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Rahimi B, Malekifard F, Esmaeilnejad B. In vitro anti-Trichomonas gallinae effects of Ziziphus vulgaris L. and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze extracts. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1432. [PMID: 38527006 PMCID: PMC10962798 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas gallinae is a parasite that causes canker and severe loss and death, especially in young pigeons. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the recommended drug for treating avian trichomoniasis. Due to drug resistance, non-chemical alternatives, such as medicinal plant extracts, are also considered possible therapies for this disease. OBJECTIVES This study compares the antitrichomonal effects of MTZ with extracts of Camellia sinensis and Ziziphus vulgaris on T. gallinae in vitro. METHODS Samples of T. gallinae were taken from infected pigeons. Multi-well plates with different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) of plant extracts were used for the in vitro study. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. sinensis extract was 25 µg/mL over 24 h, compared to 50 µg/mL for MTZ. The MIC value of the Z. vulgaris extracts was 50 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the extracts of Z. vulgaris and C. sinensis, as potential natural agents, could have anti-avian trichomoniasis properties. This study also shows that MTZ, C. sinensis and Z. vulgaris are equally effective in preventing the growth of T. gallinae trophozoites in the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Rahimi
- DVM graduateFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
| | - Farnaz Malekifard
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
| | - Bijan Esmaeilnejad
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
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Memariani H, Memariani M, Ghasemian A. Quercetin as a Promising Antiprotozoan Phytochemical: Current Knowledge and Future Research Avenues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:7632408. [PMID: 38456097 PMCID: PMC10919984 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7632408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, only few antiparasitic drugs have been developed to date. Protozoan infections such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis continue to exact an enormous toll on public health worldwide, underscoring the need to discover novel antiprotozoan drugs. Recently, there has been an explosion of research into the antiprotozoan properties of quercetin, one of the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet. In this review, we tried to consolidate the current knowledge on the antiprotozoal effects of quercetin and to provide the most fruitful avenues for future research. Quercetin exerts potent antiprotozoan activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens such as Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Trichomonas spp., and Toxoplasma gondii. In addition to its immunomodulatory roles, quercetin disrupts mitochondrial function, induces apoptotic/necrotic cell death, impairs iron uptake, inhibits multiple enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and the glycolytic pathways, suppresses the activity of DNA topoisomerases, and downregulates the expression of various heat shock proteins in these pathogens. In vivo studies also show that quercetin is effective in reducing parasitic loads, histopathological damage, and mortality in animals. Future research should focus on designing effective drug delivery systems to increase the oral bioavailability of quercetin. Incorporating quercetin into various nanocarrier systems would be a promising approach to manage localized cutaneous infections. Nevertheless, clinical trials are needed to validate the efficacy of quercetin in treating various protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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3
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Efficacy of the Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica Against the Marine Parasitic Leech and Its Phytochemical Profiling. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071908. [PMID: 33805254 PMCID: PMC8037938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeylanicobdella arugamensis (Hirudinea), a marine parasitic leech, not only resulted in the mortality of the host fish (Groupers) but also caused economic losses. The current study aimed to elucidate the antiparasitic efficacy of the aqueous extract of the Azadirachta indica leaves against Z. arugamensis and to profile the composition via LC-Q Exactive HF Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Different concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL) of A. indica extract were prepared and tested on the parasitic leeches. The total mortality of leeches was noticed with an exposure to the A. indica aqueous extract. The average times required for the aqueous extract at concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL to kill the leeches were 42.65 ± 9.20, 11.69 ± 1.11 and 6.45 ± 0.45 min, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. The Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of five flavonoids (myricetin 3-O-galactoside, trifolin, isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol), four aromatics (4-methoxy benzaldehyde, scopoletin, indole-3-acrylic acid and 2,4-quinolinediol), three phenolics (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and phloretin) and two terpenoids (pulegone and caryophyllene oxide). Thus, our study indicates that A. indica aqueous extract is a good source of metabolites with the potential to act as a biocontrol agent against the marine parasitic leech in aquaculture.
