1
|
Microbiota and Transcriptomic Effects of an Essential Oil Blend and Its Delivery Route Compared to an Antibiotic Growth Promoter in Broiler Chickens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050861. [PMID: 35630307 PMCID: PMC9147064 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of the delivery of a commercial essential oil blend containing the phytonutrients star anise, cinnamon, rosemary, and thyme oil (via different routes) on broiler chickens’ ileal and ceca microbiota and liver transcriptome compared to an antibiotic growth promoter. Eggs were incubated and allocated into three groups: non-injected, in ovo saline, and in ovo essential oil. On day 18 of incubation, 0.2 mL of essential oil in saline (dilution ratio of 2:1) or saline alone was injected into the amnion. At hatch, chicks were assigned to post-hatch treatment combinations: (A) a negative control (corn-wheat-soybean diet), (B) in-feed antibiotics, (C) in-water essential oil (250 mL/1000 L of drinking water), (D) in ovo saline, (E) in ovo essential oil, and (F) in ovo essential oil plus in-water essential oil in eight replicate cages (six birds/cage) and raised for 28 days. On days 21 and 28, one and two birds per cage were slaughtered, respectively, to collect gut content and liver tissues for further analysis. Alpha and beta diversity differed significantly between ileal and ceca samples but not between treatment groups. In-feed antibiotic treatment significantly increased the proportion of specific bacteria in the family Lachnospiraceae while reducing the proportion of bacteria in the genus Christensenellaceae in the ceca, compared to other treatments. Sex-controlled differential expression of genes related to cell signaling and tight junctions were recorded. This study provides data that could guide the use of these feed additives and a foundation for further research.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zyriax BC, Borof K, Walter S, Augustin M, Windler E. Knowledge as to cholesterol reduction and use of phytosterol-enriched dietary foods in the general population: Insights from the Hamburg City Health Study. Atherosclerosis 2021; 341:1-6. [PMID: 34922192 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dietary approaches to lowering cholesterol appear to be common knowledge. However, the marketing of phytosterol-enriched products and their recommendation by guidelines for individuals at increased risk of cardiovascular disease have given rise to concern, since phytosterols may be atherogenic and inappropriately used by healthy individuals of higher social status at low cardiovascular risk. Hence, we have investigated awareness of cholesterol lowering lifestyle measures and attitudes towards consumption of phytosterol-enriched foods. METHODS Data from validated questionnaires supplemented by queries on cholesterol lowering and phytosterol-enriched products were analyzed using data of 7223 participants of the Hamburg City Health Study, an ongoing cohort study of the general population aged 45-74 years. RESULTS 95.9% of the participants agreed that lifestyle may lower cholesterol and 76.6% claimed knowledge of measures that lower plasma cholesterol. As to effective approaches, 80.2% suggested physical activity, 67.8% reducing dietary fat, followed by sugar-sweetened beverages or stress, increasing water consumption, or dietary fiber and only 16.2% stated statins and 9.3% phytosterol-enriched products. Compared to nonusers, the 2.0% female and 2.8% male individuals regularly using phytosterol-enriched products had a lower educational status, higher cardiovascular risk, but no difference in income and were characterized by adverse dietary habits. The study has been registered in ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT03934957). CONCLUSIONS In the general population awareness of hypercholesterolemia is high but knowledge on how to lower plasma cholesterol does not necessarily follow scientific evidence. There is a trend towards the use of phytosterol-enriched products by individuals at increased cardiovascular risk independent of income.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit-Christiane Zyriax
- Midwifery Science - Health Care Research and Prevention, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Katrin Borof
- Epidemiological Study Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Munich, Germany
| | - Sascha Walter
- Midwifery Science - Health Care Research and Prevention, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Augustin
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Windler
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang W, Gage H, Jackson D, Raats M. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of plant sterol or stanol-enriched functional foods as a primary prevention strategy for people with cardiovascular disease risk in England: a modeling study. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2018; 19:909-922. [PMID: 29110223 PMCID: PMC6105215 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-017-0934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study appraises the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of consumption of plant sterol-enriched margarine-type spreads for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with hypercholesterolemia in England, compared to a normal diet. A nested Markov model was employed using the perspective of the British National Health Service (NHS). Effectiveness outcomes were the 10-year CVD risk of individuals with mild (4-6 mmol/l) and high (above 6 mmol/l) cholesterol by gender and age groups (45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75-85 years); CVD events avoided and QALY gains over 20 years. This study found that daily consumption of enriched spread reduces CVD risks more for men and older age groups. Assuming 50% compliance, 69 CVD events per 10,000 men and 40 CVD events per 10,000 women would be saved over 20 years. If the NHS pays the excess cost of enriched spreads, for the high-cholesterol group, the probability of enriched spreads being cost-effective is 100% for men aged over 64 years and women over 74, at £20,000/QALY threshold. Probabilities of cost-effectiveness are lower at younger ages, with mildly elevated cholesterol and over a 10-year time horizon. If consumers bear the full cost of enriched spreads, NHS savings arise from reduced CVD events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Heather Gage
