severe and mild models of CCC, respectively. Moreover, the CCC severity paralleled
the TNF and NO levels in the serum. Therefore, these models are appropriate for
studying the pathophysiology and biomarkers of CCC progression, as well as for
testing therapeutic agents for patients with Chagas’ heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Resende Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Glaucia Vilar-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
TGF-β receptor type II costameric localization in cardiomyocytes and host cell TGF-β response is disrupted by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Parasitology 2016; 143:704-15. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYTransforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) cytokine is involved in Chagas disease establishment and progression. Since Trypanosoma cruzi can modulate host cell receptors, we analysed the TGF-β receptor type II (TβRII) expression and distribution during T. cruzi – cardiomyocyte interaction. TβRII immunofluorescent staining revealed a striated organization in cardiomyocytes, which was co-localized with vinculin costameres and enhanced (38%) after TGF-β treatment. Cytochalasin D induced a decrease of 45·3% in the ratio of cardiomyocytes presenting TβRII striations, demonstrating an association of TβRII with the cytoskeleton. Western blot analysis showed that cytochalasin D significantly inhibited Smad 2 phosphorylation and fibronectin stimulation after TGF-β treatment in cardiomyocytes. Trypanosoma cruzi infection elicited a decrease of 79·8% in the frequency of cardiomyocytes presenting TβRII striations, but did not interfere significantly in its expression. In addition, T. cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes present a lower response to exogenous TGF-β, showing no enhancement of TβRII striations and a reduction of phosphorylated Smad 2, with no significant difference in TβRII expression when compared to uninfected cells. Together, these results suggest that the co-localization of TβRII with costameres is important in activating the TGF-β signalling cascade, and that T. cruzi-derived cytoskeleton disorganization could result in altered or low TGF-β response in infected cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fibronectin-degrading activity of Trypanosoma cruzi cysteine proteinase plays a role in host cell invasion. Infect Immun 2014; 82:5166-74. [PMID: 25267835 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02022-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, binds to diverse extracellular matrix proteins. Such an ability prevails in the parasite forms that circulate in the bloodstream and contributes to host cell invasion. Whether this also applies to the insect-stage metacyclic trypomastigotes, the developmental forms that initiate infection in the mammalian host, is not clear. Using T. cruzi CL strain metacyclic forms, we investigated whether fibronectin bound to the parasites and affected target cell invasion. Fibronectin present in cell culture medium bound to metacyclic forms and was digested by cruzipain, the major T. cruzi cysteine proteinase. G strain, with negligible cruzipain activity, displayed a minimal fibronectin-degrading effect. Binding to fibronectin was mediated by gp82, the metacyclic stage-specific surface molecule implicated in parasite internalization. When exogenous fibronectin was present at concentrations higher than cruzipain can properly digest, or fibronectin expression was stimulated by treatment of epithelial HeLa cells with transforming growth factor beta, the parasite invasion was reduced. Treatment of HeLa cells with purified recombinant cruzipain increased parasite internalization, whereas the treatment of parasites with cysteine proteinase inhibitor had the opposite effect. Metacyclic trypomastigote entry into HeLa cells was not affected by anti-β1 integrin antibody but was inhibited by anti-fibronectin antibody. Overall, our results have indicated that the cysteine proteinase of T. cruzi metacyclic forms, through its fibronectin-degrading activity, is implicated in host cell invasion.
