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Stanfill SB, Hecht SS, Joerger AC, González PJ, Maia LB, Rivas MG, Moura JJG, Gupta AK, Le Brun NE, Crack JC, Hainaut P, Sparacino-Watkins C, Tyx RE, Pillai SD, Zaatari GS, Henley SJ, Blount BC, Watson CH, Kaina B, Mehrotra R. From cultivation to cancer: formation of N-nitrosamines and other carcinogens in smokeless tobacco and their mutagenic implications. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:658-701. [PMID: 38050998 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2264327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco (ST), generally contain tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), such as N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK), which are potent carcinogens that cause mutations in critical genes in human DNA. This review covers the series of biochemical and chemical transformations, related to TSNAs, leading from tobacco cultivation to cancer initiation. A key aim of this review is to provide a greater understanding of TSNAs: their precursors, the microbial and chemical mechanisms that contribute to their formation in ST, their mutagenicity leading to cancer due to ST use, and potential means of lowering TSNA levels in tobacco products. TSNAs are not present in harvested tobacco but can form due to nitrosating agents reacting with tobacco alkaloids present in tobacco during certain types of curing. TSNAs can also form during or following ST production when certain microorganisms perform nitrate metabolism, with dissimilatory nitrate reductases converting nitrate to nitrite that is then released into tobacco and reacts chemically with tobacco alkaloids. When ST usage occurs, TSNAs are absorbed and metabolized to reactive compounds that form DNA adducts leading to mutations in critical target genes, including the RAS oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. DNA repair mechanisms remove most adducts induced by carcinogens, thus preventing many but not all mutations. Lastly, because TSNAs and other agents cause cancer, previously documented strategies for lowering their levels in ST products are discussed, including using tobacco with lower nornicotine levels, pasteurization and other means of eliminating microorganisms, omitting fermentation and fire-curing, refrigerating ST products, and including nitrite scavenging chemicals as ST ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Stanfill
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andreas C Joerger
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pablo J González
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional Litoral, and CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luisa B Maia
- Department of Chemistry, LAQV, REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria G Rivas
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional Litoral, and CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José J G Moura
- Department of Chemistry, LAQV, REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Caparica, Portugal
| | | | - Nick E Le Brun
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jason C Crack
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Courtney Sparacino-Watkins
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, PA, USA
| | - Robert E Tyx
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh D Pillai
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National Center for Electron Beam Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ghazi S Zaatari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Centre for Health, Innovation and Policy Foundation, Noida, India
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Bourscheid TG, Cardoso LC, Nascimento Santana MH, Cimó de Oliveira L, Reginato FZ, Machado MM, Valle de Bairros A. Use of snuff and its main constituents for religious purposes in an alternative community with shamanic practices in the south of Brazil. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2022.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Snuff is a fine aromatic powder composed of dried and thin leaves combined with tobacco, roots, peels, and seeds. Its use for indigenous religious purposes has appeared since pre-Columbian period in various localities of American continent. Practice is considered sacred in indigenous culture and suffered from trivialization of consumption due to influence of colonizers, which triggered subsequent industrialization of this complex for commercial purposes. Commercial snuff is essentially made from industrialized tobacco without addition of other medicinal plants and without therapeutic or spiritual purposes beyond its indiscriminate and inappropriate use, causing health risks. Therefore, this study aimed to make a review on snuff in Brazilian culture and a tour of a local community. In shamanism, plants are used as access vehicles to other religions of cosmos and its inhabitants, from where experts dialogue, bring songs, news, omens, and acquire new knowledge. The plants used in shamanic composition of snuff vary with the locality of indigenous villages in America and are essential ingredients of this interaction between humans and non-humans, a special mediator of intersubjective interactions. Several studies show the use and meaning of Erythroxylum coca used in different communities of the Amazon, besides Chacrona and Mariri, popular names of plants used in manufacture of Ayahuasca drink by doctrine Santo Daime. Because of this, it is essential to establish differences between recreational snuff and shamanic and their effects on body as well as studies on use of shamanic snuff should be directed according to their applications and plants employed by communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Guimarães Bourscheid
- Nucleus Applied to Toxicology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Corrêa Cardoso
- Nucleus Applied to Toxicology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia Cimó de Oliveira
- Nucleus Applied to Toxicology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ziegler Reginato
- Nucleus Applied to Toxicology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michel Mansur Machado
- Immunology and Applied Genetics Group (GIGA), Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - André Valle de Bairros
- Nucleus Applied to Toxicology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Li Y, Hecht SS. Carcinogenic components of tobacco and tobacco smoke: A 2022 update. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113179. [PMID: 35643228 PMCID: PMC9616535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco and tobacco smoke contain a complex mixture of over 9500 chemical compounds, many of which have been recognized as hazardous to human health by regulatory agencies. In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration established a list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents in unburned tobacco and tobacco smoke, 79 of which are considered as carcinogens. Over the past 10 years, with advancing analytical technology, significant amounts of new data have been published, increasing our understanding of levels of carcinogens in tobacco products. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has released 35 monographs since 2012, with an increasing number of compounds in unburned tobacco and tobacco smoke classified as carcinogens. In this paper, we provide an updated list of IARC-classified carcinogens in unburned tobacco and tobacco mainstream smoke. A total of 83 carcinogens has been identified - 37 in unburned tobacco and 80 in tobacco smoke - with their occurrence levels reported since 2012. No clear decreasing trends were observed for any of these carcinogens in recent years. Surveillance of the levels of tobacco carcinogens as well as regulatory actions are needed to ensure control of their levels so that potential reduced risks of cancer and other diseases may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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4
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Toxic effects of smokeless tobacco on female reproductive health: A review. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100066. [PMID: 35310558 PMCID: PMC8927787 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco use can lead to impairments of ovarian function, morphology, oocyte quality and hormonal regulation. Use of smokeless tobacco during pregnancy has adverse health effects on both the mother and fetus. Exposure to smokeless tobacco in utero has long term health consequences on offspring.