- School of Economics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Daniel Jackson
- School of Economics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Monique Raats
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Food, Consumer Behaviour and Health Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang F, Oyeyinka SA, Xu W, Ma Y, Zhou S. In vitro bioaccessibility and physicochemical properties of phytosterol linoleic ester synthesized from soybean sterol and linoleic acid. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
Ras RT, Trautwein EA. Consumer purchase behaviour of foods with added phytosterols in six European countries: Data from a post-launch monitoring survey. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Yang F, Oyeyinka SA, Ma Y. Novel Synthesis of Phytosterol Ester from Soybean Sterol and Acetic Anhydride. J Food Sci 2016; 81:C1629-35. [PMID: 27240315 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols are important bioactive compounds which have several health benefits including reduction of serum cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular diseases. The most widely used method in the synthesis of its ester analogous form is the use of catalysts and solvents. These methods have been found to present some safety and health concern. In this paper, an alternative method of synthesizing phytosterol ester from soybean sterol and acetic anhydride was investigated. Process parameters such as mole ratio, temperature and time were optimized. The structure and physicochemical properties of phytosterol acetic ester were analyzed. By the use of gas chromatography, the mole ratio of soybean sterol and acetic anhydride needed for optimum esterification rate of 99.4% was 1:1 at 135 °C for 1.5 h. FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of phytosterol ester with strong absorption peaks at 1732 and 1250 cm(-1) , which corresponds to the stretching vibration of C=O and C-O-C, respectively. These peaks could be attributed to the formation of ester links which resulted from the reaction between the hydroxyl group of soybean sterol and the carbonyl group of acetic anhydride. This paper provides a better alternative to the synthesis of phytosterol ester without catalyst and solvent residues, which may have potential application in the food, health-care food, and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Harbin Inst. of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Samson A Oyeyinka
- School of Chemical Engineering, Harbin Inst. of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- Dept. of Home Economics and Food Science, Univ. of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Harbin Inst. of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malina DMT, Fonseca FA, Barbosa SA, Kasmas SH, Machado VA, França CN, Borges NC, Moreno RA, Izar MC. Additive effects of plant sterols supplementation in addition to different lipid-lowering regimens. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:542-52. [PMID: 26228672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plant sterol (PS) supplementation has been widely used alone or combined with lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs) to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The effects of PS added to high-intensity LLT are less reported, especially regarding the effects on cholesterol synthesis and absorption. METHODS A prospective, randomized, open-label study, with parallel arms and blinded end points was designed to evaluate the effects of addition of PS to LLT on LDL cholesterol, markers of cholesterol synthesis, and absorption. Eighty-six patients of both genders were submitted to a 4-wk run-in period with atorvastatin 10 mg (baseline). Following, subjects received atorvastatin 40 mg, ezetimibe 10 mg, or combination of both drugs for another 4-wk period (phase I). In phase II, capsules containing 2.0 g of PSs were added to previous assigned treatments for 4 wk. Lipids, apolipoproteins, plasma campesterol, β-sitosterol, and desmosterol levels were assayed at all time points. Within and between-group analyses were performed. RESULTS Compared with baseline, atorvastatin 40 mg reduced total and LDL cholesterol (3% and 22%, respectively, P < .05), increased β-sitosterol, campesterol/cholesterol, and β-sitosterol/cholesterol ratios (39%, 47%, and 32%, respectively, P < .05); ezetimibe 10 mg reduced campesterol and campesterol/cholesterol ratio (67% and 70%, respectively, P < .05), and the combined therapy decreased total and LDL cholesterol (22% and 38%, respectively, P < .05), campesterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol/cholesterol ratio (54%, 40%, and 27%, P < .05). Addition of PS further reduced total and LDL cholesterol by ∼ 7.7 and 6.5%, respectively, in the atorvastatin therapy group and 5.0 and 4.0% in the combined therapy group (P < .05, for all), with no further effects in absorption or synthesis markers. CONCLUSIONS PS added to LLT can further improve lipid profile, without additional effects on intestinal sterol absorption or synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M T Malina
