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Low-energy X-ray inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis on shell eggs in mono-/co-culture biofilms with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Campaniello M, Marchesani G, Zianni R, Tarallo M, Mangiacotti M, Chiaravalle AE. Validation of an alternative method for the identification of 2‐dodecylcyclebutanone (2‐
DCB
) of irradiated meats by solid‐phase microextraction (
SPME
) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (
GC
‐
MS
). Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Campaniello
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - Giuliana Marchesani
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - Rosalia Zianni
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - Marina Tarallo
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - Michele Mangiacotti
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - A. Eugenio Chiaravalle
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
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3
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Gille A, Hollenbach R, Trautmann A, Gomez MR, Krüger R, Bischoff SC, Posten C, Briviba K. Lipophilic compounds, but not fucoxanthin, mediate the genotoxic effect of photoautotrophic grown Phaeodactylum tricornutum in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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4
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Gille A, Trautmann A, Gomez MR, Bischoff SC, Posten C, Briviba K. Photoautotrophically Grown Chlorella vulgaris Shows Genotoxic Potential but No Apoptotic Effect in Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8668-8676. [PMID: 31271028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) on genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. C. vulgaris significantly induced DNA damage in both cell lines at a concentration of 200 μg dry matter/mL (comet tail intensity CTI: 24.6 ± 4.7% for Caco-2, 16.6 ± 0.9% for HT-29). The application of processing (sonication, ball-milling) did not affect the genotoxicity negatively and lowered the lipid peroxidation in C. vulgaris preparations. C. vulgaris-induced intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species in human cell lines and might be responsible for the genotoxic effect. A solid fraction mainly triggered the observed DNA damage (CTI: 41.5 ± 1.9%), whereas a hydrophilic (CTI: 7.9 ± 1.7%) and lipophilic (CTI: 10.2 ± 2.1%) fraction revealed a significantly lower tail intensity. C. vulgaris significantly induced DNA damage in both cell lines possibly through intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species; however, it was repaired after a 2 h recovery time or was even avoided at lower concentrations. In addition, none of the preparations indicated an adverse effect on cell proliferation or revealed apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gille
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition , Max Rubner-Institut , Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Andreas Trautmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences III Bioprocess Engineering , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Manuel Rodriguez Gomez
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition , Max Rubner-Institut , Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- University of Hohenheim , Institute of Nutritional Medicine , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Clemens Posten
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences III Bioprocess Engineering , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Karlis Briviba
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition , Max Rubner-Institut , Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
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5
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Toxicological evaluation of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, a unique radiolytic compound of palmitic acid. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:639-647. [PMID: 30268793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects and potency of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-dDCB), a unique compound derived from palmitic acid via irradiation. In a series of assays of bacterial reverse-mutation, in vitro chromosomal aberration, and in vivo micronucleus, negative responses were found by the treatment of 2-dDCB comparing vehicle control, dimethyl sulfoxide or corn oil. In the acute oral toxicity test, all of the mice administrated 2-dDCB survived, and there were no clinical and necropsy signs observed at any doses (0, 300, and 2000 mg/kg body weight) during the experimental period of 14 days. These results suggested that 2-dDCB is a relatively non-toxic substance with median lethality dose higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Moreover, there were no adverse effects noted in rats orally administrated 2-dDCB everyday via gavage for 28 days, even at the highest dose (2.0 mg/kg body weight/day) tested, which is 1000-times higher than the human daily intake of 2-dDCB estimated through an extreme exposure scenario. Overall, these results indicate that 2-dDCB is not likely to raise any human health concerns and irradiated foods containing palmitic acid can be recognized as safe for human consumption under the current international regulation systems for food irradiation.
