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Nafie EH, Abou-Gamra MM, Mossalem HS, Sarhan RM, Hammam OA, Nasr SM, Anwar MM. Evaluation of the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of mucus and tissue nucleoproteins extracted from Biomphalaria alexandrina snails on schistosomiasis mansoni. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:551-569. [PMID: 39145357 PMCID: PMC11319553 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with considerable morbidity. The lone effective drug, praziquantel (PZQ), is showing emergence of drug resistance hence, searching for new supportive treatment is crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mucus and nucleoproteins (NPs) extracted from Biomphalaria alexandrina (B. alexandrina) snails on miracidia, cercariae and Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) adults in vitro and assess their experimental in vivo effect through parasitological, histopathological, and biochemical parameters. The in vivo study included 90 male Swiss albino mice. Mice were grouped into 9 groups; G1-G5 were infected and treated with; GI: PZQ, GII: mucus, GIII: combined PZQ and mucus, GIV: NPs, GV: combined PZQ and NPs. Control groups; C1: Non infected non treated (negative control), C2: Infected non treated (positive control), C3: Non infected mucus treated and C4: Non infected NPs treated. The in vitro study proved that the mucus had a better lethal effect on cercariae than miracidia, while NPs had better lethal effect on miracidia. The mucus lethal effect on adults surpassed the NPs as 100% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study proved that the combined NPs or mucus with PZQ added to the effect of individual PZQ resulting in 100% total worm burden (TWB) reduction. As regard oxidative stress markers, the lowest level of nitric oxide (NO) was shown with combined PZQ and NPs. While, the highest glutathione (GSH) level was produced by individual PZQ. The study concluded that mucus and NPs of B. alexandrina had cercaricidal, miracidicidal and anti-schistosomal effect in vitro and that their combination could be considered a contribution to PZQ potentiality in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa H. Nafie
- Departments of Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ramsis St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Maha M. Abou-Gamra
- Departments of Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ramsis St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Hanan S. Mossalem
- Departments of Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, El-Nile St., Warrak El-Hader, P.O. BOX 30, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Sarhan
- Departments of Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ramsis St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Olfat A. Hammam
- Departments of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, El-Nile St., Warrak El-Hader, P.O. BOX 30, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sami M. Nasr
- Departments of Biochemistry, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, El-Nile St., Warrak El-Hader, P.O. BOX 30, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona M. Anwar
- Departments of Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Ramsis St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
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Darwish AS, Mahmoud SS, Bayaumy FE. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal fabrication of hierarchical-stacked mesoporous decavanadate-intercalated ZnAl nanolayered double hydroxide to exterminate different developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis and Schistosoma mansoniin-vitro. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18110. [PMID: 37483817 PMCID: PMC10362335 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hierarchically stacked mesoporous zinc-aluminium nanolayered-double-hydroxide intercalated with decavanadate (ZnAl-LDH-V10O28) is constructed using anion-exchange process via microwave-hydrothermal treatment. Physicochemical properties of ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 are characterized in detail. Decavanadate anions are intimately interacted with ZnAl-LDH nanosheets, generating highly ordered architecture of well-dimensioned stacking blocks of brucite-like nanolayers (∼8 nm). Such hierarchy improves surface-porosity and electrical-impedivity of ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 with declining its zeta-potential (ζav = 8.8 mV). In-vitro treatment of various developmental-stages of Trichinella spiralis and Schistosoma mansoni by ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 is recognized using parasitological and morphological (SEM/TEM) analyses. ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 exterminates muscle-larvae and adult-worms of Trichinella spiralis, and juvenile and adult Schistosoma mansoni, yielding near 100% mortality with rates achieving 5%/h within about 17 h of incubation. This parasiticidal behavior results from the symphony of biological activity gathering decavanadate and LDH-nanosheets. Indeed, ZnAl-LDH-V10O28 nanohybrid sample, as a promissory biocide for killing food-borne/waterborne parasites, becomes a futuristic research hotspot for studying its in-vivo bioactivity and impact-effectiveness on parasite molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef S. Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soheir S. Mahmoud