Collapse
|
11
|
Henriques C, Henriques-Pons A, Meuser-Batista M, Ribeiro AS, de Souza W. In vivo imaging of mice infected with bioluminescent Trypanosoma cruzi unveils novel sites of infection. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:89. [PMID: 24589192 PMCID: PMC3973021 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of techniques that allow the imaging of animals infected with parasites expressing luciferase opens up new possibilities for following the fate of parasites in infected mammals. Methods D-luciferin potassium salt stock solution was prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 15 mg/ml. To produce bioluminescence, infected and control mice received an intraperitoneal injection of luciferin stock solution (150 mg/kg). All mice were immediately anesthetized with 2% isofluorane, and after 10 minutes were imaged. Ex vivo evaluation of infected tissues and organs was evaluated in a 24-well plate in 150 μg/ml D-luciferin diluted in PBS. Images were captured using the IVIS Lumina image system (Xenogen). Dissected organs were also evaluated by microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin stained sections. Results Here we describe the results obtained using a genetically modified Dm28c strain of T. cruzi expressing the firefly luciferase to keep track of infection by bioluminescence imaging. Progression of infection was observed in vivo in BALB/c mice at various intervals after infection with transgenic Dm28c-luc. The bioluminescent signal was immediately observed at the site of T. cruzi inoculation, and one day post infection (dpi) it was disseminated in the peritoneal cavity. A similar pattern in the cavity was observed on 7 dpi, but the bioluminescence was more intense in the terminal region of the large intestine, rectum, and gonads. On 14 and 21 dpi, bioluminescent parasites were also observed in the heart, snout, paws, hind limbs, and forelimbs. From 28 dpi to 180 dpi in chronically infected mice, bioluminescence declined in regions of the body but was concentrated in the gonad region. Ex vivo evaluation of dissected organs and tissues by bioluminescent imaging confirmed the in vivo bioluminescent foci. Histopathological analysis of dissected organs demonstrated parasite nests at the rectum and snout, in muscle fibers of mice infected with Dm28c-WT and with Dm28c-luc, corroborating the bioluminescent imaging. Conclusion Bioluminescence imaging is accurate for tracking parasites in vivo, and this methodology is important to gain a better understanding of the infection, tissue inflammation, and parasite biology regarding host cell interaction, proliferation, and parasite clearance to subpatent levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS-Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-900 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mattos EC, Tonelli RR, Colli W, Alves MJM. The Gp85 surface glycoproteins from Trypanosoma cruzi. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:151-180. [PMID: 24264245 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi strains show distinctive characteristics as genetic polymorphism and infectivity. Large repertoires of molecules, such as the Gp85 glycoproteins, members of the Gp85/Trans-sialidase superfamily, as well as multiple signaling pathways, are associated with invasion of mammalian cells by the parasite. Due to the large number of expressed members, encoded by more than 700 genes, the research focused on this superfamily conserved sequences is discussed. Binding sites to laminin have been identified at the N-terminus of the Gp85 molecules. Interestingly, the T. cruzi protein phosphorylation profile is changed upon parasite binding to laminin (or fibronectin), particularly the cytoskeletal proteins such as those from the paraflagellar rod and the tubulins, which are both markedly dephosphorylated. Detailed analysis of the signaling cascades triggered upon T. cruzi binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins revealed the involvement of the MAPK/ERK pathway in this event. At the C-terminus, the conserved FLY sequence is a cytokeratin-binding domain and is involved in augmented host cell invasion in vitro and high levels of parasitemia in vivo. FLY, which is associated to tissue tropism and preferentially binds to the heart vasculature may somehow be correlated with the severe cardiac form, an important clinical manifestation of chronic Chagas' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliciane C Mattos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nde PN, Lima MF, Johnson CA, Pratap S, Villalta F. Regulation and use of the extracellular matrix by Trypanosoma cruzi during early infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:337. [PMID: 23133440 PMCID: PMC3490126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, which was once thought to be confined to endemic regions of Latin America, has now gone global becoming a new worldwide challenge. For more than a century since its discovery, it has remained neglected with no effective drugs or vaccines. The mechanisms by which Trypanosoma cruzi regulates and uses the extracellular matrix (ECM) to invade cells and cause disease