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Zhang T, Zhang X, Fei Y, Lu J, Zhou D, Zhang L, Fan S, Zhou J, Liang C, Su Y. Gallic acid suppresses the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through inducing autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/Atg16L1 signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2024; 65:70. [PMID: 38818827 PMCID: PMC11173374 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is not sensitive to traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The polyphenolic compound Gallic acid (GA) can be naturally found in a variety of fruits, vegetables and plants. Autophagy, an intracellular catabolic process, regulates the lysosomal degradation of organelles and portions in cytoplasm. It was reported that autophagy and GA could affect the development of several cancers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of GA on ccRCC development and clarify the role of autophagy in this process. In the present study, the effects of GA on the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells were investigated in vitro by Cell Counting Kit‑8, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing and Transwell migration assays, respectively. Additionally, the effects of GA on ccRCC growth and metastasis were evaluated using hematoxylin‑eosin and immunohistochemical staining in vivo. Moreover, it was sought to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms using transmission electron microscopy, western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analyses. In the present study, it was revealed that GA had a more potent viability inhibitory effect on ccRCC cells (786‑O and ACHN) than the effect on normal renal tubular epithelial cell (HK‑2), which demonstrated that GA selectively inhibits the viability of cancer cells. Furthermore, it was identified that GA dose‑dependently inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells in vitro and in vivo. It was demonstrated that GA promoted the release of autophagy markers, which played a role in regulating the PI3K/Akt/Atg16L1 signaling pathway. All the aforementioned data provided evidence for the great potential of GA in the treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Department of Urology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Department of Urology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127
| | - Jinsen Lu
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Dairan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Song Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Gallo A, Penna YM, Russo M, Rosapane M, Tosti E, Russo GL. An organic extract from ascidian Ciona robusta induces cytotoxic autophagy in human malignant cell lines. Front Chem 2024; 12:1322558. [PMID: 38389727 PMCID: PMC10881676 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1322558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The last decades have seen an increase in the isolation and characterization of anticancer compounds derived from marine organisms, especially invertebrates, and their use in clinical trials. In this regard, ascidians, which are included in the subphylum Tunicata, represent successful examples with two drugs, Aplidine© and Yondelis© that reached the market as orphan drugs against several malignancies. Here, we report that an organic extract prepared from homogenized tissues of the Mediterranean ascidian Ciona robusta inhibited cell proliferation in HT-29, HepG2, and U2OS human cells with the former being the most sensitive to the extract (EC50 = 250 μg/mL). We demonstrated that the ascidian organic extract was not cytotoxic on HT-29 cells that were induced to differentiate with sodium butyrate, suggesting a preference for the mixture for the malignant phenotype. Finally, we report that cell death induced by the organic extract was mediated by the activation of a process of cytotoxic autophagy as a result of the increased expression of the LC3-II marker and number of autophagic vacuoles, which almost doubled in the treated HT-29 cells. In summary, although the detailed chemical composition of the Ciona robusta extract is still undetermined, our data suggest the presence of bioactive compounds possessing anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gallo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Russo
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, Avellino, Italy
| | - Marco Rosapane
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, Avellino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tosti
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, Avellino, Italy
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Spagnuolo C, Moccia S, Tedesco I, Crescente G, Volpe MG, Russo M, Russo GL. Phenolic Extract from Extra Virgin Olive Oil Induces Different Anti-Proliferative Pathways in Human Bladder Cancer Cell Lines. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010182. [PMID: 36615840 PMCID: PMC9823665 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular consumption of olive oil is associated with protection against chronic-degenerative diseases, such as cancer. Epidemiological evidence indicates an inverse association between olive oil intake and bladder cancer risk. Bladder cancer is among the most common forms of cancer; in particular, the transitional cell carcinoma histotype shows aggressive behavior. We investigated the anti-proliferative effects of a phenolic extract prepared from an extra virgin olive oil (EVOOE) on two human bladder cancer cell lines, namely RT112 and J82, representing the progression from low-grade to high-grade tumors, respectively. In RT112, the EVOOE reduced cell viability (IC50 = 240 μg/mL at 24 h), triggering a non-protective form of autophagy, evidenced by the autophagosome formation and the increase in LC-3 lipidation. In J82, EVOOE induced a strong decrease in cell viability after 24 h of treatment (IC50 = 65.8 μg/mL) through rapid and massive apoptosis, assessed by Annexin V positivity and caspase-3 and -9 activation. Moreover, in both bladder cancer cell lines, EVOOE reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species, but this antioxidant effect was not correlated with its anti-proliferative outcomes. Data obtained suggest that the mixture of phenolic compounds in extra virgin olive oil activates different anti-proliferative pathways.