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Fonseca
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sílvio A Barbosa
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soraia H Kasmas
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria A Machado
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina N França
- Health Sciences Post-Graduation Division, University of Santo Amaro-UNISA, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria C Izar
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ras RT, van der Schouw YT, Trautwein EA, Sioen I, Dalmeijer GW, Zock PL, Beulens JWJ. Intake of phytosterols from natural sources and risk of cardiovascular disease in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-the Netherlands (EPIC-NL) population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 22:1067-75. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487314554864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders, Belgium
| | - Geertje W Dalmeijer
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L Zock
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | - Joline WJ Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:214-9. [PMID: 24780090 PMCID: PMC4071994 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PS, comprising plant sterols and plant stanols) have been proven to lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations. The dose-response relationship for this effect has been evaluated in several meta-analyses by calculating averages for different dose ranges or by applying continuous dose-response functions. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. So far, the calculation of averages for different dose ranges has not been done for plant sterols and stanols separately. The objective of the present meta-analysis was to investigate the combined and separate effects of plant sterols and stanols when classified into different dose ranges. Studies were searched and selected based on predefined criteria. Relevant data were extracted. Average LDL-cholesterol effects were calculated when studies were categorised by dose, according to random-effects models while using the variance as weighing factor. This was done for plant sterols and stanols combined and separately. In total, 124 studies (201 strata) were included. Plant sterols and stanols were administered in 129 and fifty-nine strata, respectively; the remaining used a mix of both. The average PS dose was 2.1 (range 0.2-9.0) g/d. PS intakes of 0.6-3.3 g/d were found to gradually reduce LDL-cholesterol concentrations by, on average, 6-12%. When plant sterols and stanols were analysed separately, clear and comparable dose-response relationships were observed. Studies carried out with PS doses exceeding 4 g/d were not pooled, as these were scarce and scattered across a wide range of doses. In conclusion, the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of both plant sterols and stanols continues to increase up to intakes of approximately 3 g/d to an average effect of 12%.
Collapse
|
10
|
Paillard F, Bruckert E, Naelten G, Picard P, van Ganse E. Cardiovascular risk and lifestyle habits of consumers of a phytosterol-enriched yogurt in a real-life setting. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 28:226-35. [PMID: 24750351 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the characteristics of consumers of phytosterol-enriched products and modalities of consumption are rare. An observational study evaluating the lifestyle characteristics and cardiovascular risk (CVR) profile of phytosterol-enriched yogurt consumers was performed in France. METHODS Subjects were recruited from general practitioners via electronic medical records. Data were obtained from 358 consumers and 422 nonconsumers with 519 subject questionnaires (243 consumers, 276 nonconsumers; 67% response). RESULTS Consumers had more cardiovascular risk factors than nonconsumers (2.0 ± 1.5 versus 1.6 ± 1.4; P < 0.001) and a higher 10-year SCORE cardiovascular risk (1.8 ± 2.0% versus 1.6 ± 2.2%; P = 0.008); they were older (P = 0.030) and had a higher incidence of hypercholesterolaemia (P < 0.001) and family or personal history of heart disease (P = 0.023/P = 0.026, respectively). Among consumers not on cholesterol-lowering medication, 99% were eligible for lifestyle interventions and 56% were eligible for lipid-lowering drug according to European guidelines. Consumers had a healthier lifestyle, with a higher (fruit/vegetable - saturated fatty acid) score than nonconsumers (P = 0.035), focused more on low-intensity leisure activity (P = 0.023), spent more time travelling by foot or bicycle (P = 0.012) and were more likely to act to reduce CVR. Phytosterol-enriched yogurt intake conformed to recommendations in two-thirds of consumers and was mainly consumed because of concerns over cholesterol levels and CVR. CONCLUSIONS The higher cardiovascular disease risk profile of phytosterol-enriched yogurt consumers corresponds to a population for whom European guidelines recommend lifestyle changes to manage cholesterol. The coherence of the data in terms of risk factors, adherence to lifestyle recommendations and the consumption of phytosterol-enriched yogurt conforming to recommendations reflects a health-conscious consumer population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Paillard
- Cardiovascular Prevention Center, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - E Bruckert