are just beginning to be understood. Here we critically review and discuss the regulation of the ECM interactome by T. cruzi, the use of the ECM by T. cruzi and analyze the molecular ECM/T. cruzi interphase during the early process of infection. It has been shown that invasive trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi use and modulate components of the ECM during the initial process of infection. Infective trypomastigotes up-regulate the expression of laminin γ-1 (LAMC1) and thrombospondin (THBS1) to facilitate the recruitment of trypomastigotes to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LAMC1 and THBS1 by stable RNAi dramatically reduces trypanosome infection. T. cruzi gp83, a ligand that mediates the attachment of trypanosomes to cells to initiate infection, up-regulates LAMC1 expression to enhance cellular infection. Infective trypomastigotes use Tc85 to interact with laminin, p45 mucin to interact with LAMC1 through galectin-3 (LGALS3), a human lectin, and calreticulin (TcCRT) to interact with TSB1 to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LGALS3 also reduces cellular infection. Despite the role of the ECM in T. cruzi infection, almost nothing is known about the ECM interactome networks operating in the process of T. cruzi infection and its ligands. Here, we present the first elucidation of the human ECM interactome network regulated by T. cruzi and its gp83 ligand that facilitates cellular infection. The elucidation of the human ECM interactome regulated by T. cruzi and the dissection of the molecular ECM/T. cruzi interphase using systems biology approaches are not only critically important for the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection but also for developing novel approaches of intervention in Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pius N Nde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calvet CM, Melo TG, Garzoni LR, Oliveira FOR, Neto DTS, N S L M, Meirelles L, Pereira MCS. Current understanding of the Trypanosoma cruzi-cardiomyocyte interaction. Front Immunol 2012; 3:327. [PMID: 23115558 PMCID: PMC3483718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits multiple strategies to ensure its establishment and persistence in the host. Although this parasite has the ability to infect different organs, heart impairment is the most frequent clinical manifestation of the disease. Advances in knowledge of T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte interactions have contributed to a better understanding of the biological events involved in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. This brief review focuses on the current understanding of molecules involved in T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte recognition, the mechanism of invasion, and on the effect of intracellular development of T. cruzi on the structural organization and molecular response of the target cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Calvet
- Laboratório de Ultra-estrutura Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramírez G, Valck C, Aguilar L, Kemmerling U, López-Muñoz R, Cabrera G, Morello A, Ferreira J, Maya JD, Galanti N, Ferreira A. Roles of Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin in parasite-host interactions and in tumor growth. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:133-40. [PMID: 22673211 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Latin America, there are about 10-12 million people infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, one of the most important neglected tropical parasitism. Identification of molecular targets, specific for the aggressor or host cells or both, may be useful in the development of pharmacological and/or immunological therapeutic tools. Classic efforts in Chagas' disease explore those strategies. Although the immune system frequently controls parasite aggressions, sterile immunity is seldom achieved and chronic interactions are thus established. However, laboratory-modified immunologic probes aimed at selected parasite targets, may be more effective than their unmodified counterparts. Calreticulin (CRT) from vertebrates is a calcium binding protein, present mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it directs the conformation of proteins and controls calcium levels. We have isolated, gene-cloned, expressed and characterized T. cruzi calreticulin (TcCRT). Upon infection, the parasite can translocate this molecule from the ER to the surface, where it inhibits both the classical and lectin complement pathways. Moreover, by virtue of its capacity to bind and inactivate first complement component C1, it promotes parasite infectivity. These two related properties reside in the central domain of this molecule. A different domain, amino terminal, binds to endothelial cells, thus inhibiting their angiogenic capacity. Since tumor growth depends, to a large extent on angiogenesis, their growth is also inhibited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galia Ramírez