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Russo M, Moccia S, Spagnuolo C, Tedesco I, Russo GL. Carotenoid-Enriched Nanoemulsions and γ-Rays Synergistically Induce Cell Death in a Novel Radioresistant Osteosarcoma Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415959. [PMID: 36555605 PMCID: PMC9782251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that SAOS human osteosarcoma cells, incubated with carotenoid-enriched nanoemulsions (CEN), activated a nonprotective form of autophagy and delayed cell proliferation. The present work focuses on the biological effects of CEN on a derivative of SAOS cells named SAOS400, recently described for their radiation resistance and higher expression of therapy-induced senescence (TIS) markers. SAOS400 cells, incubated with CEN, activated a “cytostatic” form of autophagy confirmed by cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and increased expression of autophagic proteins. Treatment of SAOS400 cells with CEN also resulted in decreased expression of the senescence marker p16INK4. However, when SAOS400 cells were γ-irradiated in combination with CEN, the threshold for cell death was reached (>60% after 96 h). We showed that this type of cell death corresponded to ‘cytotoxic’ or ‘lethal’ autophagy and that the combined treatment of CEN plus γ-rays was synergistic, with the combination index < 1. Since CEN contained β-carotene, the pure compound was used in SAOS400 cells at the same concentration present in CEN and up to 10 times higher. However, no radio-sensitizing effect of β-carotene was observed, suggesting that the biological effect of CEN was due to less abundant but more bioactive molecules, or to the synergistic activity of multiple components present in the extracts, confirming the functional pleiotropy of natural extracts enriched in bioactive molecules.
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Hussain Y, Khan H, Alam W, Aschner M, Abdullah, Alsharif KF, Saso L. Flavonoids Targeting the mTOR Signaling Cascades in Cancer: A Potential Crosstalk in Anti-Breast Cancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4831833. [PMID: 35795855 PMCID: PMC9252758 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4831833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women, with triple-negative breast cancer being the most lethal and aggressive form. Conventional therapies, such as radiation, surgery, hormonal, immune, gene, and chemotherapy, are widely used, but their therapeutic efficacy is limited due to adverse side effects, toxicities, resistance, recurrence, and therapeutic failure. Many molecules have been identified and investigated as potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer, with a focus on various signaling pathways. Flavonoids are a versatile class of phytochemicals that have been used in cancer treatment to overcome issues with traditional therapies. Cell proliferation, growth, apoptosis, autophagy, and survival are all controlled by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Flavonoids target mTOR signaling in breast cancer, and when this signaling pathway is regulated or deregulated, various signaling pathways provide potential therapeutic means. The role of various flavonoids as phytochemicals in targeting mTOR signaling pathways in breast cancer is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Hussain
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer” Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Wang P, Luo ZG, Xiao ZG. Preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro release behavior of resveratrol-loaded oxidized gellan gum/resistant starch hydrogel beads. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Antioxidant and Chemopreventive Effect of Aliophen ® Formulation Based on Malts and Hops. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010029. [PMID: 33396660 PMCID: PMC7823394 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies evidenced the health effects of moderate consumption of beer, mainly due to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, vitamins, or fibers. To exploit the potential beneficial effect on health and in disease prevention of these compounds, a new beverage based on barley malts and hops named Aliophen® has been designed, through a patented production process, with a high total polyphenolic amount compared to alcohol-free beer and similar to the one present in light and dark beers. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of Aliophen® against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and its ability to protect erythrocytes from hemolysis have been characterized. Moreover, the chemopreventive effect of Aliophen® against colon cancer has been assessed, employing a mouse model of chemically induced carcinogenesis using azoxymethane (AOM). Data obtained showed that Aliophen at a low dose (3 mg/kg) inhibited the formation of preneoplastic lesions, polyps, and tumors. At higher doses (300 mg/kg) the protective effect was measured in the first phase of the onset of cancer. The antioxidant properties of Aliophen® were also observed in AOM-treated mice where it increased the serum antioxidant capacity. Based on the data presented, Aliophen® can exert promising health effects, including an anticancer capacity presumably associated with its antioxidant properties.
