Production of a bioactive lipid-based delivery system from ratfish liver oil by enzymatic glycerolysis

Kinetic modeling and optimization of the mono- and diglycerides synthesis mediated by the lipase Lipozyme® TL 100 L immobilized on clayey support

Mono- and diglycerides play a crucial role in the food industry as multifunctional food additives and emulsifiers. Their importance stems from their unique properties, which allow them to improve the quality, texture, and stability of various food products. Here, results of the kinetic modeling of the mono- and diglycerides synthesis mediated by the lipase Lipozyme® TL 100 L immobilized on the clayey support Spectrogel® type C are reported. The support was characterized by TEM, SEM, and FTIR. Firstly, the influence of pH and lipase load on the immobilization process was analyzed, resulting in an enzymatic activity of 93.2 ± 0.7 U g-1 under optimized conditions (170.9 U g-1 of lipase and pH of 7.1). Afterward, the effects of reaction temperature and concentration of immobilized biocatalyst in the feedstock conversion were evaluated. At optimized parameters, a triglycerides conversion of 97% was obtained at 36.5 °C, 7.9 vol.% of enzyme, a glycerol to feedstock molar ratio of 2:1, and 2 h. The optimized conditions were used to determine the kinetic constants of the elementary reactions involved in the glycerolysis, where a fit superior to 0.99 was achieved between experimental values and predicted data.

A comparative study of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of three strategic edible oils

Three strategic edible oils, that is, olive oil, microalgae oil, and shea butter, with a significantly different composition of fatty acids (FA), have been studied in a static in vitro digestion model to evaluate the rate of hydrolysis, bioaccessibility, and micellar phases formed in the process. Lipid composition of each phase and how the lipids are distributed in the different phases have been obtained using this in vitro digestion model. We demonstrate that the composition in FA and the physical properties of the oil are the key factors determining the distribution of lipids in the different phases. The fastest rate of hydrolysis was observed for olive oil and the highest triacylglycerol conversion was attained for shea butter. In contrast, the most abundant precipitate phase was obtained for shea butter, which also produces the highest co-crystallization of cholesterol among the three edible oils studied. This study reveals that digestibility of edible oils is directly related with the initial rate of hydrolysis.

Rendering waste oil as a new source for the synthesis of emulsifier: optimization, purification, and characterization

The enzymatic glycerolysis conditions in the production emulsifier by using the rendering waste oil were optimized in the present study. The effects of changes in duration (1–27 h), temperature (50–80 °C), enzyme (5–20%), and glycerol (5–20%) concentration, addition of solvent (acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, and tert-butanol) and water addition (3.5% of glycerol rate), and ultrasound application on the enzymatic glycerolysis reaction medium for mono- and diglyceride production were investigated. After determining the optimum conditions, the effects of the ultrasonic bath on the physic-chemical and rheological properties of emulsifier, the oxidation tests were examined. Using the preparative column chromatography method, three different emulsifier compositions were achieved and named E100, E50-50, and E50-40-10 by their monoglyceride, diglyceride, and triglyceride contents, respectively. Then, the post-purification emulsion properties and rheological behaviors of emulsifier samples were determined. E50-40-10 emulsifier was found to be the best sample in terms of rheological properties and emulsion stability.

In vitro digestibility and bioaccessibility of lipid-based delivery systems obtained via enzymatic glycerolysis: a case study of rosemary extract bioaccessibility

The effect of enzymatic glycerolysis on digestibility, bioaccessibility of ratfish liver oil rich in alkylglycerols, and the capability of the glycerolysis product to act as lipid-based delivery system for a supercritical rosemary extract was studied.

Tolerability and Safety of a Nutritional Supplement with Potential as Adjuvant in Colorectal Cancer Therapy: A Randomized Trial in Healthy Volunteers

Bioactive supplements display relevant therapeutic properties when properly applied according to validated molecular effects. Our previous research efforts established the basis to develop a dietary supplement based on a Rosmarinus officinalis supercritical extract. This was enriched in phenolic diterpenes (RE) with proven properties against signaling pathways involved in colon tumorigenesis, and shark liver oil rich in alkylglycerols (AKG) as a bioactive lipid vehicle to improve RE bioavailability and synergize with the potential therapeutic action of the extract. Herein, we have investigated the tolerability and safety of the supplement and the biological and molecular effects from an immuno-nutritional perspective. Sixty healthy volunteers participated in a six week, double-blind, randomized parallel pilot study with two study arms: RE-AKG capsules (CR) and control capsules (CC). Mean age (±SD) of volunteers was 28.32 (±11.39) and 27.5 (±9.04) for the control and the study groups, respectively. Safety of the CR product consumption was confirmed by analyzing liver profile, vital constants, and oxidation markers (LDLox in blood and isoprostanes and thromboxanes in urine). The following were monitored: (1) the phenotyping of plasmatic leukocytes and the ex vivo response of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); (2) expression of genes associated with immune-modulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and tumorigenesis; and (3) the correlation of selected genetic variants (SNPs) with the differential responses among individuals. The lack of adverse effects on liver profile and oxidation markers, together with adequate tolerability and safe immunological adaptations, provide high-quality information for the potential use of CR as co-adjuvant of therapeutic strategies against colorectal cancer.

Novozym 435: the “perfect” lipase immobilized biocatalyst?

Novozym 435 (N435) is a commercially available immobilized lipase produced by Novozymes with its advantages and drawbacks.

Influence of thermal processing on the phase behavior of a novel acylglyceride-alkylglyceride lipid-based delivery system

Lipid-based delivery systems have been broadly utilized to enhance bioavailability and bioaccessibility properties of drugs. Loading capacity and drug stability within the lipid matrix is influenced by the phase behavior of the lipid components that make up the vehicle. In this study we have investigated the influence of thermal processing at 50 °C on the subsequent phase behavior of a lipid-based delivery system comprised of a blend of monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoalkylglycerols and dialkylglycerols obtained by enzymatic glycerolysis of ratfish liver oil. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that crystallization and melting points decreased, while powder X-ray diffraction suggested changes in the crystal structure of the product when heated to 50 °C and held for longer than 180 min. Samples heated for a short time, rapidly underwent a polymorphic transition from the α to the β polymorphic phase, whereas samples heated for long times remained in the α phase for 3 days. Polarized light microscopy also showed changes in the microstructure of the material due to the thermal treatment. These results suggest that the thermal history of lipidic encapsulation materials, above their melting point, can affect eventual encapsulation efficiency and product performance.