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Dockterman J, Coers J. How did we get here? Insights into mechanisms of immunity-related GTPase targeting to intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 69:102189. [PMID: 35963099 PMCID: PMC9745802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine gamma-interferon activates cell-autonomous immunity against intracellular bacterial and protozoan pathogens by inducing a slew of antimicrobial proteins, some of which hinge upon immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) for their function. Three regulatory IRG clade M (Irgm) proteins chaperone about approximately 20 effector IRGs (GKS IRGs) to localize to pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs) within mouse cells, initiating a cascade that results in PV elimination and killing of PV-resident pathogens. However, the mechanisms that allow IRGs to identify and traffic specifically to 'non-self' PVs have remained elusive. Integrating recent findings demonstrating direct interactions between GKS IRGs and lipids with previous work, we propose that three attributes mark PVs as GKS IRG targets: the absence of membrane-bound Irgm proteins, Atg8 lipidation, and the presence of specific lipid species. Combinatorial recognition of these three distinct signals may have evolved as a mechanism to ensure safe delivery of potent host antimicrobial effectors exclusively to PVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Pereira-Dutra FS, Bozza PT. Lipid droplets diversity and functions in inflammation and immune response. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:809-825. [PMID: 34668810 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1995356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic and evolutionary conserved lipid-enriched organelles composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids associated with a diverse array of proteins that are cell- and stimulus-regulated. Far beyond being simply a deposit of neutral lipids, accumulating evidence demonstrate that LDs act as spatial and temporal local for lipid and protein compartmentalization and signaling organization. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the progress in our understanding of LD protein diversity and LD functions in the context of cell signaling and immune responses, highlighting the relationship between LD composition with the multiple roles of this organelle in immunometabolism, inflammation and host-response to infection. EXPERT OPINION LDs are essential platforms for various cellular processes, including metabolic regulation, cell signaling, and immune responses. The functions of LD in infection and inflammatory disease are associated with the dynamic and complexity of their proteome. Our contemporary view place LDs as critical regulators of different inflammatory and infectious diseases and key markers of leukocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe S Pereira-Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Guanylate Binding Proteins Restrict Leishmania donovani Growth in Nonphagocytic Cells Independent of Parasitophorous Vacuolar Targeting. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01464-20. [PMID: 32723921 PMCID: PMC7387799 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01464-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-inducible guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) play important roles in host defense against many intracellular pathogens that reside within pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs). For instance, members of the GBP family translocate to PVs occupied by the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma and facilitate PV disruption and lytic parasite killing. While the GBP defense program targeting Toxoplasma has been studied in some detail, the role of GBPs in host defense to other protozoan pathogens is poorly characterized. Here, we report a critical role for both mouse and human GBPs in the cell-autonomous immune response against the vector-borne parasite Leishmania donovani Although L. donovani can infect both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells, it predominantly replicates inside professional phagocytes. The underlying basis for this cell type tropism is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that GBPs restrict growth of L. donovani in both mouse and human nonphagocytic cells. GBP-mediated restriction of L. donovani replication occurs via a noncanonical pathway that operates independent of detectable translocation of GBPs to L. donovan-containing vacuoles (LCVs). Instead of promoting the lytic destruction of PVs, as reported for GBP-mediated killing of Toxoplasma in phagocytic cells, GBPs facilitate the delivery of L. donovani into autolysosomal-marker-positive compartments in mouse embryonic fibroblasts as well as the human epithelial cell line A549. Together our results show that GBPs control a novel cell-autonomous host defense program, which renders nonphagocytic cells nonpermissible for efficient Leishmania replication.IMPORTANCE The obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania causes the disease leishmaniasis, which is transmitted to mammalian hosts, including humans, via the sandfly vector. Following the bite-induced breach of the skin barrier, Leishmania is known to live and replicate predominantly inside professional phagocytes. Although Leishmania is also able to infect nonphagocytic cells, nonphagocytic cells support limited parasitic replication for unknown reasons. In this study, we show that nonphagocytic cells possess an intrinsic property to restrict Leishmania growth. Our study defines a novel role for a family of host defense proteins, the guanylate binding proteins (GBPs), in antileishmanial immunity. Mechanistically, our data indicate that GBPs facilitate the delivery of Leishmania into antimicrobial autolysosomes, thereby enhancing parasite clearance in nonphagocytic cells. We propose that this GBP-dependent host defense program makes nonphagocytic cells an inhospitable host cell type for Leishmania growth.
