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Godos J, Romano GL, Laudani S, Gozzo L, Guerrera I, Dominguez Azpíroz I, Martínez Diaz R, Quiles JL, Battino M, Drago F, Giampieri F, Galvano F, Grosso G. Flavan-3-ols and Vascular Health: Clinical Evidence and Mechanisms of Action. Nutrients 2024; 16:2471. [PMID: 39125353 PMCID: PMC11313926 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. A healthy diet rich in plant-derived compounds such as (poly)phenols appears to have a key role in improving cardiovascular health. Flavan-3-ols represent a subclass of (poly)phenols of great interest for their possible health benefits. In this review, we summarized the results of clinical studies on vascular outcomes of flavan-3-ol supplementation and we focused on the role of the microbiota in CVD. Clinical trials included in this review showed that supplementation with flavan-3-ols mostly derived from cocoa products significantly reduces blood pressure and improves endothelial function. Studies on catechins from green tea demonstrated better results when involving healthy individuals. From a mechanistic point of view, emerging evidence suggests that microbial metabolites may play a role in the observed effects. Their function extends beyond the previous belief of ROS scavenging activity and encompasses a direct impact on gene expression and protein function. Although flavan-3-ols appear to have effects on cardiovascular health, further studies are needed to clarify and confirm these potential benefits and the rising evidence of the potential involvement of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Romano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Samuele Laudani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Gozzo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit/Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ida Guerrera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Irma Dominguez Azpíroz
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito EN250, Angola
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad de La Romana, La Romana 22000, Dominican Republic
| | - Raquel Martínez Diaz
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Arecibo, PR 00613, USA
| | - José L. Quiles
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center for Human Nutrition and Mediterranean Foods (NUTREA), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Zou Y, Yan H, Li C, Wen F, Jize X, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Li L, Liu F, Chen J, Li R, Chen X, Tian M. A Pectic Polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula Alleviates Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress of Aging Mice via Modulating Intestinal Microbiota-Related Gut-Liver Axis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1781. [PMID: 37760084 PMCID: PMC10525188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process that leads to the progressive deterioration and loss of physiological functions in the human body and results in an increase in morbidity and mortality, and aging-related disease is a major global problem that poses a serious threat to public health. Polysaccharides have been shown to delay aging by reducing oxidative damage, suppressing inflammatory responses, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Our previous studies have shown that polysaccharide CPP-1 extracted from the root of Codonopsis pilosula possesses noticeable anti-oxidant activity in vitro. Thus, in our study, we tested the anti-aging effect of CPP-1 in naturally aging mice (in vivo). Eighteen C57/BL mice (48-week-old, male) were divided into a control group, high-dose CPP-1 group (20 mg/mL), and low-dose CPP-1 group (10 mg/mL). We discovered that CPP-1 can exert a reparative effect on aging stress in the intestine and liver, including alleviating inflammation and oxidative damage. We revealed that CPP-1 supplementation improved the intestinal microbiota composition and repaired the intestinal barrier in the gut. Furthermore, CPP-1 was proved to modulate lipid metabolism and repair hepatocyte injury in the liver by influencing the enterohepatic axis associated with the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, we concluded that CPP-1 prevents and alleviates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the intestine and liver of aging mice by modulating the intestinal microbiota-related gut-liver axis to delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Hong Yan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Cenyu Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Fang Wen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Xiaoping Jize
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Chaowen Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Siqi Liu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Yuzhe Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Yuping Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
| | - Rui Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
| | - Xingfu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
| | - Mengliang Tian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