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8
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Caradonna F, Cruciata I, Luparello C. Nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and phenotypic outcomes of dietary low-dose alcohol consumption in the suppression and induction of cancer development: evidence from in vitro studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2122-2139. [PMID: 33287559 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1850416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the intake of alcoholic beverages may impair genetic and epigenetic regulatory events with consequent crucial effects on cell phenotypes and that its association with selected genotypes can lead to a different risk of cancer in the population. The aim of this review is to pick up selected studies on this topic and recapitulate some of the biochemical and nutrigenetic/nutrigenomic aspects involved in the impact of dietary low-dose alcohol consumption on the switching-on or -off of tumorigenic pathways. These include i) the existence of predisposing or protective human genotypes and the relationship between dietary compounds and alcohol in the promotion or inhibition of carcinogenesis; ii) the effects of other components of alcoholic drinks in the modulation of the expression of oncogenes and oncosuppressors, the autophagic flux and the onset of apoptosis, with examples of their cytospecificity; and iii) the role of alcoholic beverage consumption within particular dietary regimens, including the Mediterranean diet. Taking all the data into account, several alcohol-associated bioactive dietary compounds appear capable to modulate peculiar intracellular pathways predisposing to or protecting from cancer. Advances in the nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic and nutriepigenetic knowledge complementing the biochemical and molecular approaches will help in unveiling their impact on health outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Caradonna
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilenia Cruciata
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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9
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Brancaccio M, Russo M, Masullo M, Palumbo A, Russo GL, Castellano I. Sulfur-containing histidine compounds inhibit γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14603-14614. [PMID: 31375562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is an enzyme located on the surface of cellular membranes and involved in GSH metabolism and maintenance of redox homeostasis. High GGT expression on tumor cells is associated with increased cell proliferation and resistance against chemotherapy. GGT inhibitors evaluated so far in clinical trials are too toxic for human use. In this study, using enzyme kinetics analyses, we demonstrate that ovothiols, 5(Nπ)-methyl thiohistidines of marine origin, act as noncompetitive inhibitors of GGT, with an apparent Ki of 21 μm, when we fixed the concentrations of the donor substrate. We found that these compounds are more potent than the known GGT inhibitor 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine and are not toxic toward human embryonic cells. In particular, cellular process-specific fluorescence-based assays revealed that ovothiols induce a mixed cell-death phenotype of apoptosis and autophagy in GGT-overexpressing cell lines, including human liver cancer and chronic B leukemic cells. The findings of our study provide the basis for further development of 5-thiohistidines as therapeutics for GGT-positive tumors and highlight that GGT inhibition is involved in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples "Parthenope," 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.,Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
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Zhu J, Sun Y, Lu Y, Jiang X, Ma B, Yu L, Zhang J, Dong X, Zhang Q. Glaucocalyxin A exerts anticancer effect on osteosarcoma by inhibiting GLI1 nuclear translocation via regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:708. [PMID: 29899333 PMCID: PMC5999605 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor with recurring disease or lung metastases, has become one of the leading causes of death in humans. In the current study, we made an investigation on the anticancer effect of glaucocalyxin A, a bioactive ent-kauranoid diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia japonica var., and unraveled the underlying mechanisms. Here, we found that Glaucocalyxin A inhibited the cell viability of numerous osteosarcoma cells. Our results showed that Glaucocalyxin A exerted the pro-apoptotic effect on human osteosarcoma cells, MG-63 and HOS cells. Glaucocalyxin