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Khan DA, Hamdani SDA, Iftikhar S, Malik SZ, Zaidi NUSS, Gul A, Babar MM, Ozturk M, Turkyilmaz Unal B, Gonenc T. Pharmacoinformatics approaches in the discovery of drug-like antimicrobials of plant origin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7612-7628. [PMID: 33663347 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1894982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have served as an important source for addressing the ailments of humans and animals alike. The emergence of advanced technologies in the field of drug discovery and development has helped in isolating various bioactive phytochemicals and developing them as drugs. Owing to their significant pharmacological benefits and minimum adverse effects, they not only serve as good candidates for therapeutics themselves but also help in the identification and development of related drug like molecules against various metabolic and infectious diseases. The ever-increasing diversity, severity and incidence of infectious diseases has resulted in an exaggerated mortality and morbidity levels. Geno-proteomic mutations in microbes, irrational prescribing of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and human population explosion, all call for continuous efforts to discover and develop alternated therapeutic options against the microbes. This review article describes the pharmacoinformatics tools and methods which are currently used in the discovery of bioactive phytochemicals, thus making the process more efficient and effective. The pharmacological aspects of the drug discovery and development process have also been reviewed with reference to the in silico activities. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Ahmad Khan
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Damin Abbas Hamdani
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sahar Iftikhar
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sohaib Zafar Malik
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Najam-Us-Sahar Sadaf Zaidi
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ozturk
- Botany Department and Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal
- Biotechnology Department, Arts & Sciences Faculty, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Tuba Gonenc
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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5
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Proposed Mechanism for the Antitrypanosomal Activity of Quercetin and Myricetin Isolated from Hypericum afrum Lam.: Phytochemistry, In Vitro Testing and Modeling Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041009. [PMID: 33672916 PMCID: PMC7918497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activity of L. donovani (promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and intracellular amastigotes in THP1 cells) and T. brucei, from the fractions obtained from the hydroalcoholic extract of the aerial part of Hypericum afrum and the isolated compounds, has been evaluated. The chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts showed significant antitrypanosomal activity towards T. brucei, with IC50 values of 12.35, 13.53 and 12.93 µg/mL and with IC90 values of 14.94, 19.31 and 18.67 µg/mL, respectively. The phytochemical investigation of the fractions led to the isolation and identification of quercetin (1), myricitrin (2), biapigenin (3), myricetin (4), hyperoside (5), myricetin-3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside (6) and myricetin-3’-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (7). Myricetin-3’-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (7) has been isolated for the first time from this genus. The chemical structures were elucidated by using comprehensive one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR) spectroscopic data, as well as high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI–MS). These compounds have also been evaluated for their antiprotozoal activity. Quercetin (1) and myricetin (4) showed noteworthy activity against T. brucei, with IC50 and IC90 values of 7.52 and 5.71 µM, and 9.76 and 7.97 µM, respectively. The T. brucei hexokinase (TbHK1) enzyme was further explored as a potential target of quercetin and myricetin, using molecular modeling studies. This proposed mechanism assists in the exploration of new candidates for novel antitrypanosomal drugs.