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Zou YF, JiZe XP, Li CY, Zhang CW, Fu YP, Yin ZQ, Li YP, Song X, Li LX, Zhao XH, Feng B, Huang C, Ye G, Tang HQ, Li NY, Chen J, Chen XF, Tian ML. Polysaccharide from aerial part of Chuanminshen violaceum alleviates oxidative stress and inflammatory response in aging mice through modulating intestinal microbiota. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159291. [PMID: 37153605 PMCID: PMC10162438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process of progressive deterioration of physiological functions, which poses a serious threat to individual health and a heavy burden on public health systems. As population aging continues, research into anti-aging drugs that prolong life and improve health is of particular importance. In this study, the polysaccharide from stems and leaves of Chuanminshen violaceum was obtained with water extraction and alcohol precipitation, and then separated and purified with DEAE anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration to obtain CVP-AP-I. We gavaged natural aging mice with CVP-AP-I and performed serum biochemical analysis, histological staining, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and ELISA kit assays to analyze inflammation and oxidative stress-related gene and protein expression in tissues, and 16SrRNA to analyze intestinal flora. We found that CVP-AP-I significantly improved oxidative stress and inflammatory responses of the intestine and liver, restored the intestinal immune barrier, and balanced the dysbiosis of intestinal flora. In addition, we revealed the potential mechanism behind CVP-AP-I to improve intestinal and liver function by regulating intestinal flora balance and repairing the intestinal immune barrier to regulate the intestinal-liver axis. Our results indicated that C. violaceum polysaccharides possessed favorable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-aging effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Ping JiZe
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cen-Yu Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao-Wen Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Ping Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Qiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Qiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning-Yuan Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Fu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Liang Tian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Meng-Liang Tian,
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Clifford MN, King LJ, Kerimi A, Pereira-Caro MG, Williamson G. Metabolism of phenolics in coffee and plant-based foods by canonical pathways: an assessment of the role of fatty acid β-oxidation to generate biologically-active and -inactive intermediates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3326-3383. [PMID: 36226718 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ω-Phenyl-alkenoic acids are abundant in coffee, fruits, and vegetables. Along with ω-phenyl-alkanoic acids, they are produced from numerous dietary (poly)phenols and aromatic amino acids in vivo. This review addresses how phenyl-ring substitution and flux modulates their gut microbiota and endogenous β-oxidation. 3',5'-Dihydroxy-derivatives (from alkyl-resorcinols, flavanols, proanthocyanidins), and 4'-hydroxy-phenolic acids (from tyrosine, p-coumaric acid, naringenin) are β-oxidation substrates yielding benzoic acids. In contrast, 3',4',5'-tri-substituted-derivatives, 3',4'-dihydroxy-derivatives and 3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-derivatives (from coffee, tea, cereals, many fruits and vegetables) are poor β-oxidation substrates with metabolism diverted via gut microbiota dehydroxylation, phenylvalerolactone formation and phase-2 conjugation, possibly a strategy to conserve limited pools of coenzyme A. 4'-Methoxy-derivatives (citrus fruits) or 3',4'-dimethoxy-derivatives (coffee) are susceptible to hepatic "reverse" hydrogenation suggesting incompatibility with enoyl-CoA-hydratase. Gut microbiota-produced 3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-derivatives (citrus fruits) and 3'-hydroxy-derivatives (numerous (poly)phenols) are excreted as the phenyl-hydracrylic acid β-oxidation intermediate suggesting incompatibility with hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, albeit with considerable inter-individual variation. Further investigation is required to explain inter-individual variation, factors determining the amino acid to which C6-C3 and C6-C1 metabolites are conjugated, the precise role(s) of l-carnitine, whether glycine might be limiting, and whether phenolic acid-modulation of β-oxidation explains how phenolic acids affect key metabolic conditions, such as fatty liver, carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Laurence J King
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Asimina Kerimi
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Maria Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, Instituto Andaluz de Investigacion y Formacion Agraria Pesquera Alimentaria y de la Produccion Ecologica, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Hao M, Ding C, Peng X, Chen H, Dong L, Zhang Y, Chen X, Liu W, Luo Y. Ginseng under forest exerts stronger anti-aging effects compared to garden ginseng probably via regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, SIRT1/NF-κB pathway and intestinal flora. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154365. [PMID: 35930860 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng is deemed to be an effective anti-aging therapy. Evidence for differences in representative active ingredients and anti-aging effects between garden ginseng (GG) and ginseng under forest (FG) is insufficient. PURPOSE The study was designed to systematically analyze the differences in the mechanistic protective effects of GG and FG on aging mice based on their compositional differences. METHODS The chemical ingredients in GG and FG were first determined. In vivo, D-galactose-induced aging mice were orally administered GG or FG (400 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Behavioral parameters of mice were measured by the radial 8-arm maze, and the changes in body weight and organ indices were recorded. Blood, brain tissue, and feces were collected for biochemical analysis, histopathological staining, Western blotting, and 16S rDNA intestinal flora sequencing, respectively. RESULTS The absolute contents of total ginsenosides, polyphenols, crude polysaccharides, starch, and protein in GG were 0.71, 0.68, 1.15, 2.27, and 1.08 folds higher than those in FG, respectively; while FG exhibited a higher relative abundance of representative active ingredients (total ginsenosides, polyphenols, crude polysaccharides, and protein) but lower relative content of starch than GG. GG and FG improved hippocampal lesions and poor weight gain, organ indices, and behavioral indices, and prevented excessive oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity in aging mice. What's more, GG and FG treatment ameliorated excessive apoptosis and inflammatory reaction in the aging brain by modulating apoptosis-related proteins, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. GG and FG also restored the diversity and structure of gut microbiota, up-regulated the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus), and tended to exert key anti-aging effects via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Notably, in vivo experiments confirmed that FG had a stronger anti-aging activity than GG. CONCLUSION FG exerts a more powerful anti-aging effect than GG by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and the microbe-gut-brain axis, possibly relying on the higher relative abundance of representative active ingredients (total ginsenosides, polyphenols, crude polysaccharides, and protein) in FG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Hao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, China; School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Peng
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiying Chen
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wencong Liu
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yunqing Luo
- College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Hydroxycinnamic acids on gut microbiota and health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:710-737. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Leonard
- School of Agriculture and Food The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Danyang Ying
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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Antioxidant activity of selenium-enriched Chrysomyia megacephala (Fabricius) larvae powder and its impact on intestinal microflora in D-galactose induced aging mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:264. [PMID: 32854685 PMCID: PMC7453719 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to assess the antioxidative activity of selenium-enriched Chrysomyia Megacephala (Fabricius) (C. megacephala) larvae powder (SCML) and its impact on the diversity and structure of intestinal microflora in a mouse model of D-galactose (D-gal)-induced oxidative damage. Methods Sixty male ICR mice were equally randomized to a normal control (NC) group, a model group, a positive group, a low-dose SCML (L-SCML) group, a mid-dose SCML (M-SCML) group, and a high-dose SCML (H-SCML) group. Animals in NC and model groups received water, animals in the positive group received 40 mg/Kg vitamin E (VE), and those in the three SCML groups received SCML which include 300, 1000 and 3000 μg/Kg selenium (Se) respectively. An oxidative damage model induced by subcutaneous injection of D-gal for 6 weeks via the neck was established. Serum oxidative stress levels and tissue appearance were evaluated. Tissues oxidative stress levels were detected by commercially available kit. Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and gut microbiota were determined by western blot and high throughput sequencing 16S rRNA gene respectively. Results An oxidative damage model was established successfully as represented by a significant elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonylation, and inhibition of the antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione (GSH). It was found that oxidative damage and histological alterations were attenuated, the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein (Keap1) was decreased, and the expression of Nrf2 and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) was increased after SCML treatment. In addition, significant changes were observed in the gut microbiota, including Proteobacteria and the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes at the phylum level, as well as Helicobacter, Clostridium and Lactobacillus at the genus level. Conclusion SCML exerted an antioxidative effect in vivo, probably by increasing the antioxidant activity and reducing the production of oxidation products via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. SCML could also redress the intestinal flora imbalance induced by oxidative stress. All these findings suggest that SCML could serve as a functional food and natural drug additive to protect the human body against oxidative damage.