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Silva-Almeida M, Carvalho LO, Abreu-Silva AL, Souza CS, Hardoim DJ, Calabrese KS. Extracellular matrix alterations in experimental Leishmania amazonensis infection in susceptible and resistant mice. Vet Res 2012; 43:10. [PMID: 22316002 PMCID: PMC3395857 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is inoculated, by the bite of an infected sandfly, into the skin of the host, where the promastigotes are phagocyted by dermal macrophages. The dermal region comprises cells and abundant extracellular matrix. Studies show that matrix metalloproteinases play an important role in host defense responses against pathogens in mammals and that their activities lead to the production of antimicrobial peptides. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in the distribution of fibronectin and laminin as well as in the elastic system fibres during the course of infection caused by Leishmania amazonensis in mice with distinct genetic backgrounds of susceptibility to this parasite. The results showed that BALB/c presented an enhancement of fibronectin during the course of infection when compared to their control group while the infected or non-infected C3H.He showed a decrease of this protein at end of the experiment. Laminin, on the other hand, remained unaltered in both strains. Also in both BALB/c and C3H.He mice the elastic and elaunin fibres remained unchanged while the oxytalan fibres decreased along the experiment. Ninety days after the infection C3H.He mice had recovered their capacity to produce oxytalan fibres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva-Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão 108, Av, Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Caradonna KL, Burleigh BA. Mechanisms of host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 76:33-61. [PMID: 21884886 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385895-5.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the more accepted concepts in our understanding of the biology of early Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell interactions is that the mammalian-infective trypomastigote forms of the parasite must transit the host cell lysosomal compartment in order to establish a productive intracellular infection. The acidic environment of the lysosome provides the appropriate conditions for parasite-mediated disruption of the parasitophorous vacuole and release of T. cruzi into the host cell cytosol, where replication of intracellular amastigotes occurs. Recent findings indicate a level of redundancy in the lysosome-targeting process where T. cruzi trypomastigotes exploit different cellular pathways to access host cell lysosomes in non-professional phagocytic cells. In addition, the reversible nature of the host cell penetration process was recently demonstrated when conditions for fusion of the nascent parasite vacuole with the host endosomal-lysosomal system were not met. Thus, the concept of parasite retention as a critical component of the T. cruzi invasion process was introduced. Although it is clear that host cell recognition, attachment and signalling are required to initiate invasion, integration of this knowledge with our understanding of the different routes of parasite entry is largely lacking. In this chapter, we focus on current knowledge of the cellular pathways exploited by T. cruzi trypomastigotes to invade non-professional phagocytic cells and to gain access to the host cell lysosome compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kacey L Caradonna
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schauer R, Kamerling JP. The Chemistry and Biology of Trypanosomal trans-Sialidases: Virulence Factors in Chagas Disease and Sleeping Sickness. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2246-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
19
|
Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces a global host cell response in cardiomyocytes. Infect Immun 2011; 79:1855-62. [PMID: 21343357 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00643-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, caused by the hemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people in South and Central America. Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, the most devastating manifestation of this disease, occurs in approximately one-third of infected individuals. Events associated with the parasite's tropism for and invasion of cardiomyocytes have been the focus of intense investigation in recent years. In the present study, we use murine microarrays to investigate the cellular response caused by invasion of primary murine cardiomyocytes by T. cruzi trypomastigotes. These studies identified 353 murine genes that were differentially expressed during the early stages of invasion and infection of these cells. Genes associated with the immune response, inflammation, cytoskeleton organization, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, apoptosis, cell cycle, and oxidative stress are among those affected during the infection. Our data indicate that T. cruzi induces broad modulations of the host cell machinery in ways that provide insight into how the parasite survives, replicates, and persists in the infected host and ultimately defines the clinical outcome of the infection.
