Fragrance material review on carveol

Pharmacological effects of monoterpene carveol on the neuromuscular system of nematodes and mammals

The control of parasitic nematode infections relies mostly on anthelmintics. The potential pharmacotherapeutic application of phytochemicals, in order to overcome parasite resistance and enhance the effect of existing drugs, is becoming increasingly important. The antinematodal effects of carveol was tested on the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the neuromuscular preparation of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Carveol caused spastic paralysis in C. elegans. In A. suum carveol potentiated contractions induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and this effect was confirmed with two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology on the A. suum nicotinic ACh receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes. However, potentiating effect of carveol on ACh-induced contractions was partially sensitive to atropine, indicates a dominant nicotine effect but also the involvement of some muscarinic structures. The effects of carveol on the neuromuscular system of mammals are also specific. In micromolar concentrations, carveol acts as a non-competitive ACh antagonist on ileum contractions. Unlike atropine, it does not change the EC50 of ACh, but reduces the amplitude of contractions. Carveol caused an increase in Electrical Field Stimulation-evoked contractions of the isolated rat diaphragm, but at higher concentrations it caused an inhibition. Also, carveol neutralized the mecamylamine-induced tetanic fade, indicating a possibly different pre- and post-synaptic action at the neuromuscular junction.

Bioactive properties of the aromatic molecules of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) essential oil: a review

Spearmint belongs to the genus Mentha in the family Labiateae (Lamiaceae), which is wildly cultivated worldwide for its remarkable aroma and commercial value. The aromatic molecules of spearmint essential oil,...

In Vitro and In Vivo Antidiabetic Potential of Monoterpenoids: An Update

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin levels or insulin resistance. Despite the availability of several oral and injectable hypoglycemic agents, their use is associated with a wide range of side effects. Monoterpenes are compounds extracted from different plants including herbs, vegetables, and fruits and they contribute to their aroma and flavor. Based on their chemical structure, monoterpenes are classified into acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes. They have been found to exhibit numerous biological and medicinal effects such as antipruritic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. Therefore, monoterpenes emerged as promising molecules that can be used therapeutically to treat a vast range of diseases. Additionally, monoterpenes were found to modulate enzymes and proteins that contribute to insulin resistance and other pathological events caused by DM. In this review, we highlight the different mechanisms by which monoterpenes can be used in the pharmacological intervention of DM via the alteration of certain enzymes, proteins, and pathways involved in the pathophysiology of DM. Based on the fact that monoterpenes have multiple mechanisms of action on different targets in in vitro and in vivo studies, they can be considered as lead compounds for developing effective hypoglycemic agents. Incorporating these compounds in clinical trials is needed to investigate their actions in diabetic patients in order to confirm their ability in controlling hyperglycemia.

Thermodynamics of the Isomerization of Monoterpene Epoxides

In this contribution, the thermodynamic analysis of α- and β-pinene epoxide isomerization over Fe and Cu supported on MCM-41 is presented using computational chemistry and group contribution methods (GCMs). Some physical-chemical data (T c, P c, v c, Z c, ω, T b, T fus) and thermodynamic (S°298.15, C p,298.15 °, C v,298.15 °, ΔH f,298.15 °, ΔG f,298.15 °, ΔH vb °, ΔH fus, C pL) properties obtained by different GCMs are reported for several monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, which significantly contribute to the knowledge of the properties of these compounds. Density functional theory (DFT), PBE-D3/6-311G(d,p), was employed for determining the Gibbs free energy and the heat of reaction associated with the transformation of monoterpene epoxides into aldehydes, ketones, and related oxygenated compounds in the presence of different solvents and at several temperatures. The calculations were compared with available data reported and the experimental results of the catalytic reactions. The transformation of α- and β-pinene epoxides into aldehydes appears to be more spontaneous and favorable than their transformations into alcohols in a wide range of temperatures. These results are in agreement with the experiments over Fe/MCM-41 and Cu/MCM-41, where α-pinene epoxide isomerization yields campholenic aldehyde (50-80% selectivity) as the main product. The 1.7Fe/MCM-41 material was more active in all solvents than 1.3Cu/MCM-41 for both α- and β-pinene epoxide isomerization. However, perillyl alcohol (20-70% selectivity) was the most favored for the isomerization reaction, except when ethyl acetate was the solvent. Enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of the studied reactions estimated by both GCMs and DFT calculations did not show large differences for most of the reactions at evaluated temperatures.