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Clifford MN, Kerimi A, Williamson G. Bioavailability and metabolism of chlorogenic acids (acyl‐quinic acids) in humans. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1299-1352. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Surrey Guildford UK
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthFaculty of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesMonash University Notting Hill Victoria Australia
| | - Asimina Kerimi
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthFaculty of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesMonash University Notting Hill Victoria Australia
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthFaculty of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesMonash University Notting Hill Victoria Australia
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Hsu FC, Tsai SF, Lee SS. Chemical investigation of Hyptis suaveolens seed, a potential antihyperuricemic nutraceutical, with assistance of HPLC-SPE-NMR. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:897-905. [PMID: 31590761 PMCID: PMC9306982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shoei-Sheng Lee
- Corresponding author: Fax: +886 2 23916127. E-mail address: (S.-S. Lee)
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Márquez Campos E, Stehle P, Simon MC. Microbial Metabolites of Flavan-3-Ols and Their Biological Activity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102260. [PMID: 31546992 PMCID: PMC6836129 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols are the main contributors to polyphenol intake. Many varying beneficial health effects in humans have been attributed to them, including the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which these flavonoids could exert beneficial functions are not entirely known. Several in vitro studies and in vivo animal models have tried to elucidate the role of the specific colonic metabolites on the health properties that are attributed to the parent compounds since a larger number of ingested flavan-3-ols reach the colon and undergo there microbial metabolism. Many new studies about this topic have been performed over the last few years and, to the best of our knowledge, no scientific literature review regarding the bioactivity of all identified microbial metabolites of flavan-3-ols has been recently published. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the current status of knowledge on the potential health benefits of flavan-3-ol microbial metabolites in humans while using the latest evidence on their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Márquez Campos
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition and Microbiota, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Peter Stehle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition and Microbiota, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Show Protective Effects in Coronary Heart Disease by Improving Antioxidant Capacity via the Increase in Intestinal Probiotics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7658052. [PMID: 30984339 PMCID: PMC6431530 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7658052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We explored the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. The component of COS was measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). CHD patients were evenly assigned into the COS group (COG) and the placebo group (CG). The duration of treatment was 6 months and therapeutic results were explored by measuring left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) value, Lee scores, quality of life (QOL), blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine. The intestinal flora were determined by 16s rDNA sequencing. The circulating antioxidant levels and lipid profiles were compared between two groups. There were 7 different degrees of polymerization (DP4-10) in COS. Lee scores, QOL scores, and LVEF values in the COG group were higher than those in the CG group (P < 0.05). COS treatment improved blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine when compared with controls (P < 0.05). Circulating antioxidant levels were higher in the COG group than in the CG group. COS consumption increased the serum levels of SOD and GSH and reduced the levels of ALT and AST (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, lipid profiles were improved in the COG group. COS consumption increased the abundance of Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, and Escherichia and decreased the abundance of Bacteroides, Megasphaera, Roseburia, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium (P < 0.05). On the other hand, COS consumption increased the probiotic species Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Phascolarctobacterium. The increased species have been reported to be associated with antioxidant properties or lipid improvement. COS had similar effects with chitohexaose on the growth rate of these species. Therefore, COS ameliorate the symptoms of CHD patients by improving antioxidant capacities and lipid profiles via the increase of probiotics in the intestinal flora.