Collapse
|
20
|
Involvement of host cell heparan sulfate proteoglycan in Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote attachment and invasion. Parasitology 2011; 138:593-601. [PMID: 21269549 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an important role in the attachment and invasion process of a variety of intracellular pathogens. We have previously demonstrated that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) mediate the invasion of trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in cardiomyocytes. Herein, we analysed whether GAGs are also implicated in amastigote invasion. Competition assays with soluble GAGs revealed that treatment of T. cruzi amastigotes with heparin and heparan sulfate leads to a reduction in the infection ratio, achieving 82% and 65% inhibition of invasion, respectively. Other sulfated GAGs, such as chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate, had no effect on the invasion process. In addition, a significant decrease in infection occurred after interaction of amastigotes with GAG-deficient Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, decreasing from 20% and 28% in wild-type CHO cells to 5% and 9% in the mutant cells after 2 h and 4 h of infection, respectively. These findings suggest that amastigote invasion also involves host cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. The knowledge of the mechanism triggered by heparan sulfate-binding T. cruzi proteins may provide new potential candidates for Chagas disease therapy.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ndao M, Spithill TW, Caffrey R, Li H, Podust VN, Perichon R, Santamaria C, Ache A, Duncan M, Powell MR, Ward BJ. Identification of novel diagnostic serum biomarkers for Chagas' disease in asymptomatic subjects by mass spectrometric profiling. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1139-49. [PMID: 20071547 PMCID: PMC2849606 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02207-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 10 million people are thought to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, primarily in the Americas. The clinical manifestations of Chagas' disease (CD) are variable, but most subjects remain asymptomatic for decades. Only 15 to 30% eventually develop terminal complications. All current diagnostic tests have limitations. New approaches are needed for blood bank screening as well as for improved diagnosis and prognosis. Sera from subjects with asymptomatic CD (n = 131) were compared to those from uninfected controls (n = 164) and subjects with other parasitic diseases (n = 140), using protein array mass spectrometry. To identify biomarkers associated with CD, sera were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography and bound to two commercial ProteinChip array chemistries: WCX2 and IMAC3. Multiple candidate biomarkers were found in CD sera (3 to 75.4 kDa). Algorithms employing 3 to 5 of these biomarkers achieved up to 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity for CD. The biomarkers most useful for diagnosis were identified and validated. These included MIP1 alpha, C3a anaphylatoxin, and unusually truncated forms of fibronectin, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), and C3. An antipeptide antiserum against the 28.9-kDa C terminus of the fibronectin fragment achieved good specificity (90%) for CD in a Western blot format. We identified full-length ApoA1 (28.1 kDa), the major structural and functional protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), as an important negative biomarker for CD, and relatively little full-length ApoA1 was detected in CD sera. This work provides proof of principle that both platform-dependent (i.e., mass spectrometry-based) and platform-independent (i.e., Western blot) tests can be generated using high-throughput mass profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cardenas TC, Johnson CA, Pratap S, Nde PN, Furtak V, Kleshchenko YY, Lima MF, Villalta F. REGULATION of the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX INTERACTOME by Trypanosoma cruzi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:72-76. [PMID: 21499436 DOI: 10.2174/1874421401004010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the invasive trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi use and modulate components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during the initial process of infection. Infective trypomastigotes up-regulate the expression of laminin γ-1 (LAMC1) and thrombospondin (THBS1) to facilitate the recruitment of trypomastigotes to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LAMC1 and THBS1 by stable RNAi dramatically reduces trypanosome infection. T. cruzi gp83, a ligand that mediates the attachment of trypanosomes to cells to initiate infection, up-regulates LAMC1 expression to enhance cellular infection. Infective trypomastigotes interact with LAMC1 through galectin-3 (LGALS3), a human lectin, to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LGALS3 also reduces cellular infection. Some trypanosome surface molecules also interact with the ECM to facilitate infection. Despite the role of the ECM in T. cruzi infection, almost nothing is known about the ECM interactome networks operating in the process of T. cruzi infection. In this mini review, we critically analyze and discuss the regulation of the ECM by T. cruzi and its gp83 ligand, and present the first