A induced apoptosis by mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through several steps including increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, triggering the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and inducing cleavage of caspase-9 and caspase-3. We demonstrated that Glaucocalyxin A induced apoptosis via inhibiting Five-zinc finger Glis 1 (GLI1) activation by overexpression and knockdown of GLI1 in vitro. We also found that Glaucocalyxin A inhibited GLI1 activation via regulating phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. We further confirmed our findings by using PI3K activator and inhibitor to verify the inhibitory effect of Glaucocalyxin A on PI3K/Akt/GLI1 pathway. Moreover, our in vivo study revealed that glaucocalyxin A possessed a remarkable antitumor effect with no toxicity in the xenograft model inoculated with HOS tumor through the same mechanisms as in vitro. In conclusion, our results suggested that Glaucocalyxin A induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma by inhibiting nuclear translocation of GLI1 via regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, Glaucocalyxin A might be a potential candidate for human osteosarcoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Ying Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiubo Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lisha Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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A Carotenoid Extract from a Southern Italian Cultivar of Pumpkin Triggers Nonprotective Autophagy in Malignant Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7468538. [PMID: 29430284 PMCID: PMC5752993 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7468538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids, including β-carotene, lycopene, and derivatives, such as retinoic acid, have been studied for their significant antiproliferative and differentiating activity on cancer cells in experimental models and in clinics. We are presenting here data on the mechanism of action of a carotenoid-enriched extract obtained from the pumpkin Cucurbita moschata, variety “long of Naples,” on two malignant human cell lines, Caco-2 and SAOs, derived from a colon adenocarcinoma and an osteosarcoma, respectively. The carotenoid extract has been obtained from pumpkin pulp and seeds by supercritical CO2 extraction and employed to prepare oil-in-water nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions, applied at a final carotenoid concentration of 200–400 μg/ml, were not cytotoxic, but induced a delay in cell growth of about 40% in both SAOs and Caco-2 cell lines. This effect was associated with the activation of a “nonprotective” form of autophagy and, in SAOs cells, to the induction of cell differentiation via a mechanism that involved AMPK activation. Our data suggest the presence of a pool of bioactive compounds in the carotenoid-enriched extract, acting additively, or synergistically, to delay cell growth in cancer cells.
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12
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Russo GL, Tedesco I, Spagnuolo C, Russo M. Antioxidant polyphenols in cancer treatment: Friend, foe or foil? Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 46:1-13. [PMID: 28511887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer prevention can be probably obtained with easier, faster and less financial strains by pursuing educational programs aimed to induce changes in lifestyle, starting from dietary habits. In the past decades, observational and case-control studies tried to establish a functional relationship between cancer mortality and morbidity and diet. The field becomes even more intricate when scientists investigated which dietary components are responsible for the putative, protective effects of fruits and vegetables against cancer. A relevant part of the literature focused on the positive role of "antioxidant" compounds in foods, including polyphenols. The present review critically evaluate clinical and pre-clinical studies based on polyphenol administration, which contributed to support the concept, deeply rooted in the general population, that antioxidant polyphenols can fight cancer. The controversial and contradictory issues related to the pros and cons on the use of polyphenols against cancer reflect the confounding assumption that cancer treatment and cancer prevention may overlap. We conclude that a clear cut must be done between these two concepts and that the experimental approaches to investigate one or the other should be significantly different, starting from adequate and specifically selected cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100, Avellino, Italy.
