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Li S, Liu G. Harnessing cellulose-binding protein domains for the development of functionalized cellulose materials. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:74. [PMID: 39052131 PMCID: PMC11272768 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulosic materials are attracting increasing research interest because of their abundance, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, making them suitable in multiple industrial and medical applications. Functionalization of cellulose is usually required to improve or expand its properties to meet the requirements of different applications. Cellulose-binding domains (CBDs) found in various proteins have been shown to be powerful tools in the functionalization of cellulose materials. In this review, we firstly introduce the structural characteristics of commonly used CBDs belonging to carbohydrate-binding module families 1, 2 and 3. Then, we summarize four main kinds of methodologies for employing CBDs to modify cellulosic materials (i.e., CBD only, genetic fusion, non-covalent linkage and covalent linkage). Via different approaches, CBDs have been used to improve the material properties of cellulose, immobilize enzymes for biocatalysis, and design various detection tools. To achieve industrial applications, researches for lowering the production cost of CBDs, improving their performance (e.g., stability), and expanding their application scenarios are still in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Li
- Taishan College, School of Life sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Taishan College, School of Life sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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Chalella Mazzocato M, Jacquier JC. Recent Advances and Perspectives on Food-Grade Immobilisation Systems for Enzymes. Foods 2024; 13:2127. [PMID: 38998633 PMCID: PMC11241248 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of enzyme immobilisation is becoming increasingly popular in beverage processing, as this method offers significant advantages, such as enhanced enzyme performance and expanded applications, while allowing for easy process termination via simple filtration. This literature review analysed approximately 120 articles, published on the Web of Science between 2000 and 2023, focused on enzyme immobilisation systems for beverage processing applications. The impact of immobilisation on enzymatic activity, including the effects on the chemical and kinetic properties, recyclability, and feasibility in continuous processes, was evaluated. Applications of these systems to beverage production, such as wine, beer, fruit juices, milk, and plant-based beverages, were examined. The immobilisation process effectively enhanced the pH and thermal stability but caused negative impacts on the kinetic properties by reducing the maximum velocity and Michaelis-Menten constant. However, it allowed for multiple reuses and facilitated continuous flow processes. The encapsulation also allowed for easy process control by simplifying the removal of the enzymes from the beverages via simple filtration, negating the need for expensive heat treatments, which could result in product quality losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Chalella Mazzocato
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean-Christophe Jacquier
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Zhang W, Zhang P, Wang H, Li J, Dai SY. Design of biomass-based renewable materials for environmental remediation. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1519-1534. [PMID: 36374762 PMCID: PMC9716580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Various materials have been used to remove environmental contaminants for decades and have been an effective strategy for environmental cleanups. The current nonrenewable materials used for this purpose could impose secondary hazards and challenges in further downstream treatments. Biomass-based materials present viable, renewable, and sustainable solutions for environmental remediation. Recent biotechnology advances have developed biomaterials with new capacities, such as highly efficient biodegradation and treatment train integration. This review systemically discusses how biotechnology has empowered biomass-derived and bioinspired materials for environmental remediation sustainably and cost-effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhang
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Huaimin Wang
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jinghao Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, The McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Susie Y Dai
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Consumers Respond Positively to the Sensory, Health, and Sustainability Benefits of the Rare Sugar Allulose in Yogurt Formulations. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223718. [PMID: 36429310 PMCID: PMC9689152 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased added sugar consumption is associated with type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Low and no-calorie alternative sweeteners have long been used as an aid in the reduction of added sugar. Unfortunately, these alternative sweeteners often have notable sensory deficits when compared to sucrose. Furthermore, many alternative sweeteners have synthetic origins, while consumers are increasingly turning to foods from natural origins, and from more sustainable sources. Such sweeteners include the rare sugar allulose, which can be manufactured from common agricultural waste and dairy co-product streams, and is reported to have a sensory profile similar to sucrose. This study aimed to determine the influence of the rare sugar allulose on consumer perception of sweetened vanilla yogurt. Participants were recruited to evaluate 4 vanilla yogurts sweetened with either sucrose, allulose, stevia or sucralose, and to rate their liking of the samples overall, and for flavor, texture, and their purchase intent. Statistical analysis of hedonic data from 100 consumers suggested that allulose performed similarly to sucrose in liking and purchase intent, and superior to other sweeteners tested in this study, with fewer off-flavors. Moreover, when consumers were queried on their purchase intent after learning details on the sweetener for each formulation, allulose scored significantly higher than all other formulations in purchase intent. This study highlights the potential of the rare sugar allulose as a low calorie, zero glycemic index, natural and better tasting sugar replacement in sweetened yogurt.
