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Wang Q, Spenkelink B, Boonpawa R, Rietjens IMCM, Beekmann K. Use of Physiologically Based Kinetic Modeling to Predict Rat Gut Microbial Metabolism of the Isoflavone Daidzein to S-Equol and Its Consequences for ERα Activation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900912. [PMID: 32027771 PMCID: PMC7154660 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To predict gut microbial metabolism of xenobiotics and the resulting plasma concentrations of metabolites formed, an in vitro-in silico-based testing strategy is developed using the isoflavone daidzein and its gut microbial metabolite S-equol as model compounds. METHODS AND RESULTS Anaerobic rat fecal incubations are optimized and performed to derive the apparent maximum velocities (Vmax ) and Michaelis-Menten constants (Km ) for gut microbial conversion of daidzein to dihydrodaidzein, S-equol, and O-desmethylangolensin, which are input as parameters for a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model. The inclusion of gut microbiota in the PBK model allows prediction of S-equol concentrations and slightly reduced predicted maximal daidzein concentrations from 2.19 to 2.16 µm. The resulting predicted concentrations of daidzein and S-equol are comparable to in vivo concentrations reported. CONCLUSION The optimized in vitro approach to quantify kinetics for gut microbial conversions, and the newly developed PBK model for rats that includes gut microbial metabolism, provide a unique tool to predict the in vivo consequences of daidzein microbial metabolism for systemic exposure of the host to daidzein and its metabolite S-equol. The predictions reveal a dominant role for daidzein in ERα-mediated estrogenicity despite the higher estrogenic potency of its microbial metabolite S-equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianrui Wang
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
| | - Bert Spenkelink
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
| | - Rungnapa Boonpawa
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro‐IndustryKasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province CampusSakon Nakhon47000Thailand
| | | | - Karsten Beekmann
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Wageningen Food Safety ResearchP. O. Box 2306700 AEWageningenThe Netherlands
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2
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Moran LM, McLaurin KA, Booze RM, Mactutus CF. Neurorestoration of Sustained Attention in a Model of HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:169. [PMID: 31447657 PMCID: PMC6691343 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the sustained prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in the post-combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era, as well as the increased prevalence of older HIV-1 seropositive individuals, there is a critical need to develop adjunctive therapeutics targeted at preserving and/or restoring neurocognitive function. To address this knowledge gap, the present study examined the utility of S-Equol (SE), a phytoestrogen produced by gut microbiota, as an innovative therapeutic strategy. A signal detection operant task with varying signal durations (1,000, 500, 100 ms) was utilized to assess sustained attention in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) and control animals. During the signal detection pretest assessment, HIV-1 Tg animals displayed profound deficits in stimulus-response learning and sustained attention relative to control animals. Subsequently, between 6 and 8 months of age, HIV-1 Tg and control animals were treated with a daily oral dose of either placebo or SE (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg) and a posttest assessment was conducted in the signal detection operant task with varying signal durations. In HIV-1 Tg animals, a linear decrease in the number of misses at 100 ms was observed as SE dose increased, suggesting a dose response with the most effective dose at 0.2 mg SE, approximating controls. Comparison of the number of misses across signal durations at the pretest and posttest revealed a preservation of neurocognitive function in HIV-1 Tg animals treated with 0.2 mg SE; an effect that was in sharp contrast to the neurocognitive decline observed in HIV-1 Tg animals treated with placebo. The results support the utility of 0.2 mg SE as a potential efficacious neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative therapeutic for sustained attention, in the absence of any adverse peripheral effects, in the HIV-1 Tg rat. Thus, the present study highlights the critical need for further in vivo studies to elucidate the full potential and generalizability of phytoestrogen treatment for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landhing M Moran
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Kristen A McLaurin
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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3
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Parrado C, Philips N, Gilaberte Y, Juarranz A, González S. Oral Photoprotection: Effective Agents and Potential Candidates. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:188. [PMID: 29998107 PMCID: PMC6028556 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared ranges produces biologic effects in humans. Where some of these effects are beneficial, others are harmful to the skin, particularly those stemming from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Pharmacological photoprotection can be topical or systemic. Systemic photoprotection is often administered orally, complementing topical protection. New and classic oral agents (e.g., essential micronutrients as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, carotenoids) are endowed with photoprotective and anti-photocarcinogenic properties. These substances bear the potential to increase systemic protection against the effects of electromagnetic radiation in the UV, visible, and infrared ranges. Protective mechanisms vary and include anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. As such, they provide protection against UVR and prevent photo-induced carcinogenesis and aging. In this review, we present state of the art approaches regarding the photoprotective effects of vitamins and vitamin derivatives, dietary botanical, and non-botanical agents. A growing body of data supports the beneficial effects of oral photoprotection on the health of the skin. More studies will likely confirm and expand the positive impact of oral dietary botanicals as complementary measures for photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Parrado