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Salehi B, Machin L, Monzote L, Sharifi-Rad J, Ezzat SM, Salem MA, Merghany RM, El Mahdy NM, Kılıç CS, Sytar O, Sharifi-Rad M, Sharopov F, Martins N, Martorell M, Cho WC. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin: New Insights and Perspectives for Human Health. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11849-11872. [PMID: 32478277 PMCID: PMC7254783 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (Que) and its derivatives are naturally occurring phytochemicals with promising bioactive effects. The antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer's, antiarthritic, cardiovascular, and wound-healing effects of Que have been extensively investigated, as well as its anticancer activity against different cancer cell lines has been recently reported. Que and its derivatives are found predominantly in the Western diet, and people might benefit from their protective effect just by taking them via diets or as a food supplement. Bioavailability-related drug-delivery systems of Que have also been markedly exploited, and Que nanoparticles appear as a promising platform to enhance their bioavailability. The present review aims to provide a brief overview of the therapeutic effects, new insights, and upcoming perspectives of Que.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student
Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
| | - Laura Machin
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Parasitology
Department, Institute of Medicine Tropical
Pedro Kourí, Havana, Cuba
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry
Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo
University, Kasr El-Aini
Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October
University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th October 12566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Salem
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia
University, Gamal Abd
El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Rana M. Merghany
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nihal M. El Mahdy
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October 12566, Egypt
| | - Ceyda Sibel Kılıç
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Oksana Sytar
- Department of Plant Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str., 64, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak
University of Agriculture, Nitra, A. Hlinku 2, Nitra 94976, Slovak Republic
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department
of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University
of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Institute
for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy,
and Centre
for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad
de Desarrollo Tecnológico,
UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - William C. Cho
- Department
of Clinical Oncology, Queen
Elizabeth Hospital, 30
Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong
Kong
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7
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Boniface PK, Elizabeth FI. Flavonoid-derived Privileged Scaffolds in anti-Trypanosoma brucei Drug Discovery. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:1295-1314. [PMID: 31215385 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190618114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness is one of the 20 neglected tropical diseases listed by the World Health Organization, which lead to death if left untreated. This disease is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is the chronic form of the disease present in western and central Africa, and by T. brucei rhodesiense, which is the acute form of the disease located in eastern and southern Africa. Many reports have highlighted the effectiveness of flavonoid-based compounds against T. brucei. OBJECTIVE The present review summarizes the current standings and perspectives for the use of flavonoids as lead compounds for the potential treatment of HAT. METHODS A literature search was conducted for naturally occurring and synthetic anti-T brucei flavonoids by referencing textbooks and scientific databases (SciFinder, PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, ACS, SciELO, Google Scholar, Springer, among others) from their inception until February 2019. RESULTS Flavonoids isolated from different parts of plants and species were reported to exhibit moderate to high in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against T. brucei. In addition, synthetic flavonoids revealed anti-T. brucei activity. Molecular interactions of bioactive flavonoids with T. brucei protein targets showed promising results. CONCLUSION According to in vitro anti-T brucei studies, there is evidence that flavonoids might be lead compounds for the potential treatment of HAT. However, toxicological studies, as well as the mechanism of action of the in vitro active flavonoids are needed to support their use as potential leads for the treatment of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pone Kamdem Boniface