The habitual consumption of tobacco in its various form is widespread and a serious public health issue globally. In particular, the use of smokeless tobacco has increased substantially due to its easy availability and misconception that it is relatively harmless compared to smoking. Tobacco use has been well established from numerous studies as a causative agent of devastating illnesses such as cancer, insulin resistance, hypertension, acute respiratory disease, osteoporosis, etc. Limited but growing evidence have also suggested its role in adversely affecting reproductive capabilities and outcomes in women of reproductive age and during pregnancy. This paper provides an updated review on available literature regarding the negative effects of smokeless tobacco use on female reproductive health, during pregnancy and its adverse consequences on the offspring. Existing data suggests the association between chronic smokeless tobacco use and impairment of ovarian morphology and function, oocyte quality, hormonal perturbations, fetal development and long-term health effects on the fetus. Improved understanding of these issues can contribute to better awareness of the dangers of smokeless tobacco products.
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Guezguez F, Abdelwaheb M, Anane I, Rekik S, Saguem S, Charfeddine B, Rouatbi S. Chemical characteristics and cancer risk assessment of smokeless tobacco used in Tunisia (neffa). Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:45. [PMID: 34795826 PMCID: PMC8571925 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.45.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction neffa, a form of air-dried smokeless tobacco used in North Africa, is spuriously perceived as a lower risk alternative to smoking. The objective of this study was to provide information on some harmful constituents of neffa and to use them for cancer risk assessment. Methods a high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with fluorescence detector was used to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in one sample of neffa. An atomic absorption spectrometry was performed to determine the concentrations of lead and cadmium in three samples of neffa. The levels of toxicants found in neffa were used to assess for lifetime cancer risk as advocated by the US Environment Protection Agency. Results the determination of PAHs in neffa allowed the identification of phenanthrene and anthracene. However, the higher molecular weight PAHs such as Benzo(a)Pyrene B(a)P were not detected. The concentrations of cadmium and lead varied between 1.3 to 2.8µg/g and 1.7 to 4.6µg/g respectively. Cancer risk for cadmium and lead varied between 4.2E-03 to 9.3E-03 and 2.5E-06 to 6.4E-06 respectively. Cancer risk for Cd exceeded the range of 10E-04 to 10E-06 of an acceptable risk. Conclusion neffa is not a healthy alternative for overcoming smoking addiction. It contains mineral and organic pulmonary toxicants. This study could serve as a scientific basis to inform consumers about the products´ toxicity and help them to quit smokeless tobacco (SLT) use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Guezguez
- Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, University of Sousse, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia.,Heart Failure (LR12SP09) Research Laboratory, University of Sousse, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Abdelwaheb
- Applied Chemistry and Environment (UR13ES63) Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ichraf Anane
- Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, University of Sousse, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Saleheddine Rekik
- Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, University of Sousse, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Saad Saguem
- Department of Biophysics, Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Charfeddine
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Rouatbi
- Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, University of Sousse, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia.,Heart Failure (LR12SP09) Research Laboratory, University of Sousse, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
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Sami A, Elimairi I, Patangia D, Watkins C, Ryan CA, Ross RP, Stanton C. The ultra-structural, metabolomic and metagenomic characterisation of the sudanese smokeless tobacco 'Toombak'. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1498-1512. [PMID: 34401360 PMCID: PMC8355839 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toombak is a smokeless tobacco produced from the Nicotiana rustica tobacco plant from Sudan. Pre-prepared and ready to buy Toombak samples were analysed using mass spectrometry (heavy metals), gas and liquid chromatography (metabolomics), 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing (microbiome) and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and pH analysis. Chromium, cobalt, and copper were high in the pre-prepared form of Toombak while iron, tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were high in both types. Firmicutes and Actinobacteria dominated Toombak. Samples of ready to buy Toombak showed inter-variational differences depending on place of purchase. We found Virgibacillus were increased in the pre-prepared form while Corynebacterium casei, Atopococus tabaci, Atopostipes suicloacalis, Oceanobacillus chironomi and Staphylococcus gallinarum were the most abundant species in the ready to buy forms. PICRUSt analysis highlighted increased activity of metal transport systems in the ready to buy samples as well as an antibiotic transport system. SEM-EDX highlighted large non-homogenous, irregular particles with increased sodium, while pH of samples was in the alkaline range. The final composition of Toombak is affected by its method of preparation and the end product has the potential to impart many negative consequences on the health of its users. TSNA levels observed in Toombak were some of the highest in the world while the micro-environment of Toombak supports a distinct microbiota profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Sami
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum, 1111, Sudan
| | - Imad Elimairi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum, 1111, Sudan
| | - Dhrati Patangia
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Claire Watkins
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - C. Anthony Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, T12 DFK4, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
