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Pacher G, Franca T, Lacerda M, Alves NO, Piranda EM, Arruda C, Cena C. Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Machine Learning: An Animal Model Study. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:467-474. [PMID: 38189234 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a polymorphic and spectral skin disease caused by Leishmania spp. protozoan parasites. CL is difficult to diagnose because conventional methods are time-consuming, expensive, and low-sensitive. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with machine learning (ML) algorithms has been explored as an alternative to achieve fast and accurate results for many disease diagnoses. Besides the high accuracy demonstrated in numerous studies, the spectral variations between infected and noninfected groups are too subtle to be noticed. Since variability in sample set characteristics (such as sex, age, and diet) often leads to significant data variance and limits the comprehensive understanding of spectral characteristics and immune responses, we investigate a novel methodology for diagnosing CL in an animal model study. Blood serum, skin lesions, and draining popliteal lymph node samples were collected from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis-infected BALB/C mice under experimental conditions. The FTIR method and ML algorithms accurately differentiated between infected (CL group) and noninfected (control group) samples. The best overall accuracy (∼72%) was obtained in an external validation test using principal component analysis and support vector machine algorithms in the 1800-700 cm-1 range for blood serum samples. The accuracy achieved in analyzing skin lesions and popliteal lymph node samples was satisfactory; however, notable disparities emerged in the validation tests compared to results obtained from blood samples. This discrepancy is likely attributed to the elevated sample variability resulting from molecular compositional differences. According to the findings, the successful functioning of prediction models is mainly related to data analysis rather than the differences in the molecular composition of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pacher
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Franca
- Laboratório de Óptica e Fotônica (SISFOTON-UFMS), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Miller Lacerda
- Laboratório de Óptica e Fotônica (SISFOTON-UFMS), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Natália O Alves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane M Piranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Arruda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Cícero Cena
- Laboratório de Óptica e Fotônica (SISFOTON-UFMS), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
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Garde E, Ramírez L, Corvo L, Solana JC, Martín ME, González VM, Gómez-Nieto C, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Requena JM, Iborra S, Soto M. Analysis of the Antigenic and Prophylactic Properties of the Leishmania Translation Initiation Factors eIF2 and eIF2B in Natural and Experimental Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:112. [PMID: 29675401 PMCID: PMC5895769 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Different members of intracellular protein families are recognized by the immune system of the vertebrate host infected by parasites of the genus Leishmania. Here, we have analyzed the antigenic and immunogenic properties of the Leishmania eIF2 and eIF2B translation initiation factors. An in silico search in Leishmania infantum sequence databases allowed the identification of the genes encoding the α, β, and γ subunits and the α, β, and δ subunits of the putative Leishmania orthologs of the eukaryotic initiation factors F2 (LieIF2) or F2B (LieIF2B), respectively. The antigenicity of these factors was analyzed by ELISA using recombinant versions of the different subunits. Antibodies against the different LieIF2 and LieIF2B subunits were found in the sera from human and canine visceral leishmaniasis patients, and also in the sera from hamsters experimentally infected with L. infantum. In L. infantum (BALB/c) and Leishmania major (BALB/c or C57BL/6) challenged mice, a moderate humoral response against these protein factors was detected. Remarkably, these proteins elicited an IL-10 production by splenocytes derived from infected mice independently of the Leishmania species employed for experimental challenge. When DNA vaccines based on the expression of the LieIF2 or LieIF2B subunit encoding genes were administered in mice, an antigen-specific secretion of IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines was observed. Furthermore, a partial protection against murine CL development due to L. major infection was generated in the vaccinated mice. Also, in this work we show that the LieIF2α subunit and the LieIF2Bβ and δ subunits have the capacity to stimulate IL-10 secretion by spleen cells from naïve mice. B-lymphocytes were identified as the major producers of this anti-inflammatory cytokine. Taking into account the data found in this study, it may be hypothesized that these proteins act as virulence factors implicated in the induction of humoral responses as well as in the production of the down-regulatory IL-10 cytokine, favoring a pathological outcome. Therefore, these proteins might be considered markers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Garde
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Corvo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José C. Solana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Elena Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor M. González
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Nieto
- Parasitology Unit, LeishmanCeres Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - José M. Requena
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology of Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute (imas12), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Salvador Iborra
| | - Manuel Soto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Manuel Soto
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Hernández-Chinea C, Carbajo E, Sojo F, Arvelo F, Kouznetsov VV, Romero-Bohórquez AR, Romero PJ. In vitro activity of synthetic tetrahydroindeno[2,1-c]quinolines on Leishmania mexicana. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:479-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sassi A, Kaak O, Ben Ammar Elgaied A. Identification of immunodominantLeishmania majorantigenic markers of the early C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice infection stages. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:544-552. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sassi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Vaccinology and Molecular Genetics; Institut Pasteur of Tunis; University Tunis-El Manar; Tunis-Belvedere Tunisia
| | - O. Kaak
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Vaccinology and Molecular Genetics; Institut Pasteur of Tunis; University Tunis-El Manar; Tunis-Belvedere Tunisia
| | - A. Ben Ammar Elgaied
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathologies; Faculty of Sciences; University Tunis-El Manar; Tunis-Belvedere Tunisia
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Longoni SS, Marín C, Sánchez-Moreno M. Excreted Leishmania peruviana and Leishmania amazonensis iron-superoxide dismutase purification: specific antibody detection in Colombian patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:26-34. [PMID: 24440468 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania sp. survival in the vertebrate host depends on the host macrophage immune response as well as on the parasite's defense against free radicals. Iron-superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) is a key antioxidant enzyme that contributes to radical superoxide dismutation, preventing the disease from surging and propagating itself. Leishmania sp. has various Fe-SOD isoforms, one of which (Fe-SODe) is excreted into the medium and, being highly immunogenic, can be considered a very good molecular marker. In this work, we purified the Fe-SOD enzymes excreted by L. peruviana and L. amazonensis and studied them as antigens in serodiagnosis. We used ELISA and Western blot techniques to test 51 human cutaneous leishmaniasis sera from Colombia. All 51 patients presented with dermal injuries caused by unknown Leishmania species. The results observed with the purified proteins were compared with those obtained when total soluble lysate and unpurified Fe-SODe were used as the antigen fraction. Thus, we conclude that the purified enzymes are more sensitive and specific than their unpurified counterparts and that there is no cross-reactivity between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stefania Longoni
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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