- Schistosome Biological Materials Supply Program, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma E.A. Bayaumy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Membe Femoe U, Kadji Fassi JB, Boukeng Jatsa H, Tchoffo YL, Amvame Nna DC, Kamdoum BC, Njonte Wouamba SC, Toussie Tchegnitegni B, Tchaleu Ngadjui B, Sewald N, Ndjakou Lenta B, Tchuem Tchuente LA, Dimo T. In Vitro Assessment of the Cercaricidal Activity of Sida acuta Burm. F. and Sida rhombifolia Linn. (Malvaceae) Hydroethanolic Extracts, Cytotoxicity, and Phytochemical Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7281144. [PMID: 35047048 PMCID: PMC8763507 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7281144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the global efforts, schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in several tropical and subtropical countries. One of the major challenges in the fight against schistosomiasis is the interruption of the parasite life cycle. Here, we evaluated the anticercarial, cytotoxicity, and phytochemical profiles of Sida acuta (HESa) and Sida rhombifolia (HESr) hydroethanolic extracts (Malvaceae). Schistosoma mansoni cercaria was collected from fifteen Biomphalaria pfeifferi-infected snails. Twenty-five cercariae were incubated in duplicate with different concentrations (31.25-1,000 μg/mL) of HESa or HESr. The cercaria viability was monitored at 30 min time intervals for 150 min, and the concentration-response curve of each plant extract was used to determine their respective lethal concentration 50 (LC50). Additionally, the cytotoxicity profile of each plant extract was evaluated on the Hepa 1-6 cell line at a concentration range of 15.625-1,000 µg/mL using the WST-8 assay method and its inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was calculated. Moreover, phytochemical characterization of each plant extract was carried out by HPLC-MS. Both extracts exhibited cercaricidal activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. At 30 min time point, HESa (LC50 = 28.41 ± 3.5 µg/mL) was more effective than HESr (LC50 = 172.42 ± 26.16 µg/mL) in killing S. mansoni cercariae. Regarding the cytotoxicity effect of both extracts, the IC50 of HESa (IC50 = 109.67 µg/mL) was lower than that of HESr (IC50 = 888.79 µg/mL). The selectivity index was 3.86 and 5.15 for HESa and HESr, respectively. Fifteen compounds were identified from HESa and HESr after HPLC-MS analysis. N-Feruloyltyramine, a polyphenol, and thamnosmonin, a coumarin, were identified in both extracts. HESa and HESr displayed cercaricidal activity and were not toxic on Hepa 1-6 cell line. Based on the selectivity index of these extracts, S. rhombifolia extract could be more effective on S. mansoni cercariae than S. acuta extract. This study could provide baseline information for further investigations aiming to develop plant-based alternative drugs against S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Membe Femoe
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Bertin Kadji Fassi
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hermine Boukeng Jatsa
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Yannick Leonel Tchoffo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - David Carel Amvame Nna
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Blaise Cédric Kamdoum
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Billy Toussie Tchegnitegni
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, P.O. BOX 100131, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bonaventure Tchaleu Ngadjui
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, P.O. BOX 100131, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bruno Ndjakou Lenta
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuente
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Theophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Evidence for in vitro and in vivo activity of the antimalarial pyronaridine against Schistosoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009511. [PMID: 34166393 PMCID: PMC8263063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is highly prevalent in Africa. Praziquantel is effective against adult schistosomes but leaves prepatent stages unaffected—which is a limit to patient management and elimination. Given the large-scale use of praziquantel, development of drug resistance by Schistosoma is feared. Antimalarials are promising drugs for alternative treatment strategies of Schistosoma infections. Development of drugs with activity against both malaria and schistosomiasis is particularly appealing as schistosome infections often occur concomitantly with malaria parasites in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, antiplasmodial compounds were progressively tested against Schistosoma in vitro, in mice, and in a clinical study. Results Amongst 16 drugs and 1 control tested, pyronaridine, methylene blue and 5 other antimalarials were highly active in vitro against larval stage schistosomula with a 50% inhibitory concentration below 10 μM. Both drugs were lethal to ex vivo adult worms tested at 30 μM with methylene blue also active at 10 μM. Pyronaridine treatment of mice infected with S. mansoni at the prepatent stage reduced worm burden by 82% and cured 7 out of 12 animals, however in mice adult stages remained viable. In contrast, methylene blue inhibited adult worms by 60% but cure was not achieved. In an observational pilot trial in Gabon in children, the antimalarial drug combination pyronaridine-artesunate (Pyramax) reduced S. haematobium egg excretion from 10/10 ml urine to 0/10 ml urine, and 3 out of 4 children were cured. Conclusion Pyronaridine and methylene blue warrant further investigation as candidates for schistosomiasis treatment. Both compounds are approved for human use and evidence for their potential as antischistosomal compounds can be obtained directly from clinical testing. Particularly, pyronaridine-artesunate, already available as an antimalarial drug, calls for further clinical evaluation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03201770. Praziquantel is still the only drug in use for the treatment of all Schistosoma spp. and is exclusively active against the adult life cycle stage, since schistosomes in the prepatent period of up to eight weeks are not affected by the drug. Although resistance to praziquantel has not been confirmed and its existence remains controversial, some countries have identified clinical schistosome isolates with reduced sensitivity to praziquantel, after deployment in mass drug administration programs. The need for a new antischistosomal compound is urgent, ideally exhibiting broad activity against all stages of the parasite’s life cycle present in humans. After testing a series of antiplasmodial compounds, the authors found that several compounds also exhibited antischistosomal activity at various life cycle stages of the worms, including pyronaridine and methylene blue, both compounds already approved for human use. A pilot trial with pyronaridine-artesunate done in Gabon showed the first promising results against Schistosoma infections.