| | - Idolo Tedesco
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100, Avellino, Italy
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13
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Guamán-Ortiz LM, Orellana MIR, Ratovitski EA. Natural Compounds As Modulators of Non-apoptotic Cell Death in Cancer Cells. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:132-155. [PMID: 28367073 PMCID: PMC5345338 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160803150639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an innate capability of cells to be removed from microenvironment, if and when they are damaged by multiple stresses. Cell death is often regulated by multiple molecular pathways and mechanism, including apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. The molecular network underlying these processes is often intertwined and one pathway can dynamically shift to another one acquiring certain protein components, in particular upon treatment with various drugs. The strategy to treat human cancer ultimately relies on the ability of anticancer therapeutics to induce tumor-specific cell death, while leaving normal adjacent cells undamaged. However, tumor cells often develop the resistance to the drug-induced cell death, thus representing a great challenge for the anticancer approaches. Numerous compounds originated from the natural sources and biopharmaceutical industries are applied today in clinics showing advantageous results. However, some exhibit serious toxic side effects. Thus, novel effective therapeutic approaches in treating cancers are continued to be developed. Natural compounds with anticancer activity have gained a great interest among researchers and clinicians alike since they have shown more favorable safety and efficacy then the synthetic marketed drugs. Numerous studies in vitro and in vivo have found that several natural compounds display promising anticancer potentials. This review underlines certain information regarding the role of natural compounds from plants, microorganisms and sea life forms, which are able to induce non-apoptotic cell death in tumor cells, namely autophagy and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Guamán-Ortiz
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ; 2 Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Ramirez Orellana
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ; 2 Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward A Ratovitski
- 1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ; 2 Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Palumbo R, Gogliettino M, Cocca E, Iannitti R, Sandomenico A, Ruvo M, Balestrieri M, Rossi M, Palmieri G. APEH Inhibition Affects Osteosarcoma Cell Viability via Downregulation of the Proteasome. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101614. [PMID: 27669226 PMCID: PMC5085647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is a multienzymatic complex that controls the half-life of the majority of intracellular proteins, including those involved in apoptosis and cell-cycle progression. Recently, proteasome inhibition has been shown to be an effective anticancer strategy, although its downregulation is often accompanied by severe undesired side effects. We previously reported that the inhibition of acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH) by the peptide SsCEI 4 can significantly affect the proteasome activity in A375 melanoma or Caco-2 adenocarcinoma cell lines, thus shedding new light on therapeutic strategies based on downstream regulation of proteasome functions. In this work, we investigated the functional correlation between APEH and proteasome in a panel of cancer cell lines, and evaluated the cell proliferation upon SsCEI 4-treatments. Results revealed that SsCEI 4 triggered a proliferative arrest specifically in osteosarcoma U2OS cells via downregulation of the APEH–proteasome system, with the accumulation of the typical hallmarks of proteasome: NF-κB, p21Waf1, and polyubiquitinylated proteins. We found that the SsCEI 4 anti-proliferative effect involved a senescence-like growth arrest without noticeable cytotoxicity. These findings represent an important step toward understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the APEH-mediated downregulation of proteasome in order to design new molecules able to efficiently regulate the proteasome system for alternative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Palumbo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR-IBB), Napoli 80134, Italy.
| | - Marta Gogliettino
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council (CNR-IBBR), Napoli 80131, Italy.
| | - Ennio Cocca
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council (CNR-IBBR), Napoli 80131, Italy.
| | - Roberta Iannitti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR-IBB), Napoli 80134, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR-IBB), Napoli 80134, Italy.
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR-IBB), Napoli 80134, Italy.
| | - Marco Balestrieri
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council (CNR-IBBR), Napoli 80131, Italy.
| | - Mosè Rossi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council (CNR-IBBR), Napoli 80131, Italy.
| | - Gianna Palmieri
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council (CNR-IBBR), Napoli 80131, Italy.