- Department of Histology and Pathology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Neena Philips
- School of Natural Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, United States
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Dermatology Service, Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.,Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angeles Juarranz
- Biology Department, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador González
- Medicine and Medical Specialties Department, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Alcalá University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
This review summarizes the 2016 NAMS/Pfizer-Wulf H. Utian Endowed Lecture that focused on the history and basic science of soy isoflavones. Described is a personal perspective of the background and history that led to the current interest in soy and isoflavones with a specific focus on the role that soy isoflavones play in the health of postmenopausal women. This overview covers the metabolism and physiological behavior of isoflavones, their biological properties that are of potential relevance to aging, issues related to the safety of soy isoflavones, and the role of the important intestinally derived metabolite S-(-)equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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5
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Ohkura Y, Obayashi S, Yamada K, Yamada M, Kubota T. S-equol Partially Restored Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production in Isoflavone-deficient Ovariectomized Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 65:500-7. [PMID: 25636070 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-equol is known as an estrogenic substance, but its ability to restore vascular endothelial function is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of S-equol on endothelial function and intimal thickening under isoflavone- and estrogen-deficient circumstances. METHODS Twelve-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were bilaterally ovariectomized and assigned to one of the 3 groups: control, isoflavone-deficient (ID), or ID plus equol (n = 12, respectively). The control group received a normal diet containing isoflavones, while ID and ID plus equol groups received isoflavones-free diet. At 16th week, subcutaneous administration of S-equol (200 μg/d) started in the ID plus equol group. At 18th week, endothelial denudation of the left common carotid artery was performed in all groups, and thoracic and carotid arteries were collected at 20th week. RESULTS In thoracic artery, endothelium-dependent relaxation, cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in the tissue, and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression and phosphorylation were significantly higher in the groups of ID plus equol and control than in the ID. The ratio of intima to media of the injured carotid artery in the control group was the lowest. CONCLUSIONS Removal of dietary soy isoflavones decreased endothelium-derived NO level in ovariectomized rats. S-equol supplementation partially improved NO-related endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ohkura
- Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Tousen Y, Ishiwata H, Ishimi Y, Ikegami S. Equol, a Metabolite of Daidzein, Is More Efficient than Daidzein for Bone Formation in Growing Female Rats. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1349-1354. [PMID: 26096577 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effects of isoflavones and particularly equol, a metabolite of the isoflavone daidzein, on bone formation during the growth period in animals. The present study investigated the effects of orally administered daidzein or equol on bone formation and bone mineral density in growing female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 3 weeks, were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) as follows: rats were orally administered a corn oil, 8 mg/day of daidzein, 4 mg/day of equol or 8 mg/day of equol in corn oil for 4 weeks. Daidzein and equol increased the bone mineral density of growing female rats by stimulating bone formation without exhibiting a substantial effect on the weight of their reproductive organs. Bone growth caused by increased bone mineralizing surface and bone formation rate in rats administered with equol was approximately twice that of rats administered with daidzein. These results suggest that equol might be more efficient than daidzein for bone formation in growing female rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tousen
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Hajimu Ishiwata
- Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, 550 Iwase, Mastudo, Chiba, 271-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Sachie Ikegami
- Department of Home Economics, Otsuma Woman's University, 12 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