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Zhou RX, Li YY, Qu Y, Huang Q, Sun XM, Mu DZ, Li XH. Regulation of hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and autophagy in mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy by immunity-related GTPase M1. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:177-188. [PMID: 31612615 PMCID: PMC6978258 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Sepsis‐associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication of severe sepsis. Our goal was to investigate the role of immunity‐related GTPase M1 (IRGM1) in SAE and its underlying mechanism. Methods A mouse sepsis model was established by cecal ligation and perforation. SAE was diagnosed by behavior, electroencephalography, and somatosensory evoked potentials. Wild‐type mice with SAE were treated with SB203580 to block the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. We assessed hippocampal histological changes and the expression of IRGM1, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), and p38 MAPK signaling pathway‐related proteins. Results Immunity‐related GTPase M1 and IFN‐γ levels increased in the hippocampus, with apoptosis, autophagy, and the p38 MAPK signaling pathway activated in neurons. Administration of SB203580 to mice with SAE reduced apoptosis and autophagy. Relative to wild‐type mice with SAE, the general condition of Irgm1‐/‐ mice with SAE was worsened, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway was inhibited, and neuronal apoptosis and autophagy were reduced. The absence of IRGM1 exacerbated SAE, with higher p38 MAPK signaling pathway activity and increased apoptosis and autophagy. Conclusions During SAE, IRGM1 can at least partially regulate apoptosis and autophagy in hippocampal neurons through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Yao Li
- Clinical Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Mei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - De-Zhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi-Hong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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Pereira-Dutra FS, Teixeira L, de Souza Costa MF, Bozza PT. Fat, fight, and beyond: The multiple roles of lipid droplets in infections and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:563-580. [PMID: 31121077 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0119-035r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) in host nonadipose cells is commonly observed in response to numerous infectious diseases, including bacterial, parasite, and fungal infections. LDs are lipid-enriched, dynamic organelles composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids associated with a diverse array of proteins that are cell and stimulus regulated. Far beyond being simply a deposit of neutral lipids, LDs have come to be seen as an essential platform for various cellular processes, including metabolic regulation, cell signaling, and the immune response. LD participation in the immune response occurs as sites for compartmentalization of several immunometabolic signaling pathways, production of inflammatory lipid mediators, and regulation of antigen presentation. Infection-driven LD biogenesis is a complexly regulated process that involves innate immune receptors, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, increased lipid uptake, and new lipid synthesis. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that intracellular pathogens are able to exploit LDs as an energy source, a replication site, and/or a mechanism of immune response evasion. Nevertheless, LDs can also act in favor of the host as part of the immune and inflammatory response to pathogens. Here, we review recent findings that explored the new roles of LDs in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe S Pereira-Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gamma Interferon-Regulated Chemokines in Leishmania donovani Infection in the Liver. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00824-16. [PMID: 27795366 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00824-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the livers of C57BL/6 mice, gamma interferon (IFN-γ) controls intracellular Leishmania donovani infection and the efficacy of antimony (Sb) chemotherapy. Since both responses usually correlate with granulomatous inflammation, we tested six prominently expressed, IFN-γ-regulated chemokines-CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, CXCL16, CCL2, and CCL5-for their roles in (i) mononuclear cell recruitment and granuloma assembly and maturation, (ii) initial control of infection and self-cure, and (iii) responsiveness to Sb treatment. Together, the results for the L. donovani-infected livers of chemokine-deficient mice (CXCR6-/- mice were used as CXCL16-deficient surrogates) indicated that individual IFN-γ-induced chemokines have diverse affects and (i) may be entirely dispensable (CXCL13, CXCL16), (ii) may promote (CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5) or downregulate (CXCL9) initial granuloma assembly, (iii) may enhance (CCL2, CCL5) or hinder (CXCL10) early parasite control, (iv) may promote granuloma maturation (CCL2, CCL5), (v) may exert a granuloma-independent action that enables self-cure (CCL5), and (vi) may have no role in responsiveness to chemotherapy. Despite the near absence of tissue inflammation in early-stage infection, parasite replication could be controlled (in CXCL10-/- mice) and Sb was fully active (in CXCL10-/-, CCL2-/-, and CCL5-/- mice). These results characterize chemokine action in the response to L. donovani and also reemphasize that (i) recruited mononuclear cells and granulomas are not required to control infection or respond to Sb chemotherapy, (ii) granuloma assembly, control of infection, and Sb's efficacy are not invariably linked expressions of the same T cell-dependent, cytokine-mediated antileishmanial mechanism, and (iii) granulomas are not necessarily hallmarks of protective antileishmanial immunity.
