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Sousa-Ramos D, Reyes-Batlle M, Bellini NK, Rodríguez-Expósito RL, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Naegleria australiensis isolated from a wastewater treatment station in Santiago Island, Cape Verde. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:443-450. [PMID: 37338323 PMCID: wh_2023_008 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the Naegleria genus being isolated from different natural environments such as water, soil, and air, not all Naegleria species are capable of causing infections in humans, and they are capable of completing their life cycle in environmental niches. However, the presence of this genus may suggest the existence of one of the highly pathogenic free-living amoeba (FLA) species: Naegleria fowleri or the brain-eating amoeba. This facultative parasitic protozoon represents a risk to public health, mainly related to domestic and agricultural waters. In this research, our main objective was to determine the existence of pathogenic protozoa in the Santa Cruz wastewater treatment plant, Santiago Island. Using 5 L of water we confirmed the presence of potentially pathogenic Naegleria australiensis, being the first report on Naegleria species in Cape Verde. This fact demonstrates the low efficiency in the treatment of wastewater and, consequently, a potential threat to public health. Nevertheless, more studies will be needed for the prevention and control of possible infections in this Macaronesian country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djeniffer Sousa-Ramos
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Both authors have contributed equally to this study
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Both authors have contributed equally to this study
| | - Natalia Karla Bellini
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubén Leocadio Rodríguez-Expósito
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - José Enrique Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38203, Spain E-mail: ; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Valciņa O, Pūle D, Mališevs A, Trofimova J, Makarova S, Konvisers G, Bērziņš A, Krūmiņa A. Co-Occurrence of Free-Living Amoeba and Legionella in Drinking Water Supply Systems. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2019; 55:medicina55080492. [PMID: 31443316 PMCID: PMC6723719 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives:Legionella is one of the most important water-related pathogens. Inside the water supply systems and the biofilms, Legionella interact with other bacteria and free-living amoeba (FLA). Several amoebas may serve as hosts for bacteria in aquatic systems. This study aimed to investigate the co-occurrence of Legionella spp. and FLA in drinking water supply systems. Materials and Methods: A total of 268 water samples were collected from apartment buildings, hotels, and public buildings. Detection of Legionella spp. was performed in accordance with ISO 11731:2017 standard. Three different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols were used to identify FLA. Results: Occurrence of Legionella varied from an average of 12.5% in cold water samples with the most frequent occurrence observed in hot water, in areas receiving untreated groundwater, where 54.0% of the samples were Legionella positive. The occurrence of FLA was significantly higher. On average, 77.2% of samples contained at least one genus of FLA and, depending on the type of sample, the occurrence of FLA could reach 95%. In the samples collected during the study, Legionella was always isolated along with FLA, no samples containing Legionella in the absence of FLA were observed. Conclusions: The data obtained in our study can help to focus on the extensive distribution, close interaction, and long-term persistence of Legionella and FLA. Lack of Legionella risk management plans and control procedures may promote further spread of Legionella in water supply systems. In addition, the high incidence of Legionella-related FLA suggests that traditional monitoring methods may not be sufficient for Legionella control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Valciņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Rīga, Latvia.
| | - Daina Pūle
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Rīga, Latvia
- Department of Water Engineering and Technology, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Artjoms Mališevs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Jūlija Trofimova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Svetlana Makarova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Genadijs Konvisers
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Bērziņš
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Angelika Krūmiņa
- Department of Infectology and Dermatology, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Rīga, Latvia
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