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Zurier HS, Goddard JM. Directed Immobilization of PETase on Mesoporous Silica Enables Sustained Depolymerase Activity in Synthetic Wastewater Conditions. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4981-4992. [PMID: 36194455 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microplastic accumulation in terrestrial and aquatic environments is a growing environmental challenge. Biodegradation has shown promise as an intervention strategy for reducing the spread of microplastics. The wastewater treatment system is a key intervention point in microplastic biodegradation due to its pivotal role in the water cycle at the interface between human activity and the environmental. However, the best characterized microplastic degradation enzyme, PETase, lacks the stability to perform at scale in wastewater treatment. In this work, we show that genetic fusion of PETase to a silica binding peptide enables directed immobilization of the enzyme onto silica nanoparticles. PETase activity in simulated wastewater conditions is quantified by linear regression from time zero to the time of maximum fluorescence of a fluorescent oxidized product of PETase degradation of PET microfibers. Mesoporous silica is shown to be a superior support material to nonporous silica. The resulting biocatalytic nanomaterial has up to 2.5-fold enhanced stability and 6.2-fold increased activity compared to free enzyme in unbuffered, 40 °C simulated influent (ionic strength ∼15 mM). In unbuffered, 40 °C simulated effluent (ionic strength ∼700 μM), reaction velocity and overall catalytic activity were increased by the biocatalytic material 2.1-fold relative to free PETase. All reactions were performed in 0.2 mL volumes, and enzyme concentrations were normalized across both free and immobilized samples to 9 μg/mL. Site-directed mutagenesis is shown to be a complementary technique to directed immobilization, which may aid in optimization of the biomaterial for wastewater applications. PETase stabilization in application-relevant environments as shown here enables progress toward application of PETase for microplastic biodegradation in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Zurier
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Julie M Goddard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
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Gennari A, Simon R, Sperotto NDDM, Bizarro CV, Basso LA, Machado P, Benvenutti EV, Renard G, Chies JM, Volpato G, Volken de Souza CF. Application of cellulosic materials as supports for single-step purification and immobilization of a recombinant β-galactosidase via cellulose-binding domain. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 199:307-317. [PMID: 35007635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop single-step purification and immobilization processes on cellulosic supports of β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces sp. combined with the Cellulose-Binding Domain (CBD) tag. After 15 min of immobilization, with an enzymatic load of 150 U/gsupport, expressed activity values reached 106.88 (microcrystalline cellulose), 115.03 (alkaline nanocellulose), and 108.47 IU/g (acid nanocellulose). The derivatives produced were less sensitive to the presence of galactose in comparison with the soluble purified enzyme. Among the cations assessed (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+), magnesium provided the highest increase in the enzymatic activity of β-galactosidases immobilized on cellulosic supports. Supports and derivatives showed no cytotoxic effect on the investigated cell cultures (HepG2 and Vero). Derivatives showed high operational stability in the hydrolysis of milk lactose and retained from 53 to 64% of their hydrolysis capacity after 40 reuse cycles. This study obtained biocatalyzers with promising characteristics for application in the food industry. Biocatalyzers were obtained through a low-cost one-step sustainable bioprocess of purification and immobilization of a β-galactosidase on cellulose via CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Gennari
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Alimentos, Brazil; Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Renate Simon
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiano Valim Bizarro
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose, Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Basso
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose, Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pablo Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose, Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gaby Renard
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose, Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Brazil
| | | | - Giandra Volpato
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul - IFRS, Campus Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Santos MPF, Porfírio MCP, Junior ECS, Bonomo RCF, Veloso CM. Pepsin immobilization: Influence of carbon support functionalization. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:67-79. [PMID: 35090943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the matrices for enzyme immobilization, activated carbon has been standing out in immobilization processes due to its properties and to its characteristics that provide superficial modification by inserting new functional groups capable of binding the enzymes forming covalent bonds. In this study the effect of different modification methods of activated carbon (functionalization with genipin, metallization, metallization in the presence of chelating agent, and functionalization with glutaraldehyde) on efficiency of pepsin immobilization was evaluated. The effect of immobilization pH and the reaction medium on hydrolysis activity of bovine casein was also evaluated. The functionalization of activated carbon using iron ions allowed an immobilization capacity of 98.93 mg·g-1, with immobilization efficiency greater than 99%, and enzyme activity of 2.30 U, which was higher than the other modifications, and closer to the enzyme in the native form activity (3.32 U). In general, the carbon surface modifications were responsible for forming more stable bonds between support and enzyme, improving its proteolytic activity (from 1.84 to 2.30 U) when compared to traditional immobilization methods by adsorption and covalent binding using glutaraldehyde (from 1.04 to 1.1 U).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus P F Santos
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil
| | - Marjorie C P Porfírio
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil
| | - Evaldo C S Junior
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil
| | - Renata C F Bonomo
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M Veloso
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, km 04, s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil.
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Inanan T. Cryogel disks for lactase immobilization and lactose-free milk production. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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