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Rashed HAEH, Abu Almaaty AH, Soliman MFM, El-Shenawy NS. The in Vitro Antischistosomal Activity and Genotoxicity of the Active Ingredients of Allium sativum (allicin) and Curcuma longa (curcumin). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:101-110. [PMID: 33786052 PMCID: PMC7988669 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i1.5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: In this study, we assessed the in vitro antischistosomal activity of the active ingredients of Allium sativum (allicin) and Curcuma longa (curcumin) on Schistosoma mansoni. Methods: This study was conducted in Faculty of Science, Port said University, Egypt (2018). Adult worms were exposed to a range of concentrations of AL or CU, and worm survival was assessed 24 h post-exposure to calculate the lethal concentration of the compounds. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess ultrastructural changes in the surface of AL- or CU- treated worms. The genotoxicities of AL and CU on S. mansoni were determined by DNA fragmentation analysis. Results: We determined the concentrations of AL and CU required to kill 50% of S. mansoni (LC50
). The LC50 of AL was 8.66 μL/mL, whereas 100% mortality of S. mansoni was achieved by AL at concentrations of 50 μL/mL. The LC50 of CU was 87.25 μL/mL, with the highest mortality of 91.3% seen after 24 h exposure to 100 μg/mL CU. Ultrastructural studies revealed that exposure to either AL or CU led to mild or severe surface damage to S. mansion, respectively. The degree of damage in the worms was sex-dependent. Interestingly, while CU exposure resulted in DNA fragmentation in S. mansoni worms, we observed no genotoxic effects of AL. Conclusion: Both AL and CU exhibit antischistosomal activity; the study provided evidence suggesting that these compounds act through distinct mechanisms. These promising results encourage further investigation into these compounds as potential antischistosomal agents, either alone or as complementary treatments to praziquantel.
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Ammar AI, Afifi AF, Essa A, Galal-Khallaf A, Mokhtar MM, Shehab-Eldeen S, Rady AA. Cucurbita pepo Seed Oil Induces Microsatellite Instability and Tegumental Damage to Schistosoma mansoni Immature and Adult Worms In vitro. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3469-3484. [PMID: 33116667 PMCID: PMC7549022 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s265699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease treated exclusively with praziquantel (PZQ). However, PZQ has low efficacy against schistosomula and juveniles. In addition, the emergence of PZQ resistance has prompted the search for new drugs. Methods This study investigated the effects of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)-seed oil (PSO) on Schistosoma mansoni adults, juveniles, and newly formed schistosomula in vitro by exposing the parasites to increasing concentrations of PSO (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µl/mL) with variable incubation periods (24, 48, and 72 hours). Dose-response effects of PSO on mortality rate, worm activity, and tegumental changes were studied. Also, effect on DNA were assessed with microsatellite analysis. Results All tested stages of S. mansoni were susceptible to PSO, which was more effective than PZQ on juvenile worms and schistosomula. Juveniles and schistosomula S. mansoni were more sensitive to the antischistosomal activity of PSO than adult worms. PSO showed evident changes in the integuments of adults, juveniles, and schistosomula. These changes were more evident with increased concentrations. At the genomic level, PSO induced clear qualitative and quantitative changes in the microsatellite loci R95529 and SMD57 of S. mansoni adults and schistosomula. This microsatellite instability is being reported through the current study for S. mansoni in response to PSO for the first time. Conclusion This study suggested that PSO possesses effective antischistosomal activity against various stages of S. mansoni. Further investigations are needed to figure out the mechanism of action of PSO on this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Ibrahim Ammar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Amira Fathy Afifi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Abdallah Essa
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.,Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Galal-Khallaf
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El- Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Mohamed Mokhtar
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Somaia Shehab-Eldeen
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.,Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany Ahmed Rady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
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El Bialy SA, Mansour B, Bayoumi WA, Taman A, Eissa HM. Novel 2-(5-Aryl)thiophen-2-yl)benzimidazoles; Design, Synthesis and In vitro Evaluation Against Cercarial Phase of Schistosoma mansoni. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999200523181211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Literature survey has pointed out that Benzimidazoles represent an interesting
class of anthelmintics, of which several potent members were developed.
Objective:
Benzimidazoles hybridized with pharmacophoric moieties possessing anthelmintic activity
were designed, synthesized to be evaluated against cercaria.
Methods:
Structural modification was achieved through 2- and 5-positions. Moreover, an in vitro
cercarial assay was adopted to evaluate target compounds.
Results and Discussion:
Biological screening revealed that compound 3h showed significant activity
with a survival index of 35% at a 100 μg/mL concentration. Whereas, compounds 3a and 3c
showed moderate activity, the rest of the tested compounds exhibited low activity.