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ferreira Igne Elizabeth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Martínez-Castillo M, Pacheco-Yepez J, Flores-Huerta N, Guzmán-Téllez P, Jarillo-Luna RA, Cárdenas-Jaramillo LM, Campos-Rodríguez R, Shibayama M. Flavonoids as a Natural Treatment Against Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:209. [PMID: 29988403 PMCID: PMC6024094 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, gastrointestinal infections in developing countries have been a serious health problem and are the second leading cause of morbidity among all age groups. Among pathogenic protozoans that cause diarrheal disease, the parasite Entamoeba histolytica produces amebic colitis as well as the most frequent extra-intestinal lesion, an amebic liver abscess (ALA). Usually, intestinal amebiasis and ALA are treated with synthetic chemical compounds (iodoquinol, paromomycin, diloxanide furoate, and nitroimidazoles). Metronidazole is the most common treatment for amebiasis. Although the efficacy of nitroimidazoles in killing amebas is known, the potential resistance of E. histolytica to this treatment is a concern. In addition, controversial studies have reported that metronidazole could induce mutagenic effects and cerebral toxicity. Therefore, natural and safe alternative drugs against this parasite are needed. Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds. Flavonoids depend on malonyl-CoA and phenylalanine to be synthesized. Several flavonoids have anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties. Since the 1990s, several works have focused on the identification and purification of different flavonoids with amebicidal effects, such as, -(-)epicatechin, kaempferol, and quercetin. In this review, we investigated the effects of flavonoids that have potential amebicidal activity and that can be used as complementary and/or specific therapeutic strategies against E. histolytica trophozoites. Interestingly, it was found that these natural compounds can induce morphological changes in the amebas, such as chromatin condensation and cytoskeletal protein re-organization, as well as the upregulation and downregulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (enzymes of the glycolytic pathway). Although the specific molecular targets, bioavailability, route of administration, and doses of some of these natural compounds need to be determined, flavonoids represent a very promising and innocuous strategy that should be considered for use against E. histolytica in the era of microbial drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Martínez-Castillo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yepez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nadia Flores-Huerta
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Paula Guzmán-Téllez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rosa A Jarillo-Luna
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luz M Cárdenas-Jaramillo
- Coordinación de Morfología, Departamento de Formación Básica Disciplinaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Gordhan HM, Milanes JE, Qiu Y, Golden JE, Christensen KA, Morris JC, Whitehead DC. A targeted delivery strategy for the development of potent trypanocides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8735-8738. [PMID: 28726862 PMCID: PMC5576345 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03378h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new drug delivery strategy was investigated for the development of potent anti-parasitic compounds against Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. Thus, potent in vitro hexokinase inhibitors were rendered cytotoxic by appending a tripeptide peroxosomal targeting sequence that facilitated delivery of the molecular cargo to the appropriate organelle in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jillian E Milanes
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Yijian Qiu
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Golden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - James C Morris
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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10
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Sun M, Liao S, Zhang L, Wu C, Qi N, Lv M, Li J, Lin X, Zhang J, Xie M, Zhu G, Cai J. Molecular and biochemical characterization of Eimeria tenella hexokinase. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3425-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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D'Antonio EL, Deinema MS, Kearns SP, Frey TA, Tanghe S, Perry K, Roy TA, Gracz HS, Rodriguez A, D'Antonio J. Structure-based approach to the identification of a novel group of selective glucosamine analogue inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi glucokinase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 204:64-76. [PMID: 26778112 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase and hexokinase from pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi are potential drug targets for antiparasitic chemotherapy of Chagas' disease. These glucose kinases phosphorylate d-glucose with co-substrate ATP and yield glucose 6-phosphate and are involved in essential metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. An inhibitor class was conceived that is selective for T. cruzi glucokinase (TcGlcK) using structure-based drug design involving glucosamine having a linker from the C2 amino that terminates with a hydrophobic group either being phenyl, p-hydroxyphenyl, or dioxobenzo[b]thiophenyl groups. The synthesis and characterization for two of the four compounds are presented while the other two compounds were commercially available. Four high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of TcGlcK inhibitor complexes are reported along with enzyme inhibition constants (Ki) for TcGlcK and Homo sapiens hexokinase IV (HsHxKIV). These glucosamine analogue inhibitors include three strongly selective TcGlcK inhibitors and a fourth inhibitor, benzoyl glucosamine (BENZ-GlcN), which is a similar variant exhibiting a shorter linker. Carboxybenzyl glucosamine (CBZ-GlcN) was found to be the strongest glucokinase inhibitor known to date, having a Ki of 0.71±0.05μM. Also reported are two biologically active inhibitors against in vitro T. cruzi culture that were BENZ-GlcN and CBZ-GlcN, with intracellular amastigote growth inhibition IC50 values of 16.08±0.16μM and 48.73±0.69μM, respectively. These compounds revealed little to no toxicity against mammalian NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and provide a key starting point for further drug development with this class of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L D'Antonio
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA.
