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Schreeg ME, Marr HS, Tarigo JL, Sherrill MK, Outi HK, Scholl EH, Bird DM, Vigil A, Hung C, Nakajima R, Liang L, Trieu A, Doolan DL, Thomas JE, Levy MG, Reichard MV, Felgner PL, Cohn LA, Birkenheuer AJ. Identification of Cytauxzoon felis antigens via protein microarray and assessment of expression library immunization against cytauxzoonosis. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:44. [PMID: 30618510 PMCID: PMC6310948 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytauxzoonosis is a disease of felids in North America caused by the tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasite Cytauxzoon felis. Cytauxzoonosis is particularly virulent for domestic cats, but no vaccine currently exists. The parasite cannot be cultivated in vitro, presenting a significant limitation for vaccine development. Methods Recent sequencing of the C. felis genome has identified over 4300 putative protein-encoding genes. From this pool we constructed a protein microarray containing 673 putative C. felis proteins. This microarray was probed with sera from C. felis-infected and naïve cats to identify differentially reactive antigens which were incorporated into two expression library vaccines, one polyvalent and one monovalent. We assessed the efficacy of these vaccines to prevent of infection and/or disease in a tick-challenge model. Results Probing of the protein microarray resulted in identification of 30 differentially reactive C. felis antigens that were incorporated into the two expression library vaccines. However, expression library immunization failed to prevent infection or disease in cats challenged with C. felis. Conclusions Protein microarray facilitated high-throughput identification of novel antigens, substantially increasing the pool of characterized C. felis antigens. These antigens should be considered for development of C. felis vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12014-018-9218-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schreeg
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Research Building Room 464, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
| | - Henry S Marr
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Research Building Room 464, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
| | - Jaime L Tarigo
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Research Building Room 464, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA.,2College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Meredith K Sherrill
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Hilton K Outi
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Elizabeth H Scholl
- 4College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, 2501 Founders Dr, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
| | - David M Bird
- 4College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, 2501 Founders Dr, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
| | - Adam Vigil
- 5School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Chris Hung
- 5School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- 5School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Li Liang
- 5School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Angela Trieu
- 6QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane City, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- 6QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane City, QLD 4006 Australia.,7Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, QLD 4814 Australia
| | - Jennifer E Thomas
- 8Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 208 S McFarland St, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Michael G Levy
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Research Building Room 464, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
| | - Mason V Reichard
- 8Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 208 S McFarland St, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Philip L Felgner
- 5School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Leah A Cohn
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Adam J Birkenheuer
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Research Building Room 464, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
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Sales KC, Rosa F, Sampaio PN, Fonseca LP, Lopes MB, Calado CRC. In situ near-infrared (NIR) versus high-throughput mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to monitor biopharmaceutical production. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:760-772. [PMID: 25955848 DOI: 10.1366/14-07588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes presents critical constraints, with the major constraint being that living cells synthesize these molecules, presenting inherent behavior variability due to their high sensitivity to small fluctuations in the cultivation environment. To speed up the development process and to control this critical manufacturing step, it is relevant to develop high-throughput and in situ monitoring techniques, respectively. Here, high-throughput mid-infrared (MIR) spectral analysis of dehydrated cell pellets and in situ near-infrared (NIR) spectral analysis of the whole culture broth were compared to monitor plasmid production in recombinant Escherichia coli cultures. Good partial least squares (PLS) regression models were built, either based on MIR or NIR spectral data, yielding high coefficients of determination (R(2)) and low predictive errors (root mean square error, or RMSE) to estimate host cell growth, plasmid production, carbon source consumption (glucose and glycerol), and by-product acetate production and consumption. The predictive errors for biomass, plasmid, glucose, glycerol, and acetate based on MIR data were 0.7 g/L, 9 mg/L, 0.3 g/L, 0.4 g/L, and 0.4 g/L, respectively, whereas for NIR data the predictive errors obtained were 0.4 g/L, 8 mg/L, 0.3 g/L, 0.2 g/L, and 0.4 g/L, respectively. The models obtained are robust as they are valid for cultivations conducted with different media compositions and with different cultivation strategies (batch and fed-batch). Besides being conducted in situ with a sterilized fiber optic probe, NIR spectroscopy allows building PLS models for estimating plasmid, glucose, and acetate that are as accurate as those obtained from the high-throughput MIR setup, and better models for estimating biomass and glycerol, yielding a decrease in 57 and 50% of the RMSE, respectively, compared to the MIR setup. However, MIR spectroscopy could be a valid alternative in the case of optimization protocols, due to possible space constraints or high costs associated with the use of multi-fiber optic probes for multi-bioreactors. In this case, MIR could be conducted in a high-throughput manner, analyzing hundreds of culture samples in a rapid and automatic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Sales
- Engineering Faculty, Catholic University of Portugal, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
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Multiple factors affect immunogenicity of DNA plasmid HIV vaccines in human clinical trials. Vaccine 2015; 33:2347-53. [PMID: 25820067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccines have been licensed for use in domesticated animals because of their excellent immunogenicity, but none have yet been licensed for use in humans. Here we report a retrospective analysis of 1218 healthy human volunteers enrolled in 10 phase I clinical trials in which DNA plasmids encoding HIV antigens were administered. Elicited T-cell immune responses were quantified by validated intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) stimulated with HIV peptide pools. HIV-specific binding and neutralizing antibody activities were also analyzed using validated assays. Results showed that, in the absence of adjuvants and boosting with alternative vaccines, DNA vaccines elicited CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses in an average of 13.3% (95% CI: 9.8-17.8%) and 37.7% (95% CI: 31.9-43.8%) of vaccine recipients, respectively. Three vaccinations (vs. 2) improved the proportion of subjects with antigen-specific CD8+ responses (p=0.02), as did increased DNA dosage (p=0.007). Furthermore, female gender and participants having a lower body mass index were independently associated with higher CD4+ T-cell response rate (p=0.001 and p=0.008, respectively). These vaccines elicited minimal neutralizing and binding antibody responses. These findings of the immunogenicity of HIV DNA vaccines in humans can provide guidance for future clinical trials.
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