elucidation of the human ECM interactome network, regulated by T. cruzi and its gp83 ligand, to facilitate cellular infection. The elucidation of the human ECM interactome regulated by T. cruzi is critically important to the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection and developing novel approaches of intervention in Chagas' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana C Cardenas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nogueira de Melo AC, de Souza EP, Elias CGR, dos Santos ALS, Branquinha MH, d'Avila-Levy CM, dos Reis FCG, Costa TFR, Lima APCDA, de Souza Pereira MC, Meirelles MNL, Vermelho AB. Detection of matrix metallopeptidase-9-like proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:256-63. [PMID: 20138866 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the cell-associated and extracellular peptidases of Trypanosoma cruzi grown in modified Roitman's complex (MRC) medium were analyzed by measuring peptidase activity in gelatin-containing zymograms. Our results showed that the cell-associated peptidases as well as peptidases extracellularly released by T. cruzi displayed two distinct proteolytic classes: cysteine and metallopeptidase activities. The major cysteine peptidase, cruzipain, synthesized by T. cruzi cells was detected in cellular parasite content, as a 50kDa reactive polypeptide, after probing with anti-cruzipain antibody. In addition, metallo-type peptidases belonging to the matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) family were revealed, after Western blotting, as a 97kDa protein band in cellular extract and an 85kDa polypeptide in both cellular and secreted parasite extracts. The MMP-9-like activity present in cells and spent culture medium was immunoprecipitated by an anti-MMP-9 polyclonal antibody. The surface location of MMP-9-like proteins in T. cruzi was also evidenced by means of flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, doxycycline that has direct MMP-9 inhibiting properties in vitro, inhibited MMP-9-like activities in gel zymography, immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry analyses. This is the first report of the presence of MMP-9-like molecules in T. cruzi. The presence of a matrix extracellular-degrading enzyme may play a role in the T. cruzi-host cell interaction, making this enzyme a potential target for future drug development against this pathogenic trypanosomatid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Nogueira de Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Bloco I, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kawashita SY, da Silva CV, Mortara RA, Burleigh BA, Briones MRS. Homology, paralogy and function of DGF-1, a highly dispersed Trypanosoma cruzi specific gene family and its implications for information entropy of its encoded proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 165:19-31. [PMID: 19393159 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface adhesion proteins are essential for Trypanosoma cruzi invasion of mammalian cells. Here we show that Dispersed Gene Family-1 (DGF-1) members, previously identified as nuclear repeated sequences present in several chromosomes and comprising the third largest T. cruzi specific gene family, have conserved adhesin motifs including four segments with significant similarity to human beta 7 integrin. Flow cytometry and biotinylation assays with anti-DGF-1 antibodies indicated that, as expected, DGF-1 members are expressed on the trypomastigote surface. The DGF-1 genealogy, inferred using T. cruzi Genome Project data and network phylogeny algorithms, suggests that this gene family is separated in at least three groups with differential distribution of functional domains. To identify which members of this gene family are expressed we used a combined approach of RT-PCR and codon usage profiles, showing that expressed members have a very biased codon usage favoring GC, whereas non-expressed members have a homogeneous distribution. Shannon information entropy was used to measure sequence variability and revealed four major high entropy segments in the extracellular domain of DGF-1 overlapping with important putative functional modules of the predicted proteins. Testing for natural selection, however, indicated that these high entropy segments were not under positive selection, which contradicts the notion that positive selection is the cause of high variability in specific domains of a protein relative to other less variable regions in the same molecule. We conjectured that members of the DGF-1 family might be associated with the ability of T. cruzi to bind extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin and laminin, and speculated on mechanisms that would be generating the localized diversity in these molecules in the absence of selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Y Kawashita
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Garzoni L, Adesse D, Soares M, Rossi M, Borojevic R, Meirelles M. Fibrosis and Hypertrophy Induced byTrypanosoma cruziin a Three‐Dimensional Cardiomyocyte‐Culture System. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:906-15. [DOI: 10.1086/528373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
26
|