| | - Mason S Deinema
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Sean P Kearns
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Tyler A Frey
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Scott Tanghe
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Building 436E, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Timothy A Roy
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Hanna S Gracz
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 128 Polk Hall, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer D'Antonio
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
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12
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Zimmermann S, Hall L, Riley S, Sørensen J, Amaro RE, Schnaufer A. A novel high-throughput activity assay for the Trypanosoma brucei editosome enzyme REL1 and other RNA ligases. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:e24. [PMID: 26400159 PMCID: PMC4756849 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The protist parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), which threatens millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Without treatment the infection is almost always lethal. Current drugs for HAT are difficult to administer and have severe side effects. Together with increasing drug resistance this results in urgent need for new treatments. T. brucei and other trypanosomatid pathogens require a distinct form of post-transcriptional mRNA modification for mitochondrial gene expression. A multi-protein complex called the editosome cleaves mitochondrial mRNA, inserts or deletes uridine nucleotides at specific positions and re-ligates the mRNA. RNA editing ligase 1 (REL1) is essential for the re-ligation step and has no close homolog in the mammalian host, making it a promising target for drug discovery. However, traditional assays for RELs use radioactive substrates coupled with gel analysis and are not suitable for high-throughput screening of compound libraries. Here we describe a fluorescence-based REL activity assay. This assay is compatible with a 384-well microplate format and sensitive, satisfies statistical criteria for high-throughput methods and is readily adaptable for other polynucleotide ligases. We validated the assay by determining kinetic properties of REL1 and by identifying REL1 inhibitors in a library of small, pharmacologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Zimmermann
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Laurence Hall
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Sean Riley
- The Scripps Research Institute, 4122 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jesper Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the National Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the National Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Achim Schnaufer
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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13
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From Bench to Bedside: Natural Products and Analogs for the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63460-3.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Fatty acid metabolism in the Plasmodium apicoplast: Drugs, doubts and knockouts. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 199:34-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Wang Y, Zhang ZZ, Wu Y, Ke JJ, He XH, Wang YL. Quercetin postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:861-7. [PMID: 24068165 PMCID: PMC3854307 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin (Que), a plant-derived flavonoid, has multiple benefical actions on the
cardiovascular system. The current study investigated whether Que
postconditioning has any protective effects on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
(I/R) injury in vivo and its potential cardioprotective
mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to 5 groups (20
animals/group): sham, I/R, Que postconditioning, Que+LY294002 [a
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway inhibitor], and
LY294002+I/R. I/R was produced by 30-min coronary occlusion followed by 2-h
reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion, myocardial infarct size and biochemical
changes were compared. Apoptosis was evaluated by both TUNEL staining and
measurement of activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity. The phosphorylation of Akt
and protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blotting. Que
postconditioning significantly reduced infarct size and serum levels of creatine
kinase and lactate dehydrogenase compared with the I/R group (all P<0.05).
Apoptotic cardiomyocytes and caspase-3 immunoreactivity were also suppressed in
the Que postconditioning group compared with the I/R group (both P<0.05). Akt
phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression increased after Que postconditioning, but
Bax expression decreased. These effects were inhibited by LY294002. The data
indicate that Que postconditioning can induce cardioprotection by activating the
PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and modulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax
proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Joice AC, Harris MT, Kahney EW, Dodson HC, Maselli AG, Whitehead DC, Morris JC. Exploring the mode of action of ebselen in Trypanosoma brucei hexokinase inhibition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2013; 3:154-60. [PMID: 24533305 PMCID: PMC3862409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei hexokinase 1 is irreversibly inhibited by ebselen. Mutation of Cys residues did not change hexamer abundance. Active variants bearing Cys mutations were inhibited by ebselen. ESI–MS/MS indicated that the essential Cys327 was oxidized by ebselen.