(-)-Carveol Prevents Gastric Ulcers via Cytoprotective, Antioxidant, Antisecretory and Immunoregulatory Mechanisms in Animal Models

Background: (-)-Carveol (p-Mentha-6,8-dien-2-ol) is a monocyclic monoterpenic alcohol, present in essential oils of plant species such as Cymbopogon giganteus, Illicium pachyphyllum and in spices such as Carum carvi (cumin). Pharmacological studies report its antitumor, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, vasorelaxant, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Hypothesis/Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute non-clinical oral toxicity, gastroprotective activity of monoterpene (-)-Carveol in animal models and the related mechanisms of action.

Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD guide 423 in mice. Ethanol, stress, NSAIDs and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer models were used to investigate antiulcer properties. The related mechanisms of action were using the ethanol-gastric lesions protocol.

Results: (-)-Carveol has low toxicity, with a lethal dose 50% (LD₅₀) equal to or greater than 2,500 mg/kg according to OECD guide nº 423. In all gastric ulcer induction methods evaluated, (-)-Carveol (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the ulcerative lesion in comparison with the respective control groups. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the gastroprotective activity, the antisecretory or neutralizing of gastric secretion, cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunoregulatory effects were evaluated. In the experimental protocol of pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer, (-)-Carveol (100 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.001) the volume of gastric secretion in both routes (oral and intraduodenal). The previous administration of blockers NEM (sulfhydryl groups blocker), L-NAME (nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor), glibenclamide (K_ATP channel blocker) and indomethacin (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor), significantly reduced the gastroprotection exercised by (-)-Carveol, suggesting the participation of these pathways in its gastroprotective activity. In addition, treatment with (-)-Carveol (100 mg/kg) increased (p < 0.001) mucus adhered to the gastric wall. Treatment also increased (p < 0.001) levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). It also reduced (p < 0.001) malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels.

Conclusion: Thus, it is possible to infer that (-)-Carveol presents gastroprotective activity related to antisecretory, cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms.

Alcohol Oxidation Assisted by Molybdenum Hydrazonato Catalysts Employing Hydroperoxide Oxidants

Molybdenum(VI) catalysts were obtained from methanol or acetonitrile by the reaction of [MoO2(C5H7O2)2] and isonicotinoyl- or nicotinoyl-based aroylhydrazones. Reactions in methanol resulted in the formation of the mononuclear complexes [MoO2(L1–4)(MeOH)] (1a–4a), while the ones in acetonitrile provided polynuclear complexes [MoO2(L1–4)]n (1–4). Crystals of polynuclear compound, [MoO2(L3)]n∙H2O (3∙H2O), suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by the solvothermal procedure at 110 °C. Complexes were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR-ATR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis (EA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared catalysts were tested in alcohol oxidation reactions. Carveol, cyclohexanol, and butan-2-ol were investigated substrates. Because the alcohol oxidations are very challenging due to various possible pathways, the idea was to test different oxidants, H2O2, TBHP in water and decane, to optimize the researched catalytic system.

Bioactive compounds from Matricaria chamomilla: structure identification, in vitro antiproliferative, antimigratory, antiangiogenic, and antiadenoviral activities

During our exploring the anticancer activity of some medicinal plants and their major metabolites, the aerial parts of the Egyptian Matricaria chamomilla (flowers and stems) were studied. GC-MS analysis of the organic soluble extracts of the flowers and stems fractions revealed the presence of 43 and 45 compounds, respectively. Individual chromatographic purification of the flowers and stems' extracts afforded three major compounds. Structures of these compounds were identified by 1D- and 2D-NMR and HRESI-MS spectroscopic data as bisabolol oxide A (1) and (E)-tonghaosu (2) (as mixture of ratio 2:1) from the flowers extract, meanwhile apigenin-7-β-d-glucoside (3) from the stems fraction. Biologically, the chamomile extracts announced significant antiproliferative activities exceeded in potency by ∼1.5 fold in case of the stem, recording GI₅₀ 13.16 and 17.04 μg/mL against Caco-2 and MCF-7, respectively. Both fractions were approximately equipotent against the migration of the same cell type down to 10 μg/mL together, compounds 1, 2 but not 3, showed considerable growth inhibition of the same cells at GI₅₀ 13.36 and 11.83 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, they were able to suppress Caco-2 colon cancer cells migration at 5.8 μg/mL and potently inactivate the VEGFR2 angiogenic enzyme (1.5-fold relative to sorafenib. The obtained compounds and corresponding chamomile extracts were evaluated against Adeno-7 virus, revealing that both chamomiles' extracts (flowers and stems) and their corresponding obtained compounds (1-3) were potent in their depletion to the Adeno 7 infectivity titer, however, the flower extract and compounds 1-2 were more effective than those of the stem extract and its end-product (3).

