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Skrinda-Melne M, Locs J, Grava A, Dubnika A. Calcium phosphates enhanced with liposomes - the future of bone regeneration and drug delivery. J Liposome Res 2024; 34:507-522. [PMID: 37988074 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2285973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Effective healing and regeneration of various bone defects is still a major challenge and concern in modern medicine. Calcium phosphates have emerged as extensively studied bone substitute materials due to their structural and chemical resemblance to the mineral phase of bone, along with their versatile properties. Calcium phosphates present promising biological characteristics that make them suitable for bone substitution, but a critical limitation lies in their low osteoinductivity. To supplement these materials with properties that promote bone regeneration, prevent infections, and cure bone diseases locally, calcium phosphates can be biologically and therapeutically modified. A promising approach involves combining calcium phosphates with drug-containing liposomes, renowned for their high biocompatibility and ability to provide controlled and sustained drug delivery. Surprisingly, there is a lack of research focused on liposome-calcium phosphate composites, where liposomes are dispersed within a calcium phosphate matrix. This raises the question of why such studies are limited. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of existing liposome and calcium phosphate composites as bioactive substance delivery systems, the authors review the literature exploring the interactions between calcium phosphates and liposomes. Additionally, it seeks to identify potential interactions between calcium ions and liposomes, which may impact the feasibility of developing liposome-containing calcium phosphate composite materials. Liposome capacity to protect bioactive compounds and facilitate localized treatment can be particularly valuable in scenarios involving bone regeneration, infection prevention, and the management of bone diseases. This review explores the implications of liposomes and calcium phosphate material containing liposomes on drug delivery, bioavailability, and stability, offering insights into their advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marite Skrinda-Melne
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Locs
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andra Grava
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arita Dubnika
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
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Akar S, Fardindoost S, Hoorfar M. High throughput microfluidics-based synthesis of PEGylated liposomes for precise size control and efficient drug encapsulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 238:113926. [PMID: 38677154 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The low scalability and reproducibility of existing synthesis methods have hindered the translation of liposome nanoparticles as carriers for targeted drug delivery from conventional laboratory techniques to mass production. To this end, in this study, we present a high-throughput microfluidics-based approach for the synthesis of PEGylated liposomes with a primary focus on achieving precise size control and efficient encapsulation of hydrophobic drug molecules. In this platform, liposomes were self-assembled through a controllable mixing of lipids (EYPC, cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG 2000) dissolved in ethanol and an aqueous solution. The key parameters, including the chip design, total flow rate, flow rate ratio, lipid concentrations, as well as variations in buffer (HEPES and NaCl) and solvent composition (commercial and reagent-grade ethanol) were explored in detail. Through comprehensive parametric studies, we gained valuable insights into the influence of these variables on the size distribution of liposomes and succeeded in producing highly reproducible liposomes ranging from approximately 60 nm (corresponding to small unilamellar vesicles) to 150 nm (representing large unilamellar vesicles), all while maintaining a polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 0.2. To assess the encapsulation efficiency of hydrophobic drug molecules, Nile red (NR) was employed as a surrogate. We meticulously examined the impact of NR concentration on the drug encapsulation process, resulting in up to 74% drug encapsulation efficiency within the PEGylated liposomes. This research offers crucial advances in liposome synthesis and drug delivery, providing a high-throughput, controllable method for PEGylated liposomes with potential in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Akar
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Somayeh Fardindoost
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Chen M, Li R, Lu X, Dai Y, Chen T, Xing Y, Xue L, Duan Z, Zhou W, Li J. Fabrication and characterization of l-ascorbyl palmitate and phospholipid-based hybrid liposomes and their impacts on the stability of loaded hydrophobic polyphenols. Food Chem 2023; 398:133953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Hybrid liposomes composed of hydrophilic emulsifiers and lecithin: Physicochemical, interaction and curcumin loading properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Li J, Chang C, Gu L, Su Y, Yang Y, Zhai J. Improved retention ratio and bioaccessibility of lutein loaded in emulsions stabilized by egg yolk granules-lecithin complex. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5153-5161. [PMID: 35288955 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg yolk granules (EYGs)-soy lecithin (SL) complex is a newly developed delivery system that is effective for improving the storage stability of hydrophobic bioactive compounds. However, the formation mechanism of EYGs and SL complex and its effect on the gastrointestinal fate of lutein-loaded emulsions needs to be investigated further. RESULTS Adding SL greatly improved the surface activity of the EYGs, as evidenced by reduced surface tension and an increased adsorption rate to the oil/water interface. Hydrophobic interaction was the dominant force in the formation of EYG-SL complex, with hydrogen and ionic bonds playing complementary roles. Using the EYG-SL complex, stable oil-in-water emulsions were formed and exhibited an enhanced retention ratio and bioaccessibility of lutein after simulated digestion. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the additional anti-oxidant activity as a result of EYGs was responsible for the high retention of lutein, whereas low surface tension facilitated the micellization of bioaccessible lutein. CONCLUSION The present study shows that the EYG and SL have a synergistic effect with respect to improving the retention ratio and bioaccessibility of lutein in emulsions stabilized by EYG-SL complex after digestion and this will guide the development of value-added oil-in-water emulsion products using protein-lecithin complex as a promising nutrient delivery vehicle. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Flavors and Flavorings, Jinshi, China
| | - Cuihua Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Luping Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yujie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Flavors and Flavorings, Jinshi, China
| | - Jiali Zhai
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Enhanced potato tuber penetration of carboxin via ultradeformable liposomes. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yang P, Bi D, Lu K, Yao L, Wu Y, Xu H, Hu Z, Xu X. Preparation, characterization and macrophage-stimulating activity of polyguluronate nanoliposomes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:478-485. [PMID: 35643158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polyguluronate (PG) consists entirely of α-L-guluronic acid derived from alginate, which is an acidic polysaccharide extracted from brown algae. PG has a short half-life and is easily degraded by microorganisms, resulting in decreased activity and thus its application in the medical field. In this study, polyguluronate liposomes (PGLs) were prepared to improve the macrophage-stimulating activity of PG. The morphology, encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, zeta potential and stability of the PGLs were characterized. Results showed that PGLs were uniformly round with an encapsulation efficiency of 77.76 ± 0.89%, a particle size of 63.96 ± 3.98 nm and a zeta potential of -53.4 ± 1.75 mV. The stability studies showed that PGLs should be stored in a neutral environment at 4 °C. The macrophage-stimulating activity of PGLs was better than that of PG. This study provides a promising carrier for the further application of PG in food or medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Collage of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Decheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Keshi Lu
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yan Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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Chaves MA, Baldino L, Pinho SC, Reverchon E. Co-encapsulation of curcumin and vitamin D3 in mixed phospholipid nanoliposomes using a continuous supercritical CO2 assisted process. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Andrade Chaves M, Pinho SC. Influence of phospholipid saturation on the physicochemical characteristics of curcumin/vitamin D
3
co‐loaded proliposomes obtained by the micronized sucrose coating process. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Andrade Chaves
- Laboratory of Encapsulation and Functional Foods (LEnAlis) Department of Food Engineering School of Animal Science and Food Engineering University of São Paulo Pirassununga Brazil
| | - Samantha Cristina Pinho
- Laboratory of Encapsulation and Functional Foods (LEnAlis) Department of Food Engineering School of Animal Science and Food Engineering University of São Paulo Pirassununga Brazil
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Jahanfar S, Gahavami M, Khosravi-Darani K, Jahadi M, Mozafari M. Entrapment of rosemary extract by liposomes formulated by Mozafari method: physicochemical characterization and optimization. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08632. [PMID: 35005281 PMCID: PMC8715198 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in the utilization of phenolic antioxidant compounds is their sensitivity and as a result stability issue. The current study aimed to encapsulate polyphenolic compounds, extracted from Rosemary, in liposomes prepared by the Mozafari method without the utilization of toxic solvents or detergents. The extract was prepared and converted into a powder by freeze-drying. The process conditions were optimized using response surface analysis, and the optimal parameters were as follows: phosphatidylcholine (PC), 2.5% (25 mg/mL); extract, 0.7% (7 mg/mL); process temperature, 70 °C and process time, 60 min. The entrapment efficiency in optimal sample was 54.59%. Also, optimal glycerosomes formulation were finally physicochemical characterized (permeability, zeta potential, and size distribution). The mean size of empty and containing rosemary extract glycerosome were 265.4 nm and 583.5 nm, respectively, and the Z-potential of optimal glycerosome was -65.1 mV. Total phenolic content was obtained 151.38 mg gallic acid/g extract, in optimal liposomal formulation, which was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Also, the antioxidant activity of rosemary extract by DPPH for the free and optimal liposomal formulation was determined to be 84.57% and 92.5% respectively. It can be concluded that the liposomal rosemary extract formulation prepared in this study, employing a safe, scalable, and green technology, has great promise in food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Jahanfar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Gahavami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- Research Department of Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mahshid Jahadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M.R. Mozafari