- Service Endocrinologie et Prévention des Maladies Cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - P Picard
- Aixial Pharma, Levallois Perret, France
| | - E van Ganse
- Pharmacoepidemiology, UMR CNRS 5558, Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Willems JI, Blommaert MA, Trautwein EA. Results from a post-launch monitoring survey on consumer purchases of foods with added phytosterols in five European countries. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
Functional foods and nutraceuticals in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:569486. [PMID: 22570771 PMCID: PMC3335253 DOI: 10.1155/2012/569486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now the leading cause of death globally and is a growing health concern. Dietary factors are important in the pathogenesis of CVD and may to a large degree determine CVD risk, but have been less extensively investigated. Functional foods are those that are thought to have physiological benefits and/or reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond their basic nutritional functions. The food industry has started to market products labelled as “functional foods.” Although many review articles have focused on individual dietary variables as determinants of CVD that can be modified to reduce the risk of CVD, the aim of this current paper was to examine the impact of functional foods in relation to the development and progression of CVD. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated the association between certain dietary patterns and cardiovascular health. Research into the cardio-protective potential of their dietary components might support the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. This paper will also compare the effect of individual bioactive dietary compounds with the effect of some dietary patterns in terms of their cardiovascular protection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Costs and health effects of adding functional foods containing phytosterols/-stanols to statin therapy in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Dose-dependent cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterol/phytostanol-enriched margarine in statin users and statin non-users under free-living conditions. Public Health Nutr 2011; 14:1823-32. [PMID: 21356148 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980011000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness (extent to which an intervention works in daily medical practice) of the use of phytosterol/phytostanol-enriched margarines to lower total and non-HDL cholesterol levels in users and non-users of statins. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Data were obtained from questionnaires on health and food intake from a population-based longitudinal cohort linked to pharmacy-dispensing records. SUBJECTS The analysis included 3829 men and women (aged 31-71 years) who were examined during 1998-2002 and re-examined at 5-year follow-up during 2003-2007. RESULTS Recommended doses of margarines were consumed by only 9 % of the subjects. Serum total cholesterol decreased by respectively -0·16 (95 % CI -0·26, -0·05) mmol/l, -1·40 (95 % CI -1·51, -1·30) mmol/l and -1·64 (95 % CI -1·91, -1·37) mmol/l in subjects who started to use phytosterols/phytostanols only, statins only or a combination of both compounds at some point in time between examination and re-examination, compared with subjects who did not start using phytosterols/phytostanols or statins. Cholesterol-lowering effects of the phytosterols/phytostanols were similar in statin users and statin non-users and increased with increasing intake of enriched margarine (no intake, 0; low intake, -0·017 (95 % CI -0·16, 0·13) mmol/l; medium intake, -0·089 (95 % CI -0·22, 0·038) mmol/l; high intake, -0·32 (95 % CI -0·50, -0·14) mmol/l). CONCLUSIONS Although recommended intake levels of the enriched margarines were not reached by all persons, these data show that under customary conditions of use phytosterols/phytostanols are effective in lowering cholesterol levels in both statin users and non-users.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lowering LDL cholesterol with margarine containing plant stanol/sterol esters: is it still relevant in 2011? Complement Ther Med 2011; 19:37-46. [PMID: 21296266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recommendations about the use of plant stanol/sterol esters have not been updated since 2001. There have been many developments in medicines for lipid-lowering since 2001. In this review, the use of margarines containing stanol or sterol esters, to lower LDL cholesterol is considered in the 2011 setting. Firstly, there is a brief overview of the effects of the stanols/sterols on LDL cholesterol, which shows that these agents have a modest ability to lower LDL cholesterol, and are not effective in all conditions. Secondly, the relevance of the stanols/sterols in 2010/1 is questioned, given they have not been shown to reduce clinical endpoints, and have no effects on HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Finally, there is a section comparing the stanols/sterols with the present day prescription lipid lowering medicines. Prescription drugs (statins, ezetimibe, and niacin) have a much greater ability to lower LDL cholesterol than the stanol/sterol esters, and also increase levels of HDL cholesterol and decrease levels of triglycerides. The statins and niacin have been shown to reduce cardiovascular clinical endpoints. Except in borderline normo/hypercholesterolemia, prescription drugs should be preferred to stanol/sterol esters for lowering LDL cholesterol in 2011.
