1
|
Almeida LC, Mattos AC, Dinamarco CPG, Figueiredo NG, Bila DM. Chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:1623-1634. [PMID: 34662301 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs are a class of medications used for treating viral infections. Due to their widespread use, especially in cases of pandemics and limited human metabolism, antivirals have been detected in multiple environmental matrices. This study aims to evaluate the chronic effects of acyclovir, efavirenz, lamivudine and zidovudine using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata. The results with R. subcapitata showed the following toxicities: zidovudine (IC50 = 5.442 mg L-1) < acyclovir (IC50 = 3.612 mg L-1) < lamivudine (IC50 = 3.013 mg L-1) < efavirenz (IC50 = 0.034 mg L-1). The results of the chronic bioassay with C. dubia demonstrated that zidovudine is the least toxic (EC50 = 5.671 mg L-1), followed by acyclovir (EC50 = 3.062 mg L-1), lamivudine (EC50 = 1.345 mg L-1) and efavirenz (EC50 = 0.026 mg L-1). Both species have been shown to be sensitive to efavirenz. A risk quotient (RQ) was calculated, and efavirenz had an RQ greater than 1 for both species, and lamivudine had an RQ greater than 1 for C. dubia, representing a high ecological risk for these organisms. Antivirals pose a significant environmental risk to aquatic organisms and should be taken into consideration in future monitoring of water sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Almeida
- Engineering College, State University of Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier street, 524, 2029-F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, RJ, Brazil E-mail:
| | - A C Mattos
- Engineering College, State University of Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier street, 524, 2029-F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, RJ, Brazil E-mail:
| | - C P G Dinamarco
- Engineering College, State University of Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier street, 524, 2029-F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, RJ, Brazil E-mail:
| | - N G Figueiredo
- National Institute of Technology, Venezuela Avenue, 82, 20081-312, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D M Bila
- Engineering College, State University of Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier street, 524, 2029-F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, RJ, Brazil E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Franchi L, De Souza T, Andrioli W, Lima I, Bastos J, Takahashi C. The effects of the mycotoxin austdiol on cell cycle progression, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Austdiol is a mycotoxin mainly produced by Aspergillus ustus and Mycoleptodiscus indicus. These fungi are found in rye, oats, barley, corn and feed grains; thus, as a potential contaminant of human food and animal feed, this mycotoxin is of great concern. As such, the elucidation of the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of austdiol is important. In this study, austdiol was purified from a rice-oat solid medium culture of M. indicus using chromatographic separation techniques. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells were then used to study the effect of austdiol on mammalian cell cycle, clonogenicity and DNA damage. Austdiol induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, with a decreased S phase population and increased sub-G1 population. Austdiol also increased the polyploid population. These events resulted in cell death detected 7 days after treatment by clonogenic assay. DNA damage represents the main mechanism of action of austdiol, which induces DNA breaks and increases the frequency of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges in binucleated cells in a CHO-K1 cell line. Moreover, cells exposed to austdiol and doxorubicin (DXR) combined treatments presented a reduced number of colonies and increased frequencies of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges compared with negative control and cells treated with austdiol or DXR alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.P. Franchi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bloco G. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Monte Alegre, SP, Brazil
| | - T.A.J. De Souza
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bloco G. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Monte Alegre, SP, Brazil
| | - W.J. Andrioli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-900 Vila Monte Alegre, SP, Brazil
| | - I.M.S. Lima
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bloco G. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Monte Alegre, SP, Brazil
| | - J.K. Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - C.S. Takahashi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bloco G. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Monte Alegre, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-900 Vila Monte Alegre, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Franchi LP, Guimarães NN, De Andrade LR, De Andrade HHR, Lehmann M, Dihl RR, Cunha KS. Antimutagenic and antirecombinagenic activities of noni fruit juice in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:585-94. [PMID: 23828338 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652013000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Noni, a Hawaiian name for the fruit of Morinda citrifolia L., is a traditional medicinal plant from Polynesia widely used for the treatment of many diseases including arthritis, diabetes, asthma, hypertension and cancer. Here, a commercial noni juice (TNJ) was evaluated for its protective activities against the lesions induced by mitomycin C (MMC) and doxorrubicin (DXR) using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster. Three-day-old larvae, trans-heterozygous for two genetic markers (mwh and flr3 ), were co-treated with TNJ plus MMC or DXR. We have observed a reduction in genotoxic effects of MMC and DXR caused by the juice. TNJ provoked a marked decrease in all kinds of MMC- and DXR-induced mutant spots, mainly due to its antirecombinagenic activity. The TNJ protective effects were concentration-dependent, indicating a dose-response correlation, that can be attributed to a powerful antioxidant and/or free radical scavenger ability of TNJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo P Franchi