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6
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Barbezan AB, Martins R, Bueno JB, Villavicencio ALC. Ames Test to Detect Mutagenicity of 2-Alkylcyclobutanones: A Review. J Food Sci 2017; 82:1518-1522. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica B. Barbezan
- IPEN/CNEN - Inst. de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear - Av. Professor Lineu Prestes; 2242 Cidade Univ. Butantã; Zip Code: 05508-000 São Paulo/SP Brasil
| | - Regiane Martins
- IPEN/CNEN - Inst. de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear - Av. Professor Lineu Prestes; 2242 Cidade Univ. Butantã; Zip Code: 05508-000 São Paulo/SP Brasil
| | - Jennifer B. Bueno
- IPEN/CNEN - Inst. de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear - Av. Professor Lineu Prestes; 2242 Cidade Univ. Butantã; Zip Code: 05508-000 São Paulo/SP Brasil
| | - Anna Lúcia C.H. Villavicencio
- IPEN/CNEN - Inst. de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear - Av. Professor Lineu Prestes; 2242 Cidade Univ. Butantã; Zip Code: 05508-000 São Paulo/SP Brasil
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7
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Battilocchio C, Iannucci G, Wang S, Godineau E, Kolleth A, De Mesmaeker A, Ley SV. Flow synthesis of cyclobutanones via [2 + 2] cycloaddition of keteneiminium salts and ethylene gas. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A robust and safe flow method for the synthesis of mono-substituted cyclobutanones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Battilocchio
- Innovative Technology Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- UK
| | - G. Iannucci
- Innovative Technology Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- UK
| | - S. Wang
- Innovative Technology Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- UK
| | - E. Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG
- Crop Protection Research
- Switzerland
| | - A. Kolleth
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG
- Crop Protection Research
- Switzerland
| | - A. De Mesmaeker
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG
- Crop Protection Research
- Switzerland
| | - S. V. Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- UK
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8
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Sato M, Todoriki S, Takahashi T, Hafez E, Takasu C, Uehara H, Yamakage K, Kondo T, Matsumoto K, Furuta M, Izumi K. Modifications of azoxymethane-induced carcinogenesis and 90-day oral toxicities of 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone as a radiolytic product of stearic acid in F344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 28:99-107. [PMID: 26028819 PMCID: PMC4444508 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 90-day oral toxicity test in rats was performed to evaluate the toxicity of 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-tDCB), a unique radiolytic product of stearic acid. Six-week-old male and female F344 rats (n=15/group) were given 2-tDCB at concentrations of 0, 12, 60 and 300 ppm in a powder diet for 13 weeks. Slight dose-dependent increases in serum total protein and albumin in male rats were found, but these changes were not considered to be a toxic effect. The fasting, but not non-fasting, blood glucose levels of the male rats in the 300 ppm group and female rats in the 60 and 300 ppm groups were lower than those of the controls. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed dose-dependent accumulation of 2-tDCB in adipose tissue, notably in males. Next, we performed an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced two-stage carcinogenesis study. After injection of 6-week-old male F344 rats (n=30/group) once a week for 3 weeks, the animals received 2-tDCB at concentrations of 0, 10, 50 and 250 ppm in a powder diet for 25 weeks. The incidences of colon tumors for the 2-tDCB dosages were 34%, 45%, 40% and 37%, respectively, and were not statistically significant. These data suggest that 2-tDCB shows no toxic or tumor-modifying effects under the present conditions, and that the no-observed-adverse-effect level for 2-tDCB is 300 ppm in both sexes, equivalent to 15.5 mg/kg b.w./day in males and 16.5 mg/kg b.w./day in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sato
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Setsuko Todoriki
- Food Safety Division, National Food Research Institute,
2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ezar Hafez
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hisanori Uehara
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamakage
- Division of Alternative Toxicology Test, Hatano Research
Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523,
Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of
Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194,
Japan
| | - Kozo Matsumoto
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life
Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555,
Japan
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Laboratory of Quantum-beam Chemical Biology, Radiation
Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570,
Japan
| | - Keisuke Izumi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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9
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Yamakage K, Sui H, Ohta R, Toyoizumi T, Kawakami K, Matsumoto H, Takahashi T, Sasaki K, Ikezumi M, Negishi S, Izumi K, Todoriki S, Takashi K, Furuta M. Genotoxic potential and in vitro tumour-promoting potential of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone, two radiolytic products of fatty acids. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 770:95-104. [PMID: 25344170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-damaging and tumour-promoting effects of two 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs), which are found in irradiated fat-containing foods, were investigated by use of the comet assay and in an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon-carcinogenesis study in rats, respectively. We conducted genotoxicity tests of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-dDCB) and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-tDCB) according to the test guidelines for chemicals or drugs. In addition, a cell-transformation assay with Bhas 42 cells was performed to investigate their promoting potential in vitro. The Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (Ames test), conducted with five tester strains, revealed that neither 2-dDCB nor 2-tDCB possessed mutagenic activity. Moreover, both in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test on CHL/IU cells and the in vivo bone-marrow micronucleus test where mice were given 2-dDCB and 2-tDCB (orally, up to 2000 mg/kg bw/day), we did not detect any clastogenic effects. Furthermore, DNA strand-breaks were not detected in the in vitro comet assay with CHL/IU cells, and DNA adducts derived from 2-dDCB and 2-tDCB were not detected in the colon tissues of the mice used for the micronucleus tests, in rats from a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity test (0.03% 2-tDCB in the diet), or in rats from the AOM-induced carcinogenesis study (0.025% 2-tDCB in the diet). An in vitro tumour-promotion assay with Bhas 42 cells revealed that the number of transformed foci increased significantly following treatment of cells in the stationary phase with 2-dDCB or 2-tDCB for 10 days. Our results indicate that neither 2-dDCB nor 2-tDCB were genotoxic chemicals. However, they exhibited promoting activity, at least in vitro, when Bhas 42 cells were continuously exposed to these chemicals at toxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamakage
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan.