Conclusion:
The current study evidenced that the new hybrids "benzimidazole-thiophen-aryl" are
successful as cercacidal agents. Further studies of this novel tri-ring system are suggested on adult
worms of S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serry Atta El Bialy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Basem Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Waleed Abdelhakeem Bayoumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Amira Taman
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohammed Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Matos JL, da Silva KR, de Lima Paula LA, Cunha WR, Ramos SB, Rodrigues V, Cabral FJ, Magalhães LG. Molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities of curcumin on Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1228-1234. [PMID: 31587497 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis control in endemic areas depends on several factors, including chemotherapy, snail control and adequate sanitation. In this context, the employment of compounds isolated from plants is an important issue regarding infection and snail control. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effects of curcumin (CUR), a compound isolated from Curcuma longa, against snails and embryos of Biomphalaria glabrata, which is the most important intermediate host of schistosomiasis in the Americas, as well as in cercariae, the infecting larval stage of Schistosoma mansoni. RESULTS CUR presented high activity against B. glabrata embryos and moderate activity against newborn and adult snails. The lethal concentration (LC50 ) values after being exposed for 24 h and evaluated for 7 days were 6.54 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.86-7.30) μg mL-1 for the embryos and 42.29 (95% CI 33.82-52.87) μg mL-1 and 87.69 (95% CI 68.82-111.7) μg mL-1 for the newborn and adult snails, respectively. Moreover, CUR inhibited the development of embryos and egg hatching, and decreased the fecundity rates of adult snails. CUR also demonstrated cercaricidal activity with LC50 values lower than 10 μg mL-1 at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data show that CUR has potential molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities. Moreover, as a nutraceutical compound that is toxic to both invertebrate host and parasite, CUR has the potential to be explored as a safe new agent to combat schistosomiasis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline L Matos
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Karen R da Silva
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Lucas A de Lima Paula
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Wilson R Cunha
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Salvador B Ramos
- Department of Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda J Cabral
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lizandra G Magalhães
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
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Osei E, Kwain S, Mawuli GT, Anang AK, Owusu KBA, Camas M, Camas AS, Ohashi M, Alexandru-Crivac CN, Deng H, Jaspars M, Kyeremeh K. Paenidigyamycin A, Potent Antiparasitic Imidazole Alkaloid from the Ghanaian Paenibacillus sp. DE2SH. Mar Drugs 2018; 17:md17010009. [PMID: 30586918 PMCID: PMC6356793 DOI: 10.3390/md17010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new alkaloid paenidigyamycin A (1) was obtained from the novel Ghanaian Paenibacillus sp. isolated from the mangrove rhizosphere soils of the Pterocarpus santalinoides tree growing in the wetlands of the Digya National Park, Ghana. Compound 1 was isolated on HPLC at tR = 37.0 min and its structure determined by MS, 1D, and 2D-NMR data. When tested against L. major, 1 (IC50 0.75 µM) was just as effective as amphotericin B (IC50 0.31 µM). Against L. donovani, 1 (IC50 7.02 µM) was twenty-two times less active than amphotericin B (IC50 0.32 µM), reinforcing the unique effectiveness of 1 against L. major. For T. brucei brucei, 1 (IC50 0.78 µM) was ten times more active than the laboratory standard Coptis japonica (IC50 8.20 µM). The IC50 of 9.08 µM for 1 against P. falciparum 3d7 compared to artesunate (IC50 36 nM) was not strong, but this result suggests the possibility of using the paenidigyamycin scaffold for the development of potent antimalarial drugs. Against cercariae, 1 showed high anticercaricidal activity compared to artesunate. The minimal lethal concentration (MLC) and minimal effective concentration (MEC) of the compound were 25 and 6.25 µM, respectively, while artesunate was needed in higher quantities to produce such results. However, 1 (IC50 > 100 µM) was not active against T. mobilensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Osei
- Marine and Plant Research Laboratory of Ghana, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 56, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Kwain
- Marine and Plant Research Laboratory of Ghana, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 56, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Gilbert Tetevi Mawuli
- Marine and Plant Research Laboratory of Ghana, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 56, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Abraham Kwabena Anang
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Kofi Baffour-Awuah Owusu
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Mustafa Camas
- Department of Bioengineering, Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey.
| | - Anil Sazak Camas
- Department of Bioengineering, Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey.
| | - Mitsuko Ohashi
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | | | - Hai Deng
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE Scotland, UK.
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE Scotland, UK.
| | - Kwaku Kyeremeh
- Marine and Plant Research Laboratory of Ghana, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 56, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
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The Impact of Artesunate-Amodiaquine on Schistosoma mansoni Infection among Children Infected by Plasmodium in Rural Area of Lemfu, Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of the Congo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3487183. [PMID: 30112379 PMCID: PMC6077572 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3487183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Malaria and schistosomiasis remain life-threatening public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. The infection pattern related to age indicates that preschool and school-age children are at the highest risk of malaria and schistosomiasis. Both parasitic infections, separately or combined, may have negative impacts on the haemoglobin concentration levels. The existing data revealed that artemisinin derivatives commonly used to cure malaria present also in antischistosomal activities. The current study investigated the impact of Artesunate-Amodiaquine (AS-AQ) on schistosomiasis when administered to treat malaria in rural area of Lemfu, DRC. Methodology A prospective longitudinal study including 171 coinfected children screened for anaemia, Schistosoma mansoni, and Plasmodium falciparum infections. The egg reduction rate and haemoglobin concentration were assessed four weeks after the treatment with AS-AQ, of all coinfected children of this series. Results One hundred and twenty-five (74.4%) out of 168 coinfected children treated and present during the assessment were found stool negative for S. mansoni eggs. Out of 43 (25.6%) children who remained positives, 37 (22%) showed a partial reduction of eggs amount, and no reduction was noted in 3.6% of coinfected. The mean of haemoglobin concentration and the prevalence of anaemia were, respectively, 10.74±1.5g/dl , 11.2±1.3g/dl, and 64.8%, 51.8%, respectively, before and after treatment, p<0.001. Conclusion The AS-AQ commonly used against Plasmodium allowed curing S. mansoni in coinfected children and increasing the Hb level. For the future, the randomized and multicentric clinical trials are needed for a better understanding of the effectiveness of AS-AQ against Schistosoma spp. The trial registration number was 3487183.
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Abstract
In the last 2 decades, renewed attention to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has spurred the development of antiparasitic agents, especially in light of emerging drug resistance. The need for new drugs has required in vitro screening methods using parasite culture. Furthermore, clinical laboratories sought to correlate in vitro susceptibility methods with treatment outcomes, most notably with malaria. Parasites with their various life cycles present greater complexity than bacteria, for which standardized susceptibility methods exist. This review catalogs the state-of-the-art methodologies used to evaluate the effects of drugs on key human parasites from the point of view of drug discovery as well as the need for laboratory methods that correlate with clinical outcomes.