Collapse
|
16
|
Eussen SRBM, de Jong N, Rompelberg CJM, Garssen J, Verschuren WMM, Klungel OH. Effects of the use of phytosterol/-stanol-enriched margarines on adherence to statin therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010; 19:1225-32. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
17
|
Struijs K, Lampi AM, Ollilainen V, Piironen V. Dimer formation during the thermo-oxidation of stigmasterol. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Support of drug therapy using functional foods and dietary supplements: focus on statin therapy. Br J Nutr 2010; 103:1260-77. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509993230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Functional foods and dietary supplements might have a role in supporting drug therapy. These products may (1) have an additive effect to the effect that a drug has in reducing risk factors associated with certain conditions, (2) contribute to improve risk factors associated with the condition, other than the risk factor that the drug is dealing with, or (3) reduce drug-associated side effects, for example, by restoring depleted compounds or by reducing the necessary dose of the drug. Possible advantages compared with a multidrug therapy are lower drug costs, fewer side effects and increased adherence. In the present review we have focused on the support of statin therapy using functional foods or dietary supplements containing plant sterols and/or stanols, soluble dietary fibre, n-3 PUFA or coenzyme Q10. We conclude that there is substantial evidence that adding plant sterols and/or stanols to statin therapy further reduces total and LDL-cholesterol by roughly 6 and 10 %, respectively. Adding n-3 PUFA to statin therapy leads to a significant reduction in plasma TAG of at least 15 %. Data are insufficient and not conclusive to recommend the use of soluble fibre or coenzyme Q10 in patients on statin therapy and more randomised controlled trials towards these combinations are warranted. Aside from the possible beneficial effects from functional foods or dietary supplements on drug therapy, it is important to examine possible (negative) effects from the combination in the long term, for example, in post-marketing surveillance studies. Moreover, it is important to monitor whether the functional foods and dietary supplements are taken in the recommended amounts to induce significant effects.
Collapse
|
19
|
Viuda-Martos M, López-Marcos M, Fernández-López J, Sendra E, López-Vargas J, Pérez-Álvarez J. Role of Fiber in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
A food can be regarded as ‘functional’ if it can demonstrate a beneficial efficacy on one or more target functions in the body in a convincing way. Beyond adequate nutritional qualities, functional foods should either improve the state of health and wellbeing and/or reduce the risk of disease. Functional foods that are marketed with claims of heart disease reduction focus primarily on the major risk factors, i.e. cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension. Some of the most innovative products are designed to be enriched with ‘protective’ ingredients, believed to reduce risk. They may contain, for example, soluble fibre (from oat and psyllium), useful both for lowering cholesterol and blood pressure, or fructans, effective in diabetes. Phytosterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner. Soya protein is more hypocholesterolaemic in subjects with very high initial cholesterol and recent data indicate also favourable activities in the metabolic syndrome.n-3 Fatty acids appear to exert significant hypotriacylglycerolaemic effects, possibly partly responsible for their preventive activity. Dark chocolate is gaining much attention for its multifunctional activities, useful both for the prevention of dyslipidaemia as well as hypertension. Finally, consensus opinions about tea and coffee have not emerged yet, and the benefits of vitamin E, garlic, fenugreek and policosanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of arterial disease are still controversial.