Alves MJM, Colli W. Role of the gp85/trans-sialidase superfamily of glycoproteins in the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with host structures. Subcell Biochem 2008; 47:58-69. [PMID: 18512341 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78267-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of mammalian cells by T. cruzi trypomastigotes is a multi-step and complex process involving several adhesion molecules, signaling events and proteolytic activities. From the blood to the cell target in different tissues the parasite has to interact with different cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The review focus on the role of the gp85/ trans-sialidase superfamily members in the interaction of the parasite with the host cell, particularly with ECM components, with emphasis on the significant variability among the ligands and receptors involved. Use of the SELEX technique to evolve nuclease-resistant RNA aptamers for receptor identification is briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Júlia M Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Oliveira FORD, Alves CR, Calvet CM, Toma L, Bouças RI, Nader HB, Castro Côrtes LMD, Krieger MA, Meirelles MDNSL, Souza Pereira MCD. Trypanosoma cruzi heparin-binding proteins and the nature of the host cell heparan sulfate-binding domain. Microb Pathog 2007; 44:329-38. [PMID: 18037261 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi invasion is mediated by receptor-ligand recognition between the surfaces of both parasite and target cell. We have previously demonstrated the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the attachment and invasion of T. cruzi in cardiomyocytes. Herein, we have isolated the T. cruzi heparin-binding proteins (HBP-Tc) and investigated the nature of cardiomyocyte heparan sulfate (HS)-binding site to the parasite surface ligand. Two major heparin-binding proteins with molecular masses of 65.8 and 59 kDa were observed in total extract of amastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi. Hydrophobic [S(35)]methionine labeled proteins eluted from heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography also revealed both proteins in trypomastigotes but only the 59 kDa is strongly recognized by biotin-conjugated glycosaminoglycans. Competition assays were performed to analyze the role of sulfated proteoglycans, including heparin, keratan sulfate and both acetylated and highly sulfated domains of heparan sulfate, in the recognition and invasion process of T. cruzi. Significant inhibitions of 84% and 35% in the percentage of infection were revealed after treatment of the parasites with heparin and the N-acetylated/ N-sulfated heparan sulfate domain, respectively, suggesting the important role of the glycuronic acid and NS glucosamine domain of the HS chain in the recognition of the HBP-Tc during the T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte interaction.
Collapse
|
28
|
Mayta H, Hancock K, Levine MZ, Gilman RH, Farfán MJ, Verastegui M, Lane WS, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Tsang VCW. Characterization of a novel Taenia solium oncosphere antigen. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 156:154-61. [PMID: 17850901 PMCID: PMC2082053 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections due to Taenia solium in humans (taeniasis/cysticercosis) remain a complex health problem, particularly in developing countries. We identified two oncosphere proteins that might protect the porcine intermediate host against cysticercosis and therefore help prevent disease in humans. One of these proteins was further identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and micro-sequencing. The gene encoding this protective protein was also identified, cloned and characterized. The native 31.5 kDa protein Tso31 has four variants at the cDNA level. The longest sequence from which the others seem to derive, encodes a 253 amino acid peptide. The predicted protein has a molecular weight of 25.1 kDa, one putative N-glycosylation site, two fibronectin type III domains, and one C terminal transmembrane domain. The gene structure of the protein consists of four exons and three introns. The finding of one gene and four different cDNAs for Tso31 suggests the existence of a possible mechanism of differential splicing in this parasite. The Tso31 protein is exclusive to T. solium oncospheres with a putative protein structure of an extra-cellular receptor-like protein. The Tso31 protein was expressed as a recombinant protein fused to GST and tested in a vaccine to determine its effectiveness in protecting pigs against cysticercosis. Only two pigs out of eight vaccinated were protected and although the total median number of cyst decreased in vaccinated pigs compared to controls this decrease was not statistically significant (P = 0.09).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, Helminth/chemistry
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/isolation & purification
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cysticercosis/prevention & control
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Glycosylation
- Helminth Proteins/chemistry
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/immunology
- Helminth Proteins/isolation & purification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- RNA Splicing/physiology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Swine
- Taenia solium/genetics
- Taenia solium/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Mayta
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kathy Hancock
- DPD/NCID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Min Z. Levine