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Kamel ROA, Bayaumy FEZA. Ultrastructural alterations in Schistosoma mansoni juvenile and adult male worms after in vitro incubation with primaquine. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:247-254. [PMID: 28327785 PMCID: PMC5354608 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Praziquantel has been cited as the only drug for treating schistosomiasis.
However, concerns over drug resistance have encouraged the search for novel drug
leads. The antimalarial drug primaquine possesses interesting anti-schistosmal
properties. OBJECTIVES This study is the first to document the potential role of primaquine as a
schistosomicide and the ultrastructural changes induced by primaquine on juvenile
or adult male worms of Schistosoma mansoni. METHODS Ultrastructural alterations in the tegumental surface of 21-day-old juvenile and
adult male worms of S. mansoni were demonstrated following
primaquine treatment at different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 µg/mL) and
incubation periods (1, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h) in vitro, using both scanning and
transmission electron microscopy. FINDINGS At low concentrations (2, 5, and 10 µg/mL) both juvenile and adult male worms
were alive after 24 h of incubation, whereas contraction, paralysis, and death of
all worms were observed after 24 h of drug exposure at 20 µg/mL. The tegument of
juvenile and adult male worms treated with primaquine exhibited erosion, peeling,
and sloughing. Furthermore, extensive damage of both tegumental and subtegumental
layers included embedded spines, and shrinkage of muscles with vacuoles. The in
vitro results confirmed that primaquine has dose-dependent effects with 20 µg/mL
as the most effective concentration in a short incubation period. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The schistosomicidal activity of primaquine indicates that this drug possesses
moderate in vitro activity against juvenile and adult male worms, since it caused
high mortality and tegumental alterations. This study confirmed that the
antimalarial drug primaquine possesses anti-schistosomal activity. Further
investigation is needed to elucidate its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Osama A Kamel
- Ain Shams University, Women College for Arts, Science and Education, Department of Zoology, Asmaa Fahmey St., Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma El-Zahraa Anwar Bayaumy
- Ain Shams University, Women College for Arts, Science and Education, Department of Zoology, Asmaa Fahmey St., Cairo, Egypt
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In Vitro Assessment of Anthelmintic Activities of Rauwolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) Stem Bark and Roots against Parasitic Stages of Schistosoma mansoni and Cytotoxic Study. J Parasitol Res 2017; 2017:2583969. [PMID: 28348881 PMCID: PMC5350319 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2583969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a Neglected Tropical Diseases which can be prevented with mass deworming chemotherapy. The reliance on a single drug, praziquantel, is a motivation for the search of novel antischistosomal compounds. This study investigated the anthelmintic activity of the stem bark and roots of Rauwolfia vomitoria against two life stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Both plant parts were found to be active against cercariae and adult worms. Within 2 h of exposure all cercariae were killed at a concentration range of 62.5–1000 µg/mL and 250–1000 µg/mL of R. vomitoria stem bark and roots, respectively. The LC50 values determined for the stem bark after 1 and 2 h of exposure were 207.4 and 61.18 µg/mL, respectively. All adult worms exposed to the concentrations range of 250–1000 µg/mL for both plant parts died within 120 h of incubation. The cytotoxic effects against HepG2 and Chang liver cell assessed using MTT assay method indicated that both plant extracts which were inhibitory to the proliferation of cell lines with IC50 > 20 μg/mL appear to be safe. This report provides the first evidence of in vitro schistosomicidal potency of R. vomitoria with the stem bark being moderately, but relatively, more active and selective against schistosome parasites. This suggests the presence of promising medicinal constituent(s).
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Matos-Rocha TJ, Cavalcanti MGDS, Barbosa-Filho JM, Lúcio ASSC, Veras DL, Marques MOM, Alves LC, Brayner FA. Ultrastructural study of morphological changes in Schistosoma mansoni after in vitro exposure to the monoterpene rotundifolone. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:86-91. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0285-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dyana Leal Veras
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fábio André Brayner
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
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The Role of Natural Products in Drug Discovery and Development against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010058. [PMID: 28042865 PMCID: PMC6155950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic in 149 tropical and subtropical countries, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than 1 billion people annually, including 875 million children in developing economies. These diseases are also responsible for over 500,000 deaths per year and are characterized by long-term disability and severe pain. The impact of the combined NTDs closely rivals that of malaria and tuberculosis. Current treatment options are associated with various limitations including widespread drug resistance, severe adverse effects, lengthy treatment duration, unfavorable toxicity profiles, and complicated drug administration procedures. Natural products have been a valuable source of drug regimens that form the cornerstone of modern pharmaceutical care. In this review, we highlight the potential that remains untapped in natural products as drug leads for NTDs. We cover natural products from plant, marine, and microbial sources including natural-product-inspired semi-synthetic derivatives which have been evaluated against the various causative agents of NTDs. Our coverage is limited to four major NTDs which include human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis.