Collapse
|
21
|
Micallef MA, Garg ML. Beyond blood lipids: phytosterols, statins and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy for hyperlipidemia. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:927-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Viuda-Martos M, Ruiz-Navajas Y, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Alvarez JA. Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly. J Food Sci 2009; 73:R117-24. [PMID: 19021816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Honey, propolis, and royal jelly, products originating in the beehive, are attractive ingredients for healthy foods. Honey has been used since ancient times as part of traditional medicine. Several aspects of this use indicate that it also has functions such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflamatory, antibrowning, and antiviral. Propolis is a resinous substance produced by honeybees. This substance has been used in folk medicine since ancient times, due to its many biological properties to possess, such as antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, among others. Royal jelly has been demonstrated to possess numerous functional properties such as antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, vasodilative and hypotensive activities, disinfectant action, antioxidant activity, antihypercholesterolemic activity, and antitumor activity. Biological activities of honey, propolis, and royal jelly are mainly attributed to the phenolic compounds such as flavonoids. Flavonoids have been reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and vasodilatory actions. In addition, flavonoids inhibit lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, capillary permeability and fragility, and the activity of enzyme systems including cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Viuda-Martos
- Grupo Industrialización de Productos de Origen Animal (IPOA), Generalitat Valenciana, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ctra, E-03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Phytosterol-enriched products on the Irish market: examination of intake and consumption patterns. Public Health Nutr 2009; 12:51-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980008001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo study patterns of phytosterol intakes in the Irish population from enriched sources.DesignAn interview-assisted questionnaire, which recorded information on sociodemographics, product types, intake amounts and patterns of intake. Independent samplesttests, one-way ANOVA and cross-tabulations were used to establish significant relationships between groups of variables. The top tertile of phytosterol intakes was also calculated.SettingPoint-of-purchase of phytosterol-enriched products in Irish supermarkets.SubjectsFour hundred and sixty-eight consumers (186 men and 282 women) of phytosterol-enriched foods.ResultsThe mean phytosterol intake from enriched sources for the sample population was 2·45 g/d. Men had greater intakes than women (2·71 g/dv. 2·29 g/d, respectively). A total of 62 % of consumers were unaware of the importance of consuming fruit and vegetables while taking these products. The majority of respondents reported that they had high cholesterol (61 %) and 22 % of consumers also took cholesterol-lowering medication (statins). In total, 23 % had phytosterol intakes >3·0 g/d and the majority of consumers (58 %) had been consuming these products for >1 year. The mean intake for respondents with phytosterol intakes >3·0 g/d was 4·1 g/d and 74 % of this subgroup had been consuming these products for >1 year.ConclusionIn general, phytosterol intakes are within efficacious levels in the Irish population. However, there appears to be a subgroup that has been consuming these products at intakes greater than current recommendations for >1 year.
Collapse
|
24
|
Plant stanol ester spreads as components of a balanced diet for pregnant and breast-feeding women: evaluation of clinical safety. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:1797-804. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508133608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Clinical safety of consuming plant stanol ester spreads during pregnancy and lactation, the impact on maternal and infant serum and breast-milk cholesterol and the ratios (μmol/mmol of cholesterol) of synthesis and absorption markers were evaluated. Pregnant women (n21) were randomised to control and dietary intervention groups, the intervention including advice to follow a balanced diet and to consume spreads enriched with plant stanol esters. Participants were followed during and after pregnancy and their infants up to 1 year of age. A mean 1·1 (sd0·4) g consumption of plant stanols during pregnancy and 1·4 (sd0·9) g 1 month post-partum increased sitostanol and the markers for cholesterol synthesis, lathosterol, lathosterol/campesterol and lathosterol/sitosterol, and reduced a marker for cholesterol absorption, campesterol, in maternal serum. In breast milk, desmosterol was lower in the intervention group, while no differences were detected between the groups in infants' serum. Plant stanol ester spread consumption had no impact on the length of gestation, infants' growth or serum β-carotene concentration at 1 and 6 months of age, but the cholesterol-adjusted serum β-carotene concentration was lowered at 1 month in the intervention group. Plant stanol ester spread consumption appeared safe in the clinical setting, except for potential lowering of infants' serum β-carotene concentration, and was reflected in the markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption in mothers' serum, encouraging further studies in larger settings.