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, 8054 Monash University LPO, Clayton, 3168, Victoria, Australia
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Liu Y, Han Y, Zhu T, Wu X, Yu W, Zhu J, Shang Y, Lin X, Zhao T. Targeting delivery and minimizing epidermal diffusion of tranexamic acid by hyaluronic acid-coated liposome nanogels for topical hyperpigmentation treatment. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2100-2107. [PMID: 34596008 PMCID: PMC8491700 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1983081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a common complaint and distressing problem in dermatology, and tranexamic acid (TA) is an effective treatment agent but limited by the delivery to melanocytes in the epidermis. Herein, a novel TA naogels (named HA/TA-LP), combining the advantages of liposomes and hyaluronic acid (HA), are prepared and assessed for topical hyperpigmentation treatment with targeting delivery and minimizing epidermal diffusion. Morphological characteristics indicate numerous TA-loaded liposomes packed in HA gels. In vitro cell studies using human A375 melanoma cells show that HA/TA-LP can promote the uptake of TA by targeting delivery with resulting inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin production. Guinea pigs are used to construct hyperpigmentation models and investigate the topical delivery and treatment efficacy of HA/TA-LP. In vivo topical delivery studies indicate HA/TA-LP realize the effective delivery into melanocytes with an ideal balance of effective permeability and minimizing epidermal diffusion. Subsequently, hyperpigmentation treatment assessments reveal that HA/TA-LP inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin production under the radiation of UVB. Our study identifies favorable properties of HA/TA-LP for treating hyperpigmentation, and provides an experimental basis for further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xianglei Wu
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Yu
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafang Zhu
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shang
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlan Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Low-Soluble Polyphenols into Nanoliposomes by pH-Driven Method: Naringenin and Naringin as Model Compounds. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050963. [PMID: 33924950 PMCID: PMC8146953 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringenin and naringin are a class of hydrophobic polyphenol compounds and both have several biological activities containing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Nevertheless, they have low water solubility and bioavailability, which limits their biological activity. In this study, an easy pH-driven method was applied to load naringenin or naringin into nanoliposomes based on the gradual reduction in their water solubility after the pH changed to acidity. Thus, the naringenin or naringin can be embedded into the hydrophobic region within nanoliposomes from the aqueous phase. A series of naringenin/naringin-loaded nanoliposomes with different pH values, lecithin contents and feeding naringenin/naringin concentrations were prepared by microfluidization and a pH-driven method. The naringin-loaded nanoliposome contained some free naringin due to its higher water solubility at lower pH values and had a relatively low encapsulation efficiency. However, the naringenin-loaded nanoliposomes were predominantly nanometric (44.95–104.4 nm), negatively charged (−14.1 to −19.3 mV) and exhibited relatively high encapsulation efficiency (EE = 95.34% for 0.75 mg/mL naringenin within 1% w/v lecithin). Additionally, the naringenin-loaded nanoliposomes still maintained good stability during 31 days of storage at 4 °C. This study may help to develop novel food-grade colloidal delivery systems and apply them to introducing naringenin or other lipophilic polyphenols into foods, supplements or drugs.
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Andrade J, González-Martínez C, Chiralt A. Liposomal Encapsulation of Carvacrol to Obtain Active Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Films. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061589. [PMID: 33805693 PMCID: PMC8001182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithins of different origins and compositions were used for the liposomal encapsulation of carvacrol within the framework of the development of active films for food packaging. Liposomes were incorporated into aqueous polymeric solutions from fully (F) and partially (P) hydrolysed Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to obtain the films by casting. The particle size distribution and ζ-potential of the liposomal suspensions, as well as their stability over time, were evaluated. Liposomal stability during film formation was analysed through the carvacrol retention in the dried film and the film microstructure. Subtle variations in the size distributions of liposomes from different lecithins were observed. However, the absolute values of the ζ-potential were higher (−52, −57 mV) for soy lecithin (SL) liposomes, followed by those of soy lecithin enriched with phosphatidylcholine (SL-PC) (−43, −50 mV) and sunflower lecithin (SFL) (−33, −38 mV). No significant changes in the liposomal properties were observed during the study period. Lyotropic mesomorphism of lipid associations and carvacrol leakage occurred to differing extents during the film drying step, depending on the membrane lipid composition and surface charge. Liposomes obtained with SL-PC were the most effective at maintaining the stability of carvacrol emulsion during film formation, which led to the greatest carvacrol retention in the films, whereas SFL gave rise to the least stable system and the highest carvacrol losses. P-PVA was less sensitive to the emulsion destabilisation due to its greater bonding capacity with carvacrol. Therefore, P-PVA with carvacrol-loaded SL-PC liposomes has great potential to produce active films for food packaging applications.
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