Relaxant Effect of Monoterpene (-)-Carveol on Isolated Human Umbilical Cord Arteries and the Involvement of Ion Channels

Carveol is a monoterpene present in the structure of many plant products. It has a variety of biological activities: antioxidant, anticancer and vasorelaxation. However, studies investigating the effect of monoterpenoids on human vessels have not yet been described. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize the effect of (−)-carveol on human umbilical arteries (HUAs). HUA ring preparations were isolated and subjected to isometric tension recordings of umbilical artery smooth muscle contractions. (−)-Carveol exhibited a significant vasorelaxant effect on KCl and 5-HT-induced contractions, obtaining EC₅₀ values of 344.25 ± 8.4 and 175.82 ± 4.05 µM, respectively. The participation of calcium channels in the relaxation produced by (−)-carveol was analyzed using vessels pre-incubated with (−)-carveol (2000 µM) in a calcium-free medium, where the induction of contractions was abolished. The vasorelaxant effect of (−)-carveol on HUAs was reduced by tetraethylammonium (TEA), which increased the (−)-carveol EC₅₀ to 484.87 ± 6.55 µM. The present study revealed that (−)-carveol possesses a vasorelaxant activity in HUAs, which was dependent on the opening of calcium and potassium channels. These results pave the way for further studies involving the use of monoterpenoids for the vasodilatation of HUAs. These molecules have the potential to treat diseases such as pre-eclampsia, which is characterized by resistance in umbilical arteries.

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, Isopulegol, CAS Registry Number 89-79-2

This material was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, as well as environmental safety. Data show that this material is not genotoxic nor does it have skin sensitization potential. The repeated dose, developmental and reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were completed using the TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) for a Cramer Class I material (0.03, 0.03 mg/kg/day and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoint was completed based on suitable UV spectra. The environmental endpoint was completed as described in the RIFM Framework.

Inhibition by menthol and its related chemicals of compound action potentials in frog sciatic nerves

AIMS

Transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) and melastatin-8 (TRPM8) channels play a role in transmitting sensory information in primary-afferent neurons. TRPV1 agonists at high concentrations inhibit action potential conduction in the neurons and thus have a local anesthetic effect. The purpose of the present study was to know whether TRPM8 agonist menthol at high concentrations has a similar action and if so whether there is a structure-activity relationship among menthol-related chemicals.

MAIN METHODS

Compound action potentials (CAPs) were recorded from the frog sciatic nerve by using the air-gap method.

KEY FINDINGS

(-)-Menthol and (+)-menthol concentration-dependently reduced CAP peak amplitude with the IC(50) values of 1.1 and 0.93 mM, respectively. This (-)-menthol activity was resistant to non-selective TRP antagonist ruthenium red; TRPM8 agonist icilin did not affect CAPs, indicating no involvements of TRPM8 channels. p-Menthane, (+)-limonene and menthyl chloride at 7-10 mM minimally affected CAPs. On the other hand, (-)-menthone, (+)-menthone, (-)-carvone, (+)-carvone and (-)-carveol (in each of which chemicals OH or O group was added to p-menthane and limonene) and (+)-pulegone inhibited CAPs with extents similar to that of menthol. 1,8-Cineole and 1,4-cineole were less effective while thymol and carvacrol were more effective than menthol in inhibiting CAPs.

SIGNIFICANCE

Menthol-related chemicals inhibited CAPs and were thus suggested to exhibit local anesthetic effects comparable to those of lidocaine and cocaine as reported previously for frog CAPs. This result may provide information to develop local anesthetics on the basis of the chemical structure of menthol.