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López de Las Hazas MC, Piñol C, Macià A, Motilva MJ. Hydroxytyrosol and the Colonic Metabolites Derived from Virgin Olive Oil Intake Induce Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6467-6476. [PMID: 28071050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After the sustained consumption of virgin olive oil (VOO), the unabsorbed native phenols (mainly hydroxytyrosol (HT)) are transformed into its catabolites in the intestine by microbials. The role of these catabolites in preventing colon cancer has not been sufficiently investigated. This work aims to study the antiproliferative and apoptotic activities in colon (Caco-2; HT-29) cancer cell lines of the main catabolites detected in human feces (phenylacetic, phenylpropionic, hydroxyphenylpropionic, and dihydroxyphenylpropionic acids and catechol), after the sustained VOO intake. Additionally, an assessment of the ability of these colonic cells to metabolize the studied compounds was performed. The results showed that HT and phenylacetic and hydroxyphenylpropionic acids produce cell cycle arrest and promote apoptosis. HT-29 cells were more sensitive to phenol treatments than Caco-2. In synthesis, the results of the present study represent a good starting point for understanding the potential apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of VOO phenolic compounds and their colonic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Carmen López de Las Hazas
- Food Technology Department, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria, Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Carme Piñol
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Lleida-Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida) , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria, Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria, Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Treml J, Šmejkal K. Flavonoids as Potent Scavengers of Hydroxyl Radicals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:720-738. [PMID: 33401843 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a fundamental principle in the pathophysiology of many diseases. It occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species exceeds the capacity of the cell defense system. The hydroxyl radical is a reactive oxygen species that is commonly formed in vivo and can cause serious damage to biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It plays a role in inflammation-related diseases, like chronic inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cancer. To overcome excessive oxidative stress and thus to prevent or stop the progression of diseases connected to it, scientists try to combat oxidative stress and to find antioxidant molecules, including those that scavenge hydroxyl radical or diminish its production in inflamed tissues. This article reviews various methods of hydroxyl radical production and scavenging. Further, flavonoids, as natural plant antioxidants and essential component of the human diet, are reviewed as compounds interacting with the production of hydroxyl radicals. The relationship between hydroxyl radical scavenging and the structure of the flavonoids is discussed. The structural elements of the flavonoid molecule most important for hydroxyl radical scavenging are hydroxylation of ring B and a C2-C3 double bond connected with a C-3 hydroxyl group and a C-4 carbonyl group. Hydroxylation of ring A also enhances the activity, as does the presence of gallate and galactouronate moieties as substituents on the flavonoid skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Treml
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Univ. of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Univ. of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
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Cardozo Junior EL, Morand C. Interest of mate ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) as a new natural functional food to preserve human cardiovascular health – A review. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Study of the Biotransformation of Tongmai Formula by Human Intestinal Flora and Its Intestinal Permeability across the Caco-2 Cell Monolayer. Molecules 2015; 20:18704-16. [PMID: 26501241 PMCID: PMC6331934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongmai formula (TMF) is a well-known Chinese medicinal preparation that contains isoflavones as its major bioactive constituents. As traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are usually used by oral administration, their fate inside the intestinal lumen, including their biotransformation by human intestinal flora (HIF) and intestinal absorption deserves study. In this work TMF extract was incubated with human intestinal bacteria under anaerobic conditions and the changes in the twelve main constituents of TMF were then investigated. Their intestinal permeabilities, i.e., the transport capability across the intestinal brush border were investigated with a human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) cell monolayer model to predict the absorption mechanism. Meanwhile, rapid HPLC-DAD methods were established for the assay. According to the biotransformation curves of the twelve constituents and the permeability coefficients, the intestinal absorption capacity of the typical compounds was elevated from the levels of 10(-7) cm/s to 10(-5) cm/s from those of the original compounds in TMF. Among them the main isoflavone glycosides puerarin (4), mirificin (6) and daidzin (7) were transformed into the same aglycone, daidzein (10). Therefore it was predicted that the aglycone compounds might be the real active ingredients in TMF. The models used can represent a novel path for the TCM studies.
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Change of phenylpropanoic acid and flavonol contents at different growth stage of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.). Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Yang XB, Qian P, Yang XW, Liu JX, Gong NB, Lv Y. Limonoid constituents of Euodia rutaecarpa var. bodinieri and their inhibition on NO production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:1130-1138. [PMID: 23869424 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.817392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new limonoid compound, named evorubodinin (1), was isolated from the dried and nearly ripe fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. bodinieri (Dode) Huang (family Rutaceae), together with two known limonoid compounds, limonin (2) and evolimorutanin (3). The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic method and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds 1-3 and the structurally related compounds evodol (4), shihulimonin A1 (5), evodirutaenin (6), 12α-hydroxyrutaevin (7), and rutaevin (8) on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages were also assayed. All compounds 1-8 showed the inhibitory activity, in which both 7 and 8 with the uncommon 5β-H configuration more efficiently inhibited NO production. The results provided valuable information for further investigation of compounds 1-8 as anti-inflammatory agents or lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bao Yang
- a Beijing University of Chinese Medicines , Beijing , 100029 , China
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