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Rezende KC, Lucarini R, Símaro GV, Pauletti PM, Januário AH, Esperandim VR, Martins CH, Silva MA, Cunha WR, Bastos JK, Silva ML. Antibacterial activity of (−)-cubebin isolated from Piper cubeba and its semisynthetic derivatives against microorganisms that cause endodontic infections. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pereira AC, Silva MLAE, Souza JM, Laurentiz RSD, Rodrigues V, Januário AH, Pauletti PM, Tavares DC, Filho AADS, Cunha WR, Bastos JK, Magalhães LG. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of (-)-6,6'-dinitrohinokinin against schistosomula and juvenile and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 2015; 149:195-201. [PMID: 26071648 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapy of schistosomiasis relies on the use of praziquantel. However, concerns over drug resistance have encouraged the search for new drug leads. This paper is the first report on the in vitro and in vivo activity of (-)-6,6'-dinitrohinokinin (DNK) against Schistosoma mansoni. In vitro, the lethal concentrations for 50% of parasites (LC50) of DNK against adult worms were 103.9±3.6 and 102.5±4.8μM at 24 and 72h, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images showed extensive tegumental alterations such as peeling and smaller numbers of tubercles in the spine of adult worms. DNK also elicited high mortality of schistosomula, with LC50 values of 57.4±2.3, 32.5±0.9, and 20.4±1.2μM at 24, 48, and 72h, respectively. DNK displayed moderate activity against the juvenile liver parasite, with an LC50 value of 179.5±2.3 μM at 72h. This compound reduced the total number of eggs by over 83%, and it affected the development of eggs produced by adult worms. The selectivity index showed that at 24h, DNK was 8.5 and 15.4 times more toxic to the adult worms and schistosomula than to Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells, respectively. Treatment of infected mice with DNK moderately decreased worm burden (33.8-52.3%), egg production (40.7-60.0%), and spleen and liver weights. Together, our results indicated that DNK presents moderate in vitro and in vivo activities against S. mansoni, and it might therefore be interesting to explore the structure-activity relationship of the antischistosomal activity of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Pereira
- Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, CEP 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo(,) Faculdade de Farmácia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 14030-000, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio L A E Silva
- Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, CEP 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Medeiros Souza
- Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, CEP 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosangela S de Laurentiz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Departamento de Física e Química, CEP 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana H Januário
- Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, CEP 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Pauletti
- Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, CEP 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise C Tavares
- Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, CEP 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Ademar A Da Silva Filho
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Farmácia de Juiz de Fora, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Wilson R Cunha
- Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, CEP 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Jairo K Bastos
- Universidade de São Paulo(,) Faculdade de Farmácia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 14030-000, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lizandra G Magalhães
- Universidade de Franca, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, CEP 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil.
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Attia SS, Abou-Shady OM, Mohammed SS, Yusuf HAS, Helmy DO. In vitro Effect of Mefloquine on Adult Schistosoma mansoni. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jp.2015.111.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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In vitro tegumental alterations on adult Fasciola gigantica caused by mefloquine. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:145-51. [PMID: 27065615 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drug-resistant Fasciola strains has drawn the attention of many authors to alternative drugs. The purpose of this study is to explore the in vitro effect of the antimalarial mefloquine against adult Fasciola gigantica. Light and scanning electron microscopic observations could be used to determine the target of the drug following 6 and 12 h of incubation in medium containing mefloquine at three different concentrations 10, 20 and 30 μg/mL, as morphological changes could be observed. These changes occurred in definite sequences in response to mefloquine, and were consisted of swelling, vacuolization that was later disrupted, leading to desquamation of the tegument, resulting in exposure and disruption of basal lamina and the dislodging of spines. It is concluded that mefloquine presented itself as a drug that might become important in trematode chemotherapy, with the tegument being an important drug target.
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Kato K, Miura M, Mitsui Y. In vitro effects of amodiaquine on paired Schistosoma mansoni adult worms at concentrations of less than 5 µg/mL. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:192-6. [PMID: 23579799 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108022013011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the in vitro effects of amodiaquine (AQ) monotherapy on the egg output of paired adult Schistosoma mansoni worms and their survival during in vitro culture were assessed. In addition, the gross morphological alterations of male and female worms caused by AQ were visually observed under a dissecting microscope. AQ significantly reduced the daily egg output of paired adult S. mansoni worms following incubation for 14 days at 1-5 µg/mL, but not at 0.5 µg/mL, compared with the control group. AQ also reduced the survival of male and female worms at concentrations of 2 and 5 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, exposure to 5 µg/mL AQ caused severe swelling and/or localisation of black content in the body of all male and female worms within one or two days of incubation; subsequently, shrinkage in the male worms and elongation in the female worms were observed. The initial morphological alterations caused by AQ occurred along the intestinal tract of the male and female worms. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report not only the efficacy of AQ at concentrations lower than 5 µg/mL on paired adult S. mansoni worms, but also the effects of AQ on the intestinal tracts of worms in in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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21
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Evaluation of the anti-Schistosoma mansoni activity of thiosemicarbazones and thiazoles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:352-63. [PMID: 24165185 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01900-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating disease caused by a trematode of the genus Schistosoma and affects over 207 million people. Chemotherapy is the only immediate recourse for minimizing the prevalence of this disease and involves predominately the administration of a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). Although PZQ has proven efficacy, there is a recognized need to develop new drugs as schistosomicides since studies have shown that repeated use of this drug in areas of endemicity may cause a temporary reduction in susceptibility in isolates of Schistosoma mansoni. Hydrazones, thiosemicarbazones, phthalimides, and thiazoles are thus regarded as privileged structures used for a broad spectrum of activities and are potential candidates for sources of new drug prototypes. The present study determined the in vitro schistosomicidal activity of 10 molecules containing these structures. During the assays, parameters such motility and mortality, oviposition, morphological changes in the tegument, cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory activity caused by these compounds were evaluated. The results showed that compounds formed of thiazole and phthalimide led to higher mortality of worms, with a significant decline in motility, inhibition of pairing and oviposition, and a mortality rate of 100% starting from 144 h of exposure. These compounds also stimulated the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), thereby demonstrating the presence of immunomodulatory activity. The phthalyl thiazole LpQM-45 caused significant ultrastructural alterations, with destruction of the tegument in both male and female worms. According to the present study, phthalyl thiazole compounds possess antischistosomal activities and should form the basis for future experimental and clinical trials.