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás/UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Comparative analysis of genetic toxicity of antiretroviral combinations in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 53:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
5
|
Orsolin PC, Silva-Oliveira RG, Nepomuceno JC. Assessment of the mutagenic, recombinagenic and carcinogenic potential of orlistat in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2598-604. [PMID: 22621838 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study the mutagenic, recombinagenic, carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic potential of orlistat was assessed using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) and the epithelial tumor detection test (wts). The experiments were conducted on Drosophila melanogaster. In the assessment using SMART, larvae, descendants from the standard (ST) cross and the high bioactivation (HB) cross, were treated chronically with three orlistat concentrations. The results revealed a recombinagenic effect, associated with orlistat, in the descendants of the HB cross, at all three levels of concentration. Homologous recombination can function as a determinant at different stages of carcinogenesis. For verification, larvae from the wts test, descendants of the wts/TM3 virgin female and mwh/mwh male cross, were treated with the same three orlistat concentrations separately and in association with mitomicin C (0.1mM). The results did not, however, provide evidence that orlistat has carcinogenic potential nor was it associated with the reduction of tumors induced by mitomicin C in D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Orsolin
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guimarães NN, de Andrade HHR, Lehmann M, Dihl RR, Cunha KS. The genetic toxicity effects of lamivudine and stavudine antiretroviral agents. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 9:771-81. [PMID: 20377473 DOI: 10.1517/14740331003702384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are used in antiretroviral therapy worldwide for the treatment of HIV infections. These drugs act by blocking reverse transcriptase enzyme activity, causing pro-viral DNA chain termination. As a consequence, NRTIs could cause genomic instability and loss of heterozygosity. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review highlights the toxic and genotoxic effects of NRTIs, particularly lamivudine (3TC) and stavudine (d4T) analogues. In addition, a battery of short-term in vitro and in vivo systems are described to explain the potential genotoxic effects of these NRTIs as a single drug or a complexity of highly active antiretroviral therapy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The readers will gain an understanding of a secondary effect that could be induced by 3TC and d4T treatments. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Considering that AIDS has become a chronic disease, more comprehensive toxic genetic studies are needed, with particular attention to the genetic alterations induced by NRTIs. These alterations play a primary role in carcinogenesis and are also involved in secondary and subsequent steps of carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilza Nascimento Guimarães
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (DBBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lourenço ED, do Amaral VS, Lehmann M, Dihl RR, Schmitt VM, Cunha KS, Reguly ML, de Andrade HHR. Micronuclei induced by reverse transcriptase inhibitors in mononucleated and binucleated cells as assessed by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Genet Mol Biol 2010; 33:756-60. [PMID: 21637587 PMCID: PMC3036155 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572010005000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the clastogenic and/or aneugenic potential of three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (zidovudine - AZT, lamivudine - 3TC and stavudine - d4T) using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in human lymphocyte cultures. All three inhibitors produced a positive response when tested in binucleated cells. The genotoxicity of AZT and 3TC was restricted to binucleated cells since there was no significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in mononucleated cells. This finding indicated that AZT and 3TC caused chromosomal breakage and that their genotoxicity was related to a clastogenic action. In addition to the positive response observed with d4T in binucleated cells, this drug also increased the frequency of micronuclei in mononucleated cells, indicating clastogenic and aneugenic actions. Since the structural differences between AZT and 3TC and AZT and d4T involve the 3' position in the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside and in an unsaturated 2',3',dideoxyribose, respectively, we suggest that an unsaturated 2', 3', dideoxyribose is responsible for the clastogenic and aneugenic actions of d4T.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloir D Lourenço
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diagnóstico Genético e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brazil, Canoas, RS Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|