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Akhigbe RE, Akhigbe TM, Oyedokun PA, Famurewa AC. Molecular mechanisms underpinning the protection against antiretroviral drug-induced sperm-endocrine aberrations and testicular toxicity: A review. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108629. [PMID: 38825169 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has revolutionized the treatment of HIV/AIDS worldwide. The HAART approach is the combination of two or more antiretroviral drugs of different classes and are responsible for patient's survival and declining death rates from HIV/AIDS and AIDS-related events. However, the severe and persistent reproductive side effect toxicity of HAART regimens is of great concern to patients within the reproductive age. Till date, the underlying pathophysiology of the HAART-induced reproductive toxicity remains unraveled. Nevertheless, preclinical studies show that oxidative stress and inflammation may be involved in HAART-induced sperm-endocrine deficit and reproductive aberrations. Studies are emerging demonstrating the efficacy of plant-based and non-plant products against the molecular alterations and testicular toxicity of HAART. The testicular mechanisms of mitigation by these products are associated with enhancement of testicular steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation. This review presents the toxic effects of HAART on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormones and testis integrity. It also provides insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the mitigation of HAART testicular toxicity by plant-based and non-plant agents. However, effect of repurposing clinical drugs to combat HAART toxicity is unknown, and more mechanistic studies are evidently needed. Altogether, plant-based and non-plant products are potential agents for prevention of rampant endocrine dysfunction and testicular toxicity of HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tunmise M Akhigbe
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria; Breeding and Genetics Unit, Department of Agronomy, Osun State University, Ejigbo Campus, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Precious A Oyedokun
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
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Baysal M, Karaduman AB, Korkut Çelikateş B, Atlı-Eklioğlu Ö, Ilgın S. Assessment of the toxicity of different antiretroviral drugs and their combinations on Sertoli and Leydig cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38647040 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2336506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus continues to pose a significant global public health challenge, affecting millions of individuals. The current treatment strategy has incorporated the utilization of combinations of antiretroviral drugs. The administration of these drugs is associated with many deleterious consequences on several physiological systems, notably the reproductive system. This study aimed to assess the toxic effects of abacavir sulfate, ritonavir, nevirapine, and zidovudine, as well as their combinations, on TM3 Leydig and TM4 Sertoli cells. The cell viability was gauged using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed via the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) test, and DNA damage was determined using the comet assay. Results indicated cytotoxic effects at low drug concentrations, both individually and combined. The administration of drugs, individually and in combination, resulted in the production of ROS and caused damage to the DNA at the tested concentrations. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the administration of antiretroviral drugs can lead to testicular toxicity by promoting the generation of ROS and DNA damage. Furthermore, it should be noted that the toxicity of antiretroviral drug combinations was shown to be higher compared to that of individual drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Baysal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Burak Karaduman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Büşra Korkut Çelikateş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Atlı-Eklioğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Ilgın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Librelotto CS, Souza APDE, Álvares-DA-Silva MR, Simon D, Dihl RR. Evaluation of the genetic toxicity of sofosbuvir and simeprevir with and without ribavirin in a human-derived liver cell line. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200632. [PMID: 34586319 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals have revolutionized the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Sofosbuvir and simeprevir are prescribed worldwide. However, there is a scarcity of information regarding their genotoxicity. Therefore, the present study assessed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of sofosbuvir and simeprevir, alone and combined with ribavirin. HepG2 cells were analyzed using the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Cells were treated for 24 h with sofosbuvir (0.011-1.511 mM), simeprevir (0.156-5.0 µM), and their combinations with ribavirin (0.250-4.0 mM). No significant differences were observed in the nuclear division cytotoxicity index, reflecting the absence of cytotoxic effects associated to sofosbuvir. However, the highest concentration of simeprevir showed a significant difference for the nuclear division cytotoxicity index. Moreover, significant results were observed for nuclear division cytotoxicity index in two combinations of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin and only in the highest combination of simeprevir plus ribavirin. Additionally, our results showed that sofosbuvir did not increase the frequency of chromosomal damage, but simeprevir significantly increased the frequency of micronuclei at the highest concentrations. The combination index demonstrated that both sofosbuvir and simeprevir produced antagonism to the genotoxic effects of ribavirin. In conclusion, our results showed that simeprevir, but not sofosbuvir, has genotoxic effects in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina S Librelotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), PPG Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 4° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula DE Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), PPG Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 4° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mário R Álvares-DA-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências em Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Santa Cecilia, 90035-007 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), PPG Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 4° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Dihl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), PPG Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 4° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