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15
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Isabel CZV, Susana O, Mar iacute a EM, Arley DZZ, Benjam iacute n R. Cytotoxic effect and antioxidant activity of Andean berry (Vaccinium meridionale Sw) wine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2016.6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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α-Mangostin Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5352412. [PMID: 27478478 PMCID: PMC4960343 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5352412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mangosteen has long been used as a traditional medicine and is known to have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Although the effects of α-mangostin, a natural compound extracted from the pericarp of mangosteen, have been investigated in many studies, there is limited data on the effects of the compound in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, α-mangostin was assessed as a potential anticancer agent against human OSCC cells. α-Mangostin inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death in OSCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner with little to no effect on normal human PDLF cells. α-Mangostin treatment clearly showed apoptotic evidences such as nuclear fragmentation and accumulation of annexin V and PI-positive cells on OSCC cells. α-Mangostin treatment also caused the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and the translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The expressions of the mitochondria-related proteins were activated by α-mangostin. Treatment with α-mangostin also induced G1 phase arrest and downregulated cell cycle-related proteins (CDK/cyclin). Hence, α-mangostin specifically induces cell death and inhibits proliferation in OSCC cells via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, suggesting that α-mangostin may be an effective agent for the treatment of OSCC.
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17
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Tedesco I, Moccia S, Volpe S, Alfieri G, Strollo D, Bilotto S, Spagnuolo C, Di Renzo M, Aquino RP, Russo GL. Red wine activates plasma membrane redox system in human erythrocytes. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:557-69. [PMID: 26866566 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2016.1152629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we report that polyphenols present in red wine obtained by a controlled microvinification process are able to protect human erythrocytes from oxidative stress and to activate Plasma Membrane Redox System (PMRS). Human plasma obtained from healthy subjects was incubated in the presence of whole red wine at a concentration corresponding to 9.13-73 μg/ml gallic acid equivalents to verify the capacity to protect against hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced plasma oxidation and to minimize chloramine formation. Red wine reduced hemolysis and chloramine formation induced by HOCl of 40 and 35%, respectively. PMRS present on human erythrocytes transfers electrons from intracellular molecules to extracellular electron acceptors. We demonstrated that whole red wine activated PMRS activity in human erythrocytes isolated from donors in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum at about 70-100 μg/ml gallic acid equivalents. We also showed that red wine increased glutathione (GSH) levels and erythrocytic antioxidant capacity, measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) quenching assay. Furthermore, we reported that GSH played a crucial role in regulating PMRS activity in erythrocytes. In fact, the effect of iodoacetamide, an alkylating agent that induces depletion of intracellular GSH, was completely counteracted by red wine. Bioactive compounds present in red wine, such as gallic acid, resveratrol, catechin, and quercetin were unable to activate PMRS when tested at the concentrations normally present in aged red wines. On the contrary, the increase of PMRS activity was associated with the anthocyanin fraction, suggesting the capacity of this class of compounds to positively modulate PMRS enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idolo Tedesco
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | - Stefania Moccia
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | - Silvestro Volpe
- b Division of Onco-Hematology , S.G. Moscati Hospital , Avellino , Italy
| | - Giovanna Alfieri
- b Division of Onco-Hematology , S.G. Moscati Hospital , Avellino , Italy
| | | | - Stefania Bilotto
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | | | - Rita P Aquino
- d Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano (SA) , Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
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18
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19
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PI3K/Akt signaling in osteosarcoma. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:182-92. [PMID: 25704303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common nonhematologic bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Despite the advances of adjuvant chemotherapy and significant improvement of survival, the prognosis remains generally poor. As such, the search for more effective anti-OS agents is urgent. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is thought to be one of the most important oncogenic pathways in human cancer. An increasing body of evidence has shown that this pathway is frequently hyperactivated in OS and contributes to disease initiation and development, including tumorigenesis, proliferation, invasion, cell cycle progression, inhibition of apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance. Inhibition of this pathway through small molecule compounds represents an attractive potential therapeutic approach for OS. The aim of this review is to summarize the roles of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the development and progression of OS, and to highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting this signaling pathway. Knowledge obtained from the application of these compounds will help in further understanding the pathogenesis of OS and designing subsequent treatment strategies.
