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Gu C, Li J, Zhou W, An J, Tian L, Xiong F, Fei W, Feng Y, Ma J. Abiotic natural attenuation of 1,2,3-trichloropropane by natural magnetite under O 2 perturbation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142040. [PMID: 38615949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) is an emerging groundwater pollutant, but there is a lack of reported studies on the abiotic natural attenuation of TCP by iron minerals. Furthermore, perturbation by O2 is common in the shallow subsurface by both natural and artificial processes. In this study, natural magnetite was selected as the reactive iron mineral to investigate its role in the degradation of TCP under O2 perturbation. The results indicated that the mineral structural Fe(II) on magnetite reacted with dissolved oxygen to generate O2-· and HO·. Both O2-· and HO· contributed to TCP degradation, with O2-· playing a more important role. After 56 days of reaction, 66.7% of TCP was completely dechlorinated. This study revealed that higher magnetite concentrations, smaller magnetite particle sizes, and lower initial TCP concentrations favored TCP degradation. The presence of <10 mg/L natural organic matter (NOM) did not affect TCP degradation. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the abiotic natural attenuation mechanisms facilitated by iron minerals under O2 perturbation, providing crucial insights for the study of natural attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jiabin Li
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jiayi An
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Liting Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Wenbo Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yangfan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
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Liu S, Gu C, Zhang J, Luo C, Rong X, Yue G, Liu H, Wen J, Ma J. Degradation of 1,2,3-trichloropropane by unactivated persulfate and the implications for groundwater remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161201. [PMID: 36581269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate (PS) is widely used as an in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) technology for groundwater and soil remediation. While conventional theory generally assumes that PS needs to be "activated" to produce reactive radicals for pollutant degradation, herein, PS without explicit activation system was discovered for the degradation of 1,2,3-TCP with the generation of reactive oxidation species (ROS). Comparison of five common ISCO oxidants (PS, peroxymonosulfate, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, and sodium percarbonate) indicated that only unactivated PS was able to degrade 1,2,3-TCP in both pure water and 12 natural water samples. 50 μM 1,2,3-TCP degradation can be continued as long as there is enough PS (50 mM). The degradation rate of 1,2,3-TCP increased 450 % when the PS concentration increased from 10 mM to 50 mM and 500 % when the temperature increased from 25 °C to 45 °C. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyzes, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) probe reaction and radical quenching experiments confirmed the involvement of both sulfate radicals (SO4·-) and ·OH that were responsible for 1,2,3-TCP degradation and ·OH played a more important role. HCO3-, Cl- and NOM are three groundwater matrix species that are most likely to inhibit PS oxidation of 1,2,3-TCP. Compared to activated PS, unactivated PS is more promising and more practical for groundwater remediation, since it has several advantages: (1) longer lifetime and better long-term availability; (2) ability of enduring contaminant degradation; (3) applicable for low-permeability zones remediation and potential to alleviate contaminant rebound or tailing problems; (4) environmental friendly; and (5) lower cost. Overall, results of this study show that unactivated PS is a promising in situ remediation technology that may be a good candidate for the most challenging low permeable zone remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Chunyun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Chaoyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xun Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Gangsen Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China.
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Li H, Han Z, Qian Y, Kong X, Wang P. In Situ Persulfate Oxidation of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in Groundwater of North China Plain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152752. [PMID: 31374962 PMCID: PMC6696075 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In situ injection of Fe(II)-activated persulfate was carried out to oxidize chlorinated hydrocarbons and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in groundwater in a contaminated site in North China Plain. To confirm the degradation of contaminants, an oxidant mixture of persulfate, ferrous sulfate, and citric acid was mixed with the main contaminants including 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) and benzene before field demonstration. Then the mixed oxidant solution of 6 m3 was injected into an aquifer with two different depths of 8 and 15 m to oxidize a high concentration of TCP, other kinds of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and BTEX. In laboratory tests, the removal efficiency of TCP reached 61.4% in 24 h without other contaminants but the removal rate was decreased by the presence of benzene. Organic matter also reduced the TCP degradation rate and the removal efficiency was only 8.3% in 24 h. In the field test, as the solution was injected, the oxidation reaction occurred immediately, accompanied by a sharp increase of oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and a decrease in pH. Though the concentration of pollutants increased due to the dissolution of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) at the initial stage, BTEX could still be effectively degraded in subsequent time by persulfate in both aquifers, and their removal efficiency approached 100%. However, chlorinated hydrocarbon was relatively difficult to degrade, especially TCP, which had a relatively higher initial concentration, only had a removal efficiency of 30%–45% at different aquifers and monitoring wells. These finding are important for the development of injection technology for chlorinated hydrocarbon and BTEX contaminated site remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Zhantao Han
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
| | - Yong Qian
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Xiangke Kong
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
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Krishnan K, Carrier R. The use of exposure source allocation factor in the risk assessment of drinking-water contaminants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:39-51. [PMID: 23573939 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.769419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the risk assessment process, the reference dose, tolerable intake, or acceptable daily intake (RfD, TDI, ADI) is apportioned to specific exposure sources on the basis of a source allocation factor (AF) or relative source contribution (RSC). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published an exposure decision tree framework in 2000 to guide the determination of AF (or RSC) of drinking-water contaminants (DWC). Besides that, there has not been any systematic analysis of the basis of the use of AF in DWC risk assessments. This article therefore critically reviews and integrates current knowledge and approaches for the development of AF, while focusing on its consistent use in DWC risk assessments based on consideration of (i) risk assessment endpoint, (ii) existing guidelines, (iii) exposure estimates, (iv) usage pattern and environmental fate information, (v) physicochemical properties, (vi) bounds of AF, (vii) multiroute exposures, and (viii) target population characteristics. Accordingly, for a DWC for which drinking water is not a major source of exposure and for which there is documented evidence of widespread presence in one or more of the other media (i.e., air, food, soil, or consumer products), the use of an AF value of 0.2 is suggested. For DWC for which drinking water represents nearly the single major source of exposure, a ceiling AF value of 0.8 is suggested. For other situations, chemical- and context-specific AF values can be developed based on exposure data or models, which should in turn be bounded by the floor and ceiling AF values as originally described by the U.S. EPA (i.e., 0.2-0.8). Future studies need to focus on improvements in methods for deriving AF, by basing it on the consideration of bioavailability, target tissue dose, and extent of route-specific absorption, as well as improvement in the modeling of dose received via direct/voluntary exposure through consumer products and at workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Krishnan
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Manuel J. Avoiding health pitfalls of home energy-efficiency retrofits. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:A76-A79. [PMID: 21285010 PMCID: PMC3040626 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.119-a76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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