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“Omics” in the study of the major parasitic diseases malaria and schistosomiasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:258-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Xiao SH. Mefloquine, a new type of compound against schistosomes and other helminthes in experimental studies. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3723-40. [PMID: 23979493 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Up to date, schistosomiasis is still prevalent worldwide. It is estimated that more than 200 million individuals are infected, and 120 million suffer from clinical morbidity. Facing such huge cases of schistosomiasis, only heavy reliance on a single praziquantel for schistosomiasis control does not adapt and may promote the selection and spread of drug-resistant parasites. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop the new antischistosomal drug. In 2008-2009, the antimalarial drug mefloquine, an arylaminoalcohol compound, has been found to be effective against schistosomes. According to the experimental studies, the deepest impression on the antischistosomal properties of mefloquine can be summarized as following points: (1) single dose of mefloquine possesses potential effect against three major species of schistosomes (Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, and Schistosoma japonicum) infecting humans; (2) the drug displays similar effects against developing stages of juvenile and adult schistosomes, which are superior to that of artemisinins and praziquantel; (3) in vitro mefloquine exerts direct killing effect on juvenile and adult schistosomes, while in vivo, the efficacy of the drug is independent to host immune response, (4) mefloquine causes extensive and severe morphological, histopathological, and ultrastructural damage to adult and juvenile schistosomes, particularly, the worm tegument, musculature, gut, and vitelline glands of female worms are the key sites attacked by the drug; (5) combined treatment with mefloquine and praziquantel, or artemisinins shows synergistic effect against schistosome in experimental therapy,while in initially clinical trial, mefloquine in combination with artesunate also exhibits higher cure rates against schistosomiasis hematobia and schistosomiasis mansoni, and (6) several mefloquine-related arylmethanols exhibit potential effect against schistosomes in vivo, which is a useful clue helpful for development of new antischistosomal compound. In the present review, we have summarized the major results published in recent years, and the significance as well as the prospect for the future study of mefloquine have been discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-hua Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China,
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Thétiot-Laurent SAL, Boissier J, Robert A, Meunier B. Chemotherapie gegen Schistosomiasis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Thétiot-Laurent SAL, Boissier J, Robert A, Meunier B. Schistosomiasis chemotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7936-56. [PMID: 23813602 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After malaria, schistosomiasis (or bilharzia) is the second most prevalent disease in Africa, and is occurring in over 70 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. It is estimated that 600 million people are at risk of infection, 200 million people are infected, and at least 200,000 deaths per year are associated with the disease. All schistosome species are transmitted through contact with fresh water that is infested with free-swimming forms of the parasite, which is known as cercariae and produced by snails. When located in the blood vessels of the host, larval and adult schistosomes digest red cells to acquire amino acids for growth and development. Vaccine candidates have been unsuccessful up to now. Against such devastating parasitic disease, the antischistosomal arsenal is currently limited to a single drug, praziquantel, which has been used for more than 35 years. Because the question of the reduction of the activity of praziquantel was raised recently, it is thus urgent to create new and safe antischistosomal drugs that should be combined with praziquantel to develop efficient bitherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A-L Thétiot-Laurent
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Schistosomiasis is a chronic and morbid disease that affects hundreds of millions of the poorest individuals in (sub)tropical regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Just one drug, praziquantel (PZQ), is available. As discussed, efforts to expand mass drug administration programs may accelerate the emergence of resistance. In addition, PZQ's peculiar pharmacological profile and undefined mechanism of action(s) complicate discriminating incomplete efficacy from true resistance. Accordingly, and in spite of the challenges associated with developing new antischistosomals as discussed herein, alternatives to PZQ should be identified. Various strategies to do this are highlighted here. RECENT FINDINGS The last 2 years have witnessed more engagement of the necessary infrastructure combined with the application of the latest strategies and technologies to facilitate antischistosomal drug discovery. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of new chemistries has benefited from various consortia and institutions that underwrite drug development for antiparasitics in general. Drug repositioning, target-based drug design, improved automation for compound screening, genomics and functional genomics are just some of the tools now being applied to identify possible new drugs and drug targets. SUMMARY The new momentum toward the discovery of alternatives to PZQ is encouraging but needs to be sustained by a stronger advocacy for drug development, in addition to drug deployment.