Collapse
|
25
|
de Jong N, Ros MM, Ocké MC, Verhagen H. A general postlaunch monitoring framework for functional foods tested with the phytosterol/-stanol case. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
26
|
Xu Z, Le K, Moghadasian MH. Long-term phytosterol treatment alters gene expression in the liver of apo E-deficient mice. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 19:545-554. [PMID: 18155511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phytosterols significantly reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apo E-KO) mice. We investigated the long-term effects of phytosterol treatment on gene expression in the liver of these mice. Male apo E-KO mice were fed an atherogenic diet supplemented with (n=6) or without (n=6) 2% (wt/wt) phytosterol mixtures for 14 weeks. Liver specimens were collected and stored in RNAlater immediately. mRNA was extracted and subjected to microarray analyses and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for confirmation. Oligonuleotide microarray analysis of pooled samples (n=3) revealed that the expression of 132 genes/transcripts was significantly altered in treated animals, considering the false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.23. Real-time RT-PCR techniques confirmed these alterations in the expression of several of these genes, including Hmgcr (2.16-fold; P=.0002), Hmgcs1 (1.79-fold; P=.001), Hsd17b7 (2.11-fold; P=.028), Sqle (2.03-fold; P=.01), Cyp51 (1.8-fold; P=.001), Fads1 (1.55-fold; P=.031), Fads2 (2.17-fold; P=.047), Lpin1 (3.67-fold; P=.001), Ppargc1b (PGC-1beta; a coactivator of sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins; 1.66-fold; P=.007) and Cyp7B1 (1.81-fold; P=.025). In summary, our data suggest that long-term dietary phytosterols can alter the expression of a number of hepatic genes that regulate sterol metabolism in apo E-KO mice. It is possible that these changes are due to inhibition of cholesterol absorption, but are not a direct effect of plant sterols. Further multivariate correlation or association analysis is needed to establish the relations between changes in the expression of these genes and prevention of atherosclerosis by phytosterols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyuan Xu
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6; Canadian Center for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ros MM, Sterk SS, Verhagen H, Stalenhoef AFH, de Jong N. Phytosterol consumption and the anabolic steroid boldenone in humans: A hypothesis piloted. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:679-84. [PMID: 17613052 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701216727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the anabolic steroid boldenone in animals has become a research topic as its occurrence is proposed to be a marker for illegal hormone administration. However, boldenone can also be formed from beta-sitosterol, a phytosterol present in animal feed, as well as from endogenous sources. The observations in animals together with the increased consumption of phytosterol-enriched foods in the Western population led the authors to the hypothesis that consumption of phytosterol-enriched foods might possibly lead to increased boldenone levels in humans. The authors performed a pilot study among female volunteers (n = 10) to investigate whether boldenone concentrations in urine were detectable after consumption of 25 g day(-1) of phytosterol-enriched margarines for 1 week. Urine samples were collected at days 0, 3 or 4, and 7. Urine of a sitosterolemia (a rare autosomal recessively inherited lipid metabolic disorder) patient was collected as a positive control case. No traces of boldenone were detected in either the volunteers or in the patient. In conclusion, there is no evidence of formation of boldenone in women after consumption of the recommended amount of phytosterol-enriched margarines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Ros
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sirtori CR, Anderson JW, Arnoldi A. Nutritional and nutraceutical considerations for dyslipidemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.2.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
29
|
Abstract
Current regulations focus on the mandatory safety evaluation of functional foods before they come to market, but Nynke de Jongand colleagues argue that the effects of such foods should also be evaluated after they have been launched