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Wang JF, Ma L, Xi HF, Wang LJ, Li SH. Resveratrol synthesis under natural conditions and after UV-C irradiation in berry skin is associated with berry development stages in ‘Beihong’ (V. vinifera×V. amurensis). Food Chem 2015; 168:430-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Zhang L, Cheng X, Gao Y, Zheng J, Xu Q, Sun Y, Guan H, Yu H, Sun Z. Apigenin induces autophagic cell death in human papillary thyroid carcinoma BCPAP cells. Food Funct 2015; 6:3464-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00671f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Apigenin-induced autophagic cell death in human papillary thyroid carcinoma BCPAP cells is associated with ROS generation, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Xian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Yanyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Institute of Endocrinology
- the First Hospital of China Medical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Huixin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Zhen Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
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22
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He PY, Gao SM, Zhang C, Hou ZP, Ma LX, Li BQ. Resveratrol inhibits alcohol-induced apoptosis via MEK/ERK-SIRT1 signaling in human HepG2 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3011-3018. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i21.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of resveratrol on alcohol induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells and to explore the possible mechanisms involved.
METHODS: HepG2 cells were pretreated with resveratrol for 24 h before treatment with alcohol to induce apoptosis. MTT assay was then performed to detect cell cytotoxicity and viability. Inverted fluorescence microscopy was used to detect cell morphologic changes after AO/PI staining. ELISA was performed to detect the presence of intracellular superoxide anion and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity levels. RT-PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of Caspase3, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog (SIRT1).
RESULTS: In comparison with control cells (non-treated with resveratrol), resveratrol at concentrations between 25-100 μmol/L exerted an antagonistic effect against cytotoxicity of 300 mmol/L alcohol to HepG2 cells. AO/PI apoptosis assay showed alcohol-treated cells contained many orange apoptotic cells, but resveratrol treated cells had less orange cells. Different concentrations of resveratrol could decrease the activity of activated Caspase3 in alcohol-treated cells by 2.12, 1.46, 0.90 and 0.75 times. Intracellular superoxide anion concentrations in cells treated with 100, 50 or 25 μmol/L resveratrol were obviously lower than those in alcohol-treated cells. However, the total oxygen radical antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in cells pre-treated with 100, 50, or 25 μmol/L resveratrol compared with alcohol-treated cells (65.74 ± 1.64, 68.14 ± 6.06, 70.81 ± 6.35 vs 45.26 ± 2.75). In addition, resveratrol increased the expression of SIRT1 and ERK mRNAs and decreased the expression of Caspase3 mRNA.
CONCLUSION: Alcohol induces oxidative stress related apoptosis of HepG2 cells, and resveratrol exerts anti-apoptosis effects by regulating the expression of genes involved in the MEK/ERK-SIRT1 pathway.
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Russo GL, Russo M, Castellano I, Napolitano A, Palumbo A. Ovothiol isolated from sea urchin oocytes induces autophagy in the Hep-G2 cell line. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4069-85. [PMID: 25003791 PMCID: PMC4113815 DOI: 10.3390/md12074069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovothiols are histidine-derived thiols isolated from sea urchin eggs, where they play a key role in the protection of cells toward the oxidative burst associated with fertilization by controlling the cellular redox balance and recycling oxidized glutathione. In this study, we show that treatment of a human liver carcinoma cell line, Hep-G2, with ovothiol A, isolated from Paracentrotus lividus oocytes, results in a decrease of cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The activation of an autophagic process is revealed by phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, together with the expression of the specific autophagic molecular markers, LC3 II and Beclin-1. The effect of ovothiol is not due to its antioxidant capacity or to hydrogen peroxide generation. The concentration of ovothiol A in the culture media, as monitored by HPLC analysis, decreased by about 24% within 30 min from treatment. The proliferation of normal human embryonic lung cells is not affected by ovothiol A. These results hint at ovothiol as a promising bioactive molecule from marine organisms able to inhibit cell proliferation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino 83100, Italy.
| | - Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino 83100, Italy.
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples 80121, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy.
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples 80121, Italy.
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