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Mattison DR, Karyakina N, Goodman M, LaKind JS. Pharmaco- and toxicokinetics of selected exogenous and endogenous estrogens: A review of the data and identification of knowledge gaps. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:696-724. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.930813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Brown NM, Galandi SL, Summer SS, Zhao X, Heubi JE, King EC, Setchell KDR. S-(-)equol production is developmentally regulated and related to early diet composition. Nutr Res 2014; 34:401-9. [PMID: 24916553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
S-(-)7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-chroman, or S-(-)equol, a biologically active intestinally derived bacterial metabolite of the soy isoflavones daidzin/daidzein, is not produced in neonatal life. Because its synthesis is dependent on equol-producing bacteria, we hypothesized that early nutrition may influence equol production. This prospective 2.5-year study determined the frequency of S-(-)equol production in healthy infants (n = 90) fed breast milk, soy infant formula, or cow's milk formula in their first year. Urinary S-(-)equol and daidzein were quantified by mass spectrometry after a standardized 3.5-day soy isoflavone challenge. Infants were tested at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age, and 3-day diet records were obtained at each visit to explore the effect of early and postweaning (>12 months) macronutrient and micronutrient dietary composition and S-(-)equol production. Use of antibiotics was also recorded. At age 6 months, none of the breast-fed infants produced S-(-)equol, whereas 3.8% and 6.0%, respectively, of soy and cow's milk formula-fed infants were equol producers. By age 3 years, 50% of the formula-fed infants were equol producers, compared with 25% of breast-fed infants. Use of antibiotics was prevalent among infants and may have impacted the stability of S-(-)equol production. No significant differences among the groups were observed in postweaning dietary intakes of total energy, carbohydrate, fiber, protein, fat, saturated fatty acids, or polyunsaturated fatty acids and the propensity to make S-(-)equol. In conclusion, S-(-)equol production is developmentally regulated and initially related to diet composition with the proportion of equol producers increasing over the first 3 years of life, with a trend for formula feeding favoring S-(-)equol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M Brown
- Division of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephanie L Galandi
- Division of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Suzanne S Summer
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science and Training, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Xueheng Zhao
- Division of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - James E Heubi
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science and Training, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eileen C King
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
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9
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Becker RA, Hays SM, Kirman CR, Aylward LL, Wise K. Interpreting Estrogen Screening Assays in the Context of Potency and Human Exposure Relative to Natural Exposures to Phytoestrogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:114-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kimberly Wise
- American Chemistry Council Washington District of Columbia
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10
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Neese SL, Pisani SL, Doerge DR, Helferich WG, Sepehr E, Chittiboyina AG, Rotte SCK, Smillie TJ, Khan IA, Korol DL, Schantz SL. The effects of dietary treatment with S-equol on learning and memory processes in middle-aged ovariectomized rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 41:80-8. [PMID: 24368316 PMCID: PMC3943933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of over-the-counter botanical estrogens containing isolated soy isoflavones, including genistein and daidzein, has become a popular alternative to traditional hormone therapies. Menopausal women use these products as an aide in healthy aging, including for the maintenance of cognitive function. The safety and efficacy of many of these commercial preparations remain unknown. Previous research in our lab found that treatment of ovariectomized (OVX) female Long-Evans rats with genistein impaired working memory in an operant delayed spatial alternation (DSA) task and response learning in a plus-maze, but enhanced place learning assessed in the plus-maze. The present study further examined the effects of isolated isoflavones on working memory and place learning by treating middle-aged (12-13 month old) OVX female Long-Evans rats with S-equol, the exclusive enantiomer produced by metabolism of daidzein in the mammalian gut. S-equol binds selectively to ERβ with an affinity similar to that of genistein but has low transcriptional potency. For DSA testing, S-equol at 1.94, 0.97 mg, or 0mg (sucrose control) was orally administered to animals daily, 30 min before behavioral testing, and again both 4 and 8 hours after the first treatment. Rats were tested on the DSA task following the first, morning dose. For place learning, rats received 0.97 mg S-equol every 4 hours during the light portion of the cycle beginning 48 hours prior to behavioral testing (total exposure 8.7 mg S-equol). S-equol treatment was largely without effect on the DSA and place learning tasks. This is the first study to test the behavioral effects of isolated S-equol in OVX rodents, and shows that, unlike genistein or estradiol, repeated daily treatment with this isoflavone metabolite does not alter learning and memory processes in middle-aged OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Neese
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baldwin Wallace University, 275 Eastland Road, Berea, OH 44017, USA.
| | - Samantha L Pisani
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA.