- DPD/NCID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- *Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street W5515, Baltimore, MD 21205. Phone: (410) 614-3959, Fax: (410) 614-6060. E-mail:
| | - Marilú J. Farfán
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuela Verastegui
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - William S. Lane
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Analysis Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas
| | - Armando E. Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Savino W, Villa-Verde DMS, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Silva-Monteiro E, Perez AR, Aoki MDP, Bottasso O, Guiñazú N, Silva-Barbosa SD, Gea S. Cytokines and cell adhesion receptors in the regulation of immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:107-24. [PMID: 17339126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiology of Chagas' disease is not completely defined, although innate and adaptative immune responses are crucial. In acute infection some parasite antigens can activate macrophages, and this may result in pro-inflammatory cytokine production, nitric oxide synthesis, and consequent control of parasitemia and mortality. Cell-mediated immunity in Trypanosoma cruzi infection is also modulated by cytokines, but in addition to parasite-specific responses, autoimmunity can be also triggered. Importantly, cytokines may also play a role in the cell-mediated immunity of infected subjects. Finally, leukocyte influx towards target tissues is regulated by cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular matrix components which may represent potential therapeutic targets in infected patients. Here we will discuss recent findings on the role of cytokines, chemokines and extracellular matrix components in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity during T. cruzi infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Savino
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ave. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Batista DGJ, Silva CF, Mota RA, Costa LC, Meirelles MNL, Meuser-Batista M, Soeiro MNC. Trypanosoma cruzi Modulates the Expression of Rabs and Alters the Endocytosis in Mouse Cardiomyocytes In Vitro. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:605-14. [PMID: 16009966 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6654.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is an incurable illness caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Cardiomyocytes represent important targets for the parasite infection and alterations in their physiology were reported. Because endocytosis is involved in different cellular events and guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rab proteins play important roles in various aspects of the membrane traffic, our aim was to characterize the expression of Rab proteins in T. cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes, which displayed a downregulation of Rab7 and Rab11, whereas the expression of Rab5a was maintained in the infected cultures even after longer periods of parasite internalization, but early endosome antigen 1 was partially downregulated. The parasite infection also decreased the uptake of fluid phase ligands by the cardiac cultures. The regulation of GTPase proteins and effector molecules can contribute to the altered physiology of the host cells by modifying the normal incoming of nutrients as well as interfering with other important events related to the endocytic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise G J Batista
- Departamento Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Melo TG, Almeida DS, de Meirelles MDNSL, Pereira MC. Trypanosoma cruzi infection disrupts vinculin costameres in cardiomyocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 2005; 83:531-40. [PMID: 15679099 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy is an important manifestation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, leading to cardiac dysfunction and serious arrhythmias. We have here investigated by indirect immunofluorescence assay the distribution of vinculin, a focal adhesion protein with a major role in the transmission of contraction force, during the T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte infection in vitro and in vivo. No change in vinculin distribution was observed after 24 h of infection, where control and T. cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes displayed vinculin localized at costameres and intercalated discs. On the other hand, a clear disruption of vinculin costameric distribution was noted after 72 h of infection. A significant reduction in the levels of vinculin expression was observed at all times of infection. In murine experimental Chagas' disease, alteration in the vinculin distribution was also detected in the infected myocardium, with no costameric staining in infected myocytes and irregular alignment of intercalated discs in cardiac fibers. These data suggest that the disruption of costameric vinculin distribution and the enlargement of interstitial space due to inflammatory infiltration may contribute to the reduction of transmission of cardiac contraction force, leading to alterations in the heart function in Chagas' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana G Melo
- Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Laboratório de Ultra-estrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|