Glycolysis is essential to Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, suggesting enzymes in the pathway could be targets for drug development. Ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one, EbSe) was identified in a screen as a potent inhibitor of T. brucei hexokinase 1 (TbHK1), the first enzyme in the pathway. EbSe has a history of promiscuity as an enzyme inhibitor, inactivating proteins through seleno-sulfide conjugation with Cys residues. Indeed, dilution of TbHK1 and inhibitor following incubation did not temper inhibition suggesting conjugate formation. Using mass spectrometry to analyze EbSe-based modifications revealed that two Cys residues (C327 and C369) were oxidized after treatment. Site-directed mutagenesis of C327 led to enzyme inactivation indicating that C327 was essential for catalysis. C369 was not essential, suggesting that EbSe inhibition of TbHK1 was the consequence of modification of C327 via thiol oxidation. Additionally, neither EbSe treatment nor mutation of the nine TbHK1 Cys residues appreciably altered enzyme quaternary structure.
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Key Words
- BSF, bloodstream form
- EbS, 2-phenyl-12-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one
- EbSe, ebselen (2-phenyl-12-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one)
- Ebselen
- G6-P, glucose-6-phosphate
- G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GK, glycerol kinase
- Gly3P, glycerol-3-phosphate
- HK, hexokinase
- Hexokinase
- Inhibitors
- PF, procyclic form
- TbHK, T. brucei hexokinase
- Trypanosoma brucei
- rTbHK1, recombinant Trypanosoma brucei hexokinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- April C Joice
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Michael T Harris
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Elizabeth W Kahney
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Heidi C Dodson
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Andrew G Maselli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628, United States
| | - Daniel C Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - James C Morris
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
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17
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Protective roles of quercetin in acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:11005-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Translocation of solutes and proteins across the glycosomal membrane of trypanosomes; possibilities and limitations for targeting with trypanocidal drugs. Parasitology 2012; 140:1-20. [PMID: 22914253 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosomes are specialized peroxisomes found in all kinetoplastid organisms. The organelles are unique in harbouring most enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. Matrix proteins, synthesized in the cytosol, cofactors and metabolites have to be transported across the membrane. Recent research on Trypanosoma brucei has provided insight into how these translocations across the membrane occur, although many details remain to be elucidated. Proteins are imported by a cascade of reactions performed by specialized proteins, called peroxins, in which a cytosolic receptor with bound matrix protein inserts itself in the membrane to deliver its cargo into the organelle and is subsequently retrieved from the glycosome to perform further rounds of import. Bulky solutes, such as cofactors and acyl-CoAs, seem to be translocated by specific transporter molecules, whereas smaller solutes such as glycolytic intermediates probably cross the membrane through pore-forming channels. The presence of such channels is in apparent contradiction with previous results that suggested a low permeability of the glycosomal membrane. We propose 3 possible, not mutually exclusive, solutions for this paradox. Glycosomal glycolytic enzymes have been validated as drug targets against trypanosomatid-borne diseases. We discuss the possible implications of the new data for the design of drugs to be delivered into glycosomes.
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19
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Bachmetov L, Gal-Tanamy M, Shapira A, Vorobeychik M, Giterman-Galam T, Sathiyamoorthy P, Golan-Goldhirsh A, Benhar I, Tur-Kaspa R, Zemel R. Suppression of hepatitis C virus by the flavonoid quercetin is mediated by inhibition of NS3 protease activity. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19:e81-8. [PMID: 22239530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals exert antiviral activity and may play a potential therapeutic role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this work, we aimed to isolate NS3 inhibitors from traditional Indian medicinal plants that were found, in our earlier study, to inhibit HCV NS3 protease activity and to evaluate their potential to inhibit HCV replication. A potent inhibitory effect of NS3 catalytic activity was obtained with Embelia ribes plant extracts. Quercetin, a ubiquitous plant flavonoid, was identified as the active substance in the fractioned extract. It was found to inhibit NS3 activity in a specific dose-dependent manner in an in vitro catalysis assay. Quercetin inhibited HCV RNA replication as analysed in the subgenomic HCV RNA replicon system. It also inhibited HCV infectious virus production in the HCV infectious cell culture system (HCVcc), as analysed by the focus-forming unit reduction assay and HCV RNA real-time PCR. The inhibitory effect of quercetin was also obtained when using a model system in which NS3 engineered substrates were introduced in NS3-expressing cells, providing evidence that inhibition in vivo could be directed to the NS3 and do not involve other HCV proteins. Our work demonstrates that quercetin has a direct inhibitory effect on the HCV NS3 protease. These results point to the potential of quercetin as a natural nontoxic anti-HCV agent reducing viral production by inhibiting both NS3 and heat shock proteins essential for HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bachmetov