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Roingeard P, Melo RCN. Lipid droplet hijacking by intracellular pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27794207 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets were long considered to be simple storage structures, but they have recently been shown to be dynamic organelles involved in diverse biological processes, including emerging roles in innate immunity. Various intracellular pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, specifically target host lipid droplets during their life cycle. Viruses such as hepatitis C, dengue, and rotaviruses use lipid droplets as platforms for assembly. Bacteria, such as mycobacteria and Chlamydia, and parasites, such as trypanosomes, use host lipid droplets for nutritional purposes. The possible use of lipid droplets by intracellular pathogens, as part of an anti-immunity strategy, is an intriguing question meriting further investigation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U966 and IBiSA Electron Microscopy Facility, François Rabelais University and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora-UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Pratti JES, Ramos TD, Pereira JC, da Fonseca-Martins AM, Maciel-Oliveira D, Oliveira-Silva G, de Mello MF, Chaves SP, Gomes DCO, Diaz BL, Rossi-Bergmann B, de Matos Guedes HL. Efficacy of intranasal LaAg vaccine against Leishmania amazonensis infection in partially resistant C57Bl/6 mice. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:534. [PMID: 27716449 PMCID: PMC5052793 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously demonstrated that intranasal vaccination of highly susceptible BALB/c mice with whole Leishmania amazonensis antigens (LaAg) leads to protection against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here, we evaluate the response of partially resistant C57BL/6 mice to vaccination as a more representative experimental model of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods C57BL/6 mice from different animal facilities were infected with L. amazonensis (Josefa strain) to establish the profile of infection. Intranasal vaccination was performed before the infection challenge with two doses of 10 μg of LaAg alone or associated with the adjuvant ADDAVAX® by instillation in the nostrils. The lesion progression was measured with a dial caliper and the parasite load by limited dilution assay in the acute and chronic phases of infection. Cytokines were quantified by ELISA in the homogenates of infected footpads. Results C57BL/6 mice from different animal facilities presented the same L. amazonensis infection profile, displaying a progressive acute phase followed by a controlled chronic phase. Parasites cultured in M199 and Schneider’s media were equally infective. Intranasal vaccination with LaAg led to milder acute and chronic phases of the disease. The mechanism of protection was associated with increased production of IFN-gamma in the infected tissue as measured in the acute phase. Association with the ADDAVAX® adjuvant did not improve the efficacy of intranasal LaAg vaccination. Rather, ADDAVAX® reduced vaccination efficacy. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the efficacy of adjuvant-free intranasal vaccination with LaAg is extendable to the more resistant C57Bl/6 mouse model of infection with L. amazonensis, and is thus not exclusive to the susceptible BALB/c model. These results imply that mucosal immunomodulation by LaAg leads to peripheral protection irrespective of the genetic background of the host. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1822-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Elena Silveira Pratti
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Diniz Ramos
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joyce Carvalho Pereira
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Maciel-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Oliveira-Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mirian França de Mello
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzana Passos Chaves
- Laboratório Integrado de Imunoparasitologia, Campus Macaé-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Daniel Claudio Oliveira Gomes
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas/Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa UFRJ-Xerém em Biologia (NUMPEX-BIO), Polo Avançado de Xerém-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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