| | - William G Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Estatira Sepehr
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, 3011 Thad Cochran Research Center, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Sateesh Chandra Kumar Rotte
- National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, 3011 Thad Cochran Research Center, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Troy J Smillie
- National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, 3011 Thad Cochran Research Center, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, 3011 Thad Cochran Research Center, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Donna L Korol
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Setchell KDR, Brown NM, Summer S, King EC, Heubi JE, Cole S, Guy T, Hokin B. Dietary factors influence production of the soy isoflavone metabolite s-(-)equol in healthy adults. J Nutr 2013; 143:1950-8. [PMID: 24089421 PMCID: PMC3827640 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.179564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
S-(-)equol, an intestinally derived metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein, is proposed to enhance the efficacy of soy diets. Adults differ in their ability to produce equol when consuming soy foods for reasons that remain unclear. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive dietary analysis of 143 macro- and micronutrients in 159 healthy adults in the United States (n = 89) and Australia (n = 70) to determine whether the intake of specific nutrients favors equol production. Three-d diet records were collected and analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research software and S-(-)equol was measured in urine by mass spectrometry. Additionally, in a subset of equol producers and nonproducers (n = 10/group), we examined the long-term stability of equol producer status by retesting 12, 18, and 24 mo later. Finally, the effect of oral administration of the antibiotic metronidazole (500 mg/d for 7 d) on equol production was examined in 5 adults monitored during a 4-mo follow-up period. Equol producers accounted for 30.3% and 28.6% of the United States and Australian participants, respectively (overall frequency, 29.6%). No significant differences were observed for total protein, carbohydrate, fat, saturated fat, or fiber intakes between equol producers and nonproducers. However, principal component analysis revealed differences in several nutrients, including higher intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.039), maltose (P = 0.02), and vitamins A (P = 0.01) and E (P = 0.035) and a lower intake of total cholesterol (P = 0.010) in equol producers. During a 2-y period, equol producer status remained unchanged in all nonproducers and in 80% of equol producers, whereas metronidazole abolished equol production in only 20% of participants. In conclusion, these findings suggest that major differences in the macronutrient content of the diet appear not to influence equol production, but subtle differences in some nutrients may influence the ability to produce equol, which was a relatively stable phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D. R. Setchell
- Divisions of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pathology,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Nadine M. Brown
- Divisions of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pathology
| | | | | | - James E. Heubi
- Clinical Translational Research Center,Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sidney Cole
- Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company, Berkeley Vale, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Trish Guy
- Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company, Berkeley Vale, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Bevan Hokin
- The Department of Pathology, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia
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Nishide Y, Tadaishi M, Kobori M, Tousen Y, Kato M, Inada M, Miyaura C, Ishimi Y. Possible role of S-equol on bone loss via amelioration of inflammatory indices in ovariectomized mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 53:41-8. [PMID: 23874069 PMCID: PMC3705151 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.12-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
S-equol is a natural metabolite of the soy isoflavone, daidzein, produced by intestinal bacteria. S-equol has been shown to have greater estrogenic activity than other soy isoflavones and prevent bone loss in post-menopausal women. Estrogen regulates both bone remodeling and hemopoiesis in the bone marrow, these processes that communicate closely with each other. In this study, we investigated the effect of S-equol on bone mass and gene expression of bone marrow cells in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Female ddY strain mice, aged 12 weeks, were either sham operated or OVX. The OVX mice were randomly divided into two groups: (1) OVX control and (2) OVX fed a 0.06% (w/w) S-equol supplemented diet. After 2 weeks, the trabecular bone volume of the femoral distal metaphysis was markedly reduced in OVX mice. However, treatment with equol was observed to ameliorate this. Expression of inflammatory-, osteoclastogenesis- and adipogenesis-related genes was increased in OVX mice compared with sham mice, and equol was observed to suppress their expression. The present study demonstrates that equol might ameliorate bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency through regulating hemopoiesis and production of inflammatory cytokines in bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Nishide
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan ; Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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13
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Molzberger AF, Soukup ST, Kulling SE, Diel P. Proliferative and estrogenic sensitivity of the mammary gland are modulated by isoflavones during distinct periods of adolescence. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1129-40. [PMID: 23288143 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-1009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavone (ISO) exposure during adolescence has been demonstrated to modulate the estrogenic and proliferative sensitivity of the adult breast tissue. In this study, we investigated whether ISO exposure restricted to the period of puberty is sufficient to result in similar effects. Female rats were divided into three groups receiving either lifelong an ISO-free diet (IDD) or an ISO-rich diet (ISD), or an ISD from postnatal day (PND) 30 to PND 60 covering the time period of puberty (pISD). Serum concentrations of ISO and metabolites were determined at PND 50 and 80. At PND 50, ISD animals had significant higher equol serum levels than pISD animals. Onset of puberty occurred significantly earlier in the pISD and ISD group compared to the animals fed IDD. Cycle length was shortest in pISD group. To determine estrogen sensitivity of the adult breast tissue, adult rats were ovariectomized and subcutaneously treated either with estradiol (E(2)) or with genistein (GEN) for 3 days (PND 77-80). Analysis of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression showed a reduced proliferative response of the breast to E(2) in pISD and ISD animals compared to IDD group, while the induction of progesterone receptor (PR) was higher in both IDD and pISD compared to ISD fed rats. Our results demonstrate that ISO exposure during puberty is sufficient to reduce the proliferative response of the adult mammary gland but not to reduce the response of classical E(2) sensitive genes like the PR. In summary, our results demonstrate that animals exposed during different periods of their adolescence to ISO differ in several physiological aspects. In addition, the detected differences in the serum equol levels between pISD and ISD rats and the detected differences in the estrogen sensitivity of the breast clearly underline this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut F Molzberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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