| | - Hajime Sui
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohta
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Toyoizumi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kawakami
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Takahashi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sasaki
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Mayu Ikezumi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Saki Negishi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Keisuke Izumi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Setsuko Todoriki
- Food Safety Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Kondo Takashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Laboratory of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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10
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Song BS, Choi SJ, Jin YB, Park JH, Kim JK, Byun EB, Kim JH, Lee JW, Kim GS, Marchioni E. A critical review on toxicological safety of 2-alkylcyclobutanones. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induction by 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, a radiolytic product of palmitic acid, in human lymphoma U937 cells. Apoptosis 2012; 17:636-45. [PMID: 22311471 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The irradiation of fat-containing food forms 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) from palmitic acid (PA). In this study, we investigated whether 2-DCB and PA induce apoptosis in human lymphoma U937 cells. We found that cell viability decreased by 2-DCB and apoptosis was induced by 2-DCB and PA. 2-DCB and PA significantly enhanced the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Apoptosis induced by 2-DCB and PA was strongly prevented by an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L: -cysteine. The treatment with 2-DCB and PA resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and Fas, caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation. Pretreatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD) significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by 2-DCB and PA. Moreover, 2-DCB and PA also induced Bax up-regulation, the reduction in Bcl-2 expression level, Bid cleavage and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol. In addition, an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was observed after the treatment with 2-DCB and PA. Our results indicated that intracellular ROS generation, the modulation of the Fas-mitochondrion-caspase-dependent pathway and the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) involved in apoptosis are induced by 2-DCB and PA in U937 cells.
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13
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Hijaz F, Shrestha TB, Bossman SH, Hussain F, Smith JS. In vitro and in vivo metabolism of the radiolytic compound 2-dodecylcyclobutanone. J Food Sci 2010; 75:T72-80. [PMID: 20546430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge about the metabolism of alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) is limited, and the lack of literature on the metabolism of 2-ACBs causes consumers to doubt the safety of irradiated foods. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the metabolism of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) and identify any possible metabolite. The 2-DCB was mixed with rat S9 (postmitochondrial supernatant fraction) and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C. Then, the incubation mixture was mixed with sodium sulfate and extracted with n-hexane by using a Soxhlet apparatus. The hexane extract was concentrated under nitrogen and injected into the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) machine running in selective ion monitoring mode (SIM) to measure 2-DCB concentration. The hexane extract from the in vitro and in vivo studies was also derivatized with a silylation reagent and injected into a GC-MS running in full scan mode. The average percentage of 2-DCB recovered from the test incubations was 23%, compared with 50% from the controls. The GC-MS chromatograms of the derivatized samples showed a unique peak in the in vitro test incubations and in the hexane extract of the rat feces that were given 2-DCB. This peak was later identified as 2-doecylcyclobutanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hijaz
- Food Science Inst., Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, 208 Call Hall, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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14
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15
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Azqueta A, Shaposhnikov S, Collins AR. DNA oxidation: investigating its key role in environmental mutagenesis with the comet assay. Mutat Res 2008; 674:101-8. [PMID: 19041417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA oxidation, which can have potentially serious mutagenic consequences, commonly accompanies exposure to environmental mutagens. Oxidised bases can be measured chromatographically, but spurious oxidation during sample preparation leads to serious over-estimation of low levels of damage. A more reliable approach is to employ endonucleases specific for oxidised bases, to introduce breaks in cellular DNA that are then most commonly measured using the comet assay (alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis). The two enzymes in general use are formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase, which detects primarily 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), and endonuclease III which recognises oxidised pyrimidines. We give a brief account of the recommended experimental procedures, and then describe applications in various areas of environmental research. Cultured cell lines or white blood cells have been exposed to a range of environmental mutagens, including natural products, industrial chemicals, radiation and nanoparticles. In vivo exposure of animals and humans to pollutants is more challenging but can give particularly valuable information in relation to real life exposure. Possibly the most useful application is in biomonitoring of human population groups suffering actual exposure to environmental or occupational mutagens. Finally, the potential use of this technique to monitor effects of contaminants in the natural environment has yet to be fully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PB 1046 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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