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Almeida LMS, Farani PGS, Tosta LA, Silvério MS, Sousa OV, Mattos ACA, Coelho PMZ, Vasconcelos EG, Faria-Pinto P. In vitro evaluation of the schistosomicidal potential of Eremanthus erythropappus (DC) McLeisch (Asteraceae) extracts. Nat Prod Res 2011; 26:2137-43. [PMID: 22053712 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.631135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Eremanthus erythropappus (DC) McLeisch, a plant popularly known as Candeia (Asteraceae), has high therapeutic potential. In this study, the in vitro schistosomicidal potentials of the ethanolic, dichloromethane and hexane extract of branches were evaluated. Couples of worms obtained from the infected mice were cultured in RPMI supplemented with foetal bovine serum and antibiotics. Four pairs of adult worms were exposed to increasing concentrations of each extract and examined by light microscope. The extracts at 100 and 200 µg mL(-1) had schistosomicidal activity, as demonstrated by the analysis of several aspects such as tegument darkening, absence of motility, incapacity of adhesion in culture plate and absence of egg in culture medium. At 50 and 75 µg mL(-1), the dichloromethane and hexane extracts were highly effective. The results suggest that these extracts could be useful in the development of new schistosomicidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M S Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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In vitro efficacy of the essential oil of Piper cubeba L. (Piperaceae) against Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1747-54. [PMID: 22006194 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, cercariae, schistosomula, and adult Schistosoma mansoni worms were incubated in vitro with the essential oil of Piper cubeba (PC-EO) at concentrations from 12.5 to 200 μg/mL, and the viability was evaluated using an inverted microscopy. The effects of PC-EO at 100 and 200 μg/mL on the stages of S. mansoni were similar to those of the positive control (PZQ at 12.5 μg/mL), with total absence of mobility after 120 h. However, at concentrations from 12.5 to 50 μg/mL, PC-EO caused a reduction in the viability of cercariae and schistosomula when compared with the negative control groups (RPMI 1640 or dechlorinated water) or (RPMI 1640 + 0.1% DMSO or dechlorinated water + 0.1% DMSO). On the other hand, adult S. mansoni worms remained normally active when incubated with PC-EO at concentrations of 12.5 and 25 μg/mL, and their viabilities were similar to those of the negative control groups. In addition, at concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 μg/mL, separation of all the coupled adult worms was observed after 24 h of incubation, which is related to the fact of the reduction in egg production at this concentration. The main chemical constituents of PC-EO were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as being sabinene (19.99%), eucalyptol (11.87%), 4-terpineol (6.36%), β-pinene (5.81%), camphor (5.61%), and δ-3-carene (5.34%). The cytotoxicity of the PC-EO was determined, and a significant cytotoxicity was only obtained in the concentration of 200 μg/mL after 24 h treatment. The results suggest that PC-EO possesses an effect against cercariae, schistosomula, and adult worms of the S. mansoni.
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Confocal laser scanning microscopy for detection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the gut of mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18799. [PMID: 21533168 PMCID: PMC3078923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gold standard for diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni infections is the detection of eggs from stool or biopsy specimens. The viability of collected eggs can be tested by the miracidium hatching procedure. Direct detection methods are often limited in patients with light or early infections, whereas serological tests and PCR methods fail to differentiate between an inactive and persistent infection and between schistosomal species. Recently, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) has been introduced as a diagnostic tool in several fields of medicine. In this study we evaluated CLSM for the detection of viable eggs of S. mansoni directly within the gut of infected mice. Methodology/Principal Findings The confocal laser scanning microscope used in this study is based on the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II scanning laser system in combination with the Rostock Cornea Module (image modality 1) or a rigid endoscope (image modality 2). Colon sections of five infected mice were examined with image modalities 1 and 2 for schistosomal eggs. Afterwards a biopsy specimen was taken from each colon section and examined by bright-field microscopy. Visualised eggs were counted and classified in terms of viability status. Conclusions/Significance We were able to show that CLSM visualises eggs directly within the gut and permits discrimination of schistosomal species and determination of egg viability. Thus, CLSM may be a suitable non-invasive tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in humans.
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Abstract
Alternative antischistosomal drugs are required since praziquantel is virtually the only drug available for treatment and morbidity control of schistosomiasis. Manual microscopic reading is the current "gold standard" to assess the in vitro antischistosomal properties of test drugs; however, it is labor-intensive, subjective, and difficult to standardize. Hence, there is a need to develop novel tools for antischistosomal drug discovery. The in vitro effects of praziquantel, oxamniquine, artesunate, and mefloquine on metabolic activity and parasite motility of Schistosoma mansoni (newly transformed schistosomula [NTS] and 49-day-old adult worms) were studied using isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC). Results were compared to morphological readouts of viability. Results obtained for the four drugs tested with phenotypic evaluation by microscopy and IMC showed a good correlation, but IMC also identified drug effects that were not visible by microscopic evaluation, and IMC precisely determined the onset of action of the test drugs. Similar sensitivities on NTS and adult schistosomes were observed for praziquantel and mefloquine, while slight differences in the drug susceptibilities of the two developmental stages were noted with oxamniquine and artesunate. IMC is a useful tool for antischistosomal drug discovery that should be further validated. In addition, our data support the use of NTS in in vitro antischistosomal drug assays.
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