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Samadder S. Drosophila melanogaster: A Robust Tool to Study Candidate Drug against Epidemic and Pandemic Diseases. ANIMAL MODELS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Chen-Chen L, de Jesus Silva Carvalho C, de Moraes Filho AV, Véras JH, Cardoso CG, Bailão E, Spanó MA, Cunha KS. Toxicity and genotoxicity induced by abacavir antiretroviral medication alone or in combination with zidovudine and/or lamivudine in Drosophila melanogaster. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:446-454. [PMID: 30545272 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118818248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abacavir (ABC), zidovudine (AZT), and lamivudine (3TC) are nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) widely used as combination-based antiretroviral therapy against human immunodeficiency virus. Despite effective viral suppression using NRTI combinations, genotoxic potential of NRTIs can be increased when administered in combination. This study investigated the toxic and genotoxic potential of ABC when administered alone or in combination with AZT and/or 3TC using the somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster. This test simultaneously evaluated two events related to carcinogenic potential: mutation and somatic recombination. The results indicated that ABC was responsible for toxicity when administered alone or in combination with AZT and/or 3TC. In addition, all treatment combinations increased frequencies of mutation and somatic recombination. The combination of AZT/3TC showed the lowest genotoxic activity compared to all combinations with ABC. Therefore, our results indicated that ABC was responsible for a significant portion of genotoxic activity of these combinations. Somatic recombination was the main genetic event observed, ranging from 83.7% to 97.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen-Chen
- 1 Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - C de Jesus Silva Carvalho
- 1 Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - A V de Moraes Filho
- 1 Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - J H Véras
- 1 Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - C G Cardoso
- 1 Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Eflc Bailão
- 2 Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Campus Henrique Santillo, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - M A Spanó
- 3 Laboratório de Mutagênese, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - K S Cunha
- 1 Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Grando AC, Guimarães NN, de Souza AP, Lehmann M, Cunha KS, Dihl RR. Assessment of complex genomic alterations induced by AZT, 3TC, and the combination AZT +3TC. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:429-434. [PMID: 30208744 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1504959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens are based on the use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which are the main drugs used by patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The use of NRTIs combinations has afforded clear clinical benefits to patients undergoing HAART. However, the combination of two NRTIs may increase the risk of genomic instability in comparison with the drugs administered individually. We analyzed the ability of zidovudine (AZT) and lamivudine (3TC), and the combination AZT +3TC to induce complex genomic alterations using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. The 24-h cell treatment with individual NRTIs showed that AZT increased micronucleus frequencies and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs). No significant differences were observed for any parameters investigated after exposure of CHO-K1 cells to 3TC. The combination AZT +3TC significantly increased micronucleus frequencies. Analysis of interaction between these drugs suggested that antagonism occurs in all AZT +3TC concentrations. These results highlight the importance to investigate the genotoxic profile of NRTIs to develop safer intervention strategies in antiretroviral treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyne Cristina Grando
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity and Cellular Toxic-Genetic Analysis, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula de Souza
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity and Cellular Toxic-Genetic Analysis, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lehmann
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity and Cellular Toxic-Genetic Analysis, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Kênya Silva Cunha
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Dihl
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity and Cellular Toxic-Genetic Analysis, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology Applied to Health (PPGBioSaúde), Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
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de Moraes Filho AV, de Jesus Silva Carvalho C, Verçosa CJ, Gonçalves MW, Rohde C, de Melo e Silva D, Cunha KS, Chen-Chen L. In vivo genotoxicity evaluation of efavirenz (EFV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) alone and in their clinical combinations in Drosophila melanogaster. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 820:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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de Moraes Filho AV, Carvalho CDJS, Carneiro CC, do Vale CR, Lima DCDS, Carvalho WF, Vieira TB, Silva DDME, Cunha KS, Chen-Chen L. Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Antiretroviral Combinations in Mice Bone Marrow. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165706. [PMID: 27806085 PMCID: PMC5091838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Commonly used guidelines for the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (highly active antiretroviral therapy, HAART) include drug combinations such as tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) + lamivudine (3TC) and combivir [zidovudine (AZT) + 3TC] + efavirenz (EFV). These combinations may enhance the genotoxic effects induced by such drugs individually, since the therapy requires lifelong adherence and the drugs have unknown effects during treatment. Thus, the evaluation of the benefits and risks of HAART is of great importance. In order to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of three concentrations of each of the antiretroviral combinations TDF + 3TC (800 + 400, 1600 + 800, and 3200 + 1600 mg/kg body weight, BW) and combivir + EFV (200 + 100 + 400, 400 + 200 + 800, and 800 + 400 + 1600 mg/kg BW) after two exposure periods (24 h and 48 h), in the present study the in vivo comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test were used. Neither TDF + 3TC nor combivir + EFV induced DNA damage at any concentrations tested after 24 h or 48 h using the comet assay. After 24 h, both combinations increased the micronucleus frequency at all concentrations tested. After 48 h, combivir + EFV increased the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) frequency at the two highest concentrations tested. Polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE)/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio was high for both combinations, suggesting that they can be mitogenic. Since genotoxicity may be related to carcinogenesis, it is necessary to conduct further studies to verify the long-term mutagenic effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroldo Vieira de Moraes Filho
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Cláudia de Jesus Silva Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Cristiene Costa Carneiro
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Camila Regina do Vale
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina da Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Fernandes Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiago Bernardi Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus Universitário de Nova Xavantina, BR 158, Caixa Postal 8, 78.690–000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo e Silva
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Kênya Silva Cunha
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lee Chen-Chen
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Caixa Postal 131, 74001–970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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