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nynke de Jong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fransen HP, de Jong N, Wolfs M, Verhagen H, Verschuren WMM, Lütjohann D, von Bergmann K, Plat J, Mensink RP. Customary use of plant sterol and plant stanol enriched margarine is associated with changes in serum plant sterol and stanol concentrations in humans. J Nutr 2007; 137:1301-6. [PMID: 17449596 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.5.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of products enriched with plant sterol or stanol esters lowers serum total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, thereby most likely reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. However, using plant sterol (not plant stanol) enriched products elevates serum plant sterol concentrations in humans. This may be unwanted because health effects of elevated serum plant sterol concentrations are still controversial. Within postlaunch monitoring of functional foods, we compared serum plant sterol and plant stanol concentrations among users of plant sterol (n = 67) or plant stanol (n = 13) enriched margarines with those of matched nonusers (n = 81) in the ongoing Dutch Doetinchem cohort study. Subjects (aged 29-67 y) were examined in 1994-1998 (before the introduction of enriched margarines) and re-examined in 1999-2003. Serum concentrations of plant sterols and stanols were measured in samples from nonfasting subjects by GLC-MS. Intake of plant sterols was 1.1 +/- 0.6 g/d and was associated with a decrease of serum total cholesterol concentration of 0.25 +/- 0.91 mmol/L (4%, P < 0.05), a change that differed (P < 0.05) from the nonsignificant increase in nonusers (+2%, 0.12 +/- 0.78 mmol/L, P = 0.16). Cholesterol-standardized serum sitosterol and campesterol increased in plant sterol users by 22% (P < 0.0001) and 103% (P < 0.0001), respectively. Cholesterol-standardized serum sitostanol and campestanol increased in plant stanol users by 197% (P = 0.02) and 196% (P = 0.01). To our knowledge, these data are the first to show changes in serum cholesterol, plant sterol, and plant stanol concentrations after (long-term) consumption of plant sterol and stanol enriched margarines in a free-living population in a nonexperimental setting. Whether the increased serum sterol concentrations result in adverse side effects needs to be investigated in future postlaunch monitoring studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi P Fransen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
de Jong N, Zuur A, Wolfs MCJ, Wendel-Vos GCW, van Raaij JMA, Schuit AJ. Exposure and effectiveness of phytosterol/-stanol-enriched margarines. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61:1407-15. [PMID: 17299474 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on effectiveness of phytosterol/-stanol-enriched margarines in the community have received low priority. For postlaunch monitoring purposes including risk-benefit analyses, it is needed to investigate both exposure and effectiveness of these margarines. OBJECTIVE To study the use and effectiveness of phytosterol/-stanol-enriched margarine. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS The study population consisted of 2379 subjects that participated in a community intervention study ('Hartslag Limburg') aged 28-76 years. In 1998 and 2003, blood samples for total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were obtained. A general questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were administered. From 1999 onwards, phytosterol/-stanol-enriched margarines were introduced on the Dutch market. On the basis of 2003 data, subjects were classified in users of (a) phytosterol/-stanol-enriched margarine, (b) cholesterol-lowering drugs, (c) the combination (both enriched margarine and drugs) and (d) neither enriched margarines nor cholesterol-lowering drugs. RESULTS Mean (+/-s.d.) daily intake of phytosterol-enriched margarine (n=99) and phytostanol-enriched margarine (n=16) was 14+/-9 g. From 1998 to 2003, total serum cholesterol concentration changed significantly different among the four groups: in the combination users -2.04+/-1.50 mmol/l (-29%), in cholesterol-lowering drug users -1.09+/-1.17 mmol/l (-17%), in the enriched margarine users -0.24+/-0.75 mmol/l (-4%) and in non-users +0.10+/-0.72 mmol/l (+2%)(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Recommended doses are not consumed, but phytosterol/-stanol-enriched margarines can modestly reduce serum total cholesterol in the community. These margarines cannot equal the effect of cholesterol-lowering drugs, but may act additively. Further investigation of the health effects that may occur during simultaneous cholesterol lowering drugs and phytosterol-or -stanol-enriched margarines usage is important, as well as community education about the cholesterol lowering foods and drugs. SPONSORSHIP Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (data collection of Hartslag Limburg and further data- analyses).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N de Jong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|