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
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20
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Guan Y, Wang J, Sun J. A method for determination of hexokinase activity by RP-HPLC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11859-011-0793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Dodson HC, Morris MT, Morris JC. Glycerol 3-phosphate alters Trypanosoma brucei hexokinase activity in response to environmental change. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33150-7. [PMID: 21813651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.235705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, compartmentalizes some metabolic enzymes within peroxisome-like organelles called glycosomes. The amounts, activities, and types of glycosomal enzymes are modulated coincident with developmental and environmental changes. Pexophagy (fusion of glycosomes with acidic lysosomes) has been proposed to facilitate this glycosome remodeling. Here, we report that, although glycosome-resident enzyme T. brucei hexokinase 1 (TbHK1) protein levels are maintained during pexophagy, acidification inactivates the activity. Glycerol 3-phosphate, which is produced in vivo by a glycosome-resident glycerol kinase, mitigated acid inactivation of lysate-derived TbHK activity. Using recombinant TbHK1, we found that glycerol 3-P influenced enzyme activity at pH 6.5 by preventing substrate and product inhibition by ATP and ADP, respectively. Additionally, TbHK1 inhibition by the flavonol quercetin (QCN) was partially reversed by glycerol 3-P at pH 7.4, whereas at pH 6.5, enzyme activity in the presence of QCN was completely maintained by glycerol 3-P. However, glycerol 3-P did not alter the interaction of QCN with TbHK1, as the lone Trp residue (Trp-177) was quenched under all conditions tested. These findings suggest potential novel mechanisms for the regulation of TbHK1, particularly given the acidification of glycosomes that can be induced under a variety of parasite growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Dodson
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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22
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Coley AF, Dodson HC, Morris MT, Morris JC. Glycolysis in the african trypanosome: targeting enzymes and their subcellular compartments for therapeutic development. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:123702. [PMID: 22091393 PMCID: PMC3195984 DOI: 10.4061/2011/123702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Subspecies of the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, which cause human African trypanosomiasis, are transmitted by the tsetse fly, with transmission-essential lifecycle stages occurring in both the insect vector and human host. During infection of the human host, the parasite is limited to using glycolysis of host sugar for ATP production. This dependence on glucose breakdown presents a series of targets for potential therapeutic development, many of which have been explored and validated as therapeutic targets experimentally. These include enzymes directly involved in glucose metabolism (e.g., the trypanosome hexokinases), as well as cellular components required for development and maintenance of the essential subcellular compartments that house the major part of the pathway, the glycosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April F Coley
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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23
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Mezzetti A, Protti S, Lapouge C, Cornard JP. Protic equilibria as the key factor of quercetin emission in solution. Relevance to biochemical and analytical studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6858-64. [PMID: 21390357 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed spectrofluorimetric study on quercetin in aqueous solution proves that its anionic forms are responsible for a strong fluorescence enhancement observed at pH > 6. Anion fluorescence is also observed in organic solvents with strong hydrogen bond acceptor properties. The results provide a new interpretation of biophysical and analytical literature data where the fluorescence of the anionic forms of quercetin has never been explicitly taken into account. In particular, comparison with published binding studies strongly suggests that quercetin deprotonation and consequent fluorescence enhancement takes place when the flavonoid binds to several biological macromolecules. This observation can be very helpful in the understanding at a molecular level of the interaction between quercetin and the biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mezzetti
- Laboratoire de Photocatalyse et Biohydrogène, SB2SM, CNRS URA 2096, CEA-Saclay, DSV/iBiTecS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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