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Mazire PH, Saha B, Roy A. Immunotherapy for visceral leishmaniasis: A trapeze of balancing counteractive forces. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108969. [PMID: 35738089 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, residing and replicating within the cells of the monocyte-macrophage (mono-mac) lineage, causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in humans. While, Leishmania infantum, is the main causative agent for zoonotic VL, where dogs are the main reservoirs of the disease. The chemotherapy is a serious problem because of restricted repertoire of drugs, drug-resistant parasites, drug-toxicity and the requirement for parenteral administration, which is a problem in resource-starved countries. Moreover, immunocompromised individuals, particularly HIV-1 infected are at higher risk of VL due to impairment in T-helper cell and regulatory cell responses. Furthermore, HIV-VL co-infected patients report poor response to conventional chemotherapy. Recent efforts are therefore directed towards devising both prophylactic and therapeutic immunomodulation. As far as prophylaxis is concerned, although canine vaccines for the disease caused by Leishmania infantum or Leishmania chagasi are available, no vaccine is available for use in humans till date. Therefore, anti-leishmanial immunotherapy triggering or manipulating the host's immune response is gaining momentum during the last two decades. Immunomodulators comprised of small molecules, anti-leishmanial peptides, complex ligands for host receptors, cytokines or their agonists and antibodies have been given trials both in experimental models and in humans. However, the success of immunotherapy in humans remains a far-off target. We, therefore, propose that devising a successful immunotherapy is an act of balancing enhanced beneficial Leishmania-specific responses and deleterious immune activation/hyperinflammation just as the swings in a trapeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka H Mazire
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Amit Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India.
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Jiang X, Yu W, Wu S, Tang L, Zhong G, Wan F, Lan J, Zhang H, Pan J, Tang Z, Zhang X, Hu L, Huang R. Arsenic (III) and/or Antimony (III) induced disruption of calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in apoptosis in mice heart. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112394. [PMID: 34091186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) are known as an environmental contaminant with cardiotoxicity properties. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest calcium reservoir in the cell, and its calcium homeostasis disorder plays a vital role in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis. The objective of this study was to investigate whether As and Sb induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) linked to calcium homeostasis disturbance. In this study, thirty-two adult mice were gavage-fed daily with As2O3 (4 mg/kg), SbCl3 (15 mg/kg) and co-treat with SbCl3 (15 mg/kg) and As2O3 (4 mg/kg) daily for 60 days. It was observed that As or/and Sb caused histopathological lesions and ER expansion of the heart. Meanwhile, the gene expression of ER Ca2+ release channels (RyR2 and IP3R) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) increased while the levels of mRNA and protein of ER Ca2+ uptake channel (SERCA2) downregulated significantly compared to the controls. Then, As or/and Sb induced ERS and triggered the ER apoptotic pathway by activating unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated genes ((PERK, ATF6, IRE1, XBP1, JNK, GRP78), and apoptosis-related genes (Caspase12, Caspase3, p53, CHOP). Above indicators in As + Sb group became more severe than that of As group and Sb group. Overall, our results proved that the cardiotoxicity caused by As or/and Sb might be concerning disturbing calcium homeostasis, which induced apoptosis through the ERS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wenlan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Shaofeng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lixuan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Gaolong Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Fang Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Juan Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lianmei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Flores J, Cancino JC, Chavez-Galan L. Lipoarabinomannan as a Point-of-Care Assay for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: How Far Are We to Use It? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638047. [PMID: 33935997 PMCID: PMC8081860 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a severe public health problem; the current diagnostic tests have limitations that delay treatment onset. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a glycolipid that is a component of the cell wall of the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of TB. This glycolipid is excreted as a soluble form in urine. The World Health Organization has established that the design of new TB diagnostic methods is one of the priorities within the EndTB Strategy. LAM has been suggested as a biomarker to develop diagnostic tests based on its identification in urine, and it is one of the most prominent candidates to develop point-of-care diagnostic test because urine samples can be easily collected. Moreover, LAM can regulate the immune response in the host and can be found in the serum of TB patients, where it probably affects a wide variety of host cell populations, consequently influencing the quality of both innate and adaptive immune responses during TB infection. Here, we revised the evidence that supports that LAM could be used as a tool for the development of new point-of-care tests for TB diagnosis, and we discussed the mechanisms that could contribute to the low sensitivity of diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Flores
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology, Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Cancino
- Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology, Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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