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Wang X, Qin Y, Nie C, Guo J, Pan L, Xie F, Wang S, Wang B, Zhao X, Wang B, Jia G. Smokeless tobacco analysis: Simultaneous extraction and purification of alkaloids, volatile N-nitrosamines, and polycyclic hydrocarbons for GC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2642-2654. [PMID: 33915029 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Several smokeless tobacco products are available in the market and comprise complex chemical matrices. Sample preparation for analysis of the multiple classes of harmful compounds in smokeless tobacco products is highly cumbersome. In this study, a simultaneous extraction scheme was developed for three toxic analyte classes in smokeless tobacco products using a two-phase solution consisting of 5% aqueous NaOH and dichloromethane in a 1:4 ratio. The dichloromethane extract was used to analyze four alkaloids directly at levels greater than parts per million; however, passing the layer through a silica cartridge for further purification and concentration was necessary for determining 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and four volatile N-nitrosoamines at the ppt level. The multitargets were determined by using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection for the 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, four volatile N-nitrosoamines, three minor alkaloids, and nicotine were 0.2-1.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.6-1.0, and 10.2 μg/g, respectively. Four different smokeless tobacco substrates were fortified with three levels of mixed standards, and the recoveries ranged between 83 and 110%. The method was highly efficient, reduced the sample amounts, solvents, and the time required by approximately 60%. The method was used to assay 18 smokeless tobacco products, and showed potentials in assaying drugs and other plant-based substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yaqiong Qin
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cong Nie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Guo
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lining Pan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Baolin Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco He'nan Industrial Co. Ltd., Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guotao Jia
- Technology Center, China Tobacco He'nan Industrial Co. Ltd., Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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Siddiqi K, Husain S, Vidyasagaran A, Readshaw A, Mishu MP, Sheikh A. Global burden of disease due to smokeless tobacco consumption in adults: an updated analysis of data from 127 countries. BMC Med 2020; 18:222. [PMID: 32782007 PMCID: PMC7422596 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco (ST) is consumed by more than 300 million people worldwide. The distribution, determinants and health risks of ST differ from that of smoking; hence, there is a need to highlight its distinct health impact. We present the latest estimates of the global burden of disease due to ST use. METHODS The ST-related disease burden was estimated for all countries reporting its use among adults. Using systematic searches, we first identified country-specific prevalence of ST use in men and women. We then revised our previously published disease risk estimates for oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers and cardiovascular diseases by updating our systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. The updated country-specific prevalence of ST and disease risk estimates, including data up to 2019, allowed us to revise the population attributable fraction (PAF) for ST for each country. Finally, we estimated the disease burden attributable to ST for each country as a proportion of the DALYs lost and deaths reported in the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study. RESULTS ST use in adults was reported in 127 countries; the highest rates of consumption were in South and Southeast Asia. The risk estimates for cancers were also highest in this region. In 2017, at least 2.5 million DALYs and 90,791 lives were lost across the globe due to oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers that can be attributed to ST. Based on risk estimates obtained from the INTERHEART study, over 6 million DALYs and 258,006 lives were lost from ischaemic heart disease that can be attributed to ST. Three-quarters of the ST-related disease burden was among men. Geographically, > 85% of the ST-related burden was in South and Southeast Asia, India accounting for 70%, Pakistan for 7% and Bangladesh for 5% DALYs lost. CONCLUSIONS ST is used across the globe and poses a major public health threat predominantly in South and Southeast Asia. While our disease risk estimates are based on a limited evidence of modest quality, the likely ST-related disease burden is substantial. In high-burden countries, ST use needs to be regulated through comprehensive implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK. .,Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Scheherazade Husain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Aishwarya Vidyasagaran
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anne Readshaw
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Masuma Pervin Mishu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School Doorway 3, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
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Kaminski KP, Goepfert S, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC. Production of Valuable Compounds in Tobacco. THE TOBACCO PLANT GENOME 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29493-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Chemistry, metabolism and pharmacology of carcinogenic alkaloids present in areca nut and factors affecting their concentration. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 110:104548. [PMID: 31805361 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Areca Nut (AN), the seed of tropical palm tree Areca catechu, is a widely chewed natural product with estimated 600 million users across the world. Various AN products, thriving in the market, portray 'Areca nut' or 'Supari' as mouth freshener and safe alternative to smokeless tobacco. Unfortunately, AN is identified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Wide variation in the level of alkaloids, broadly ranging from 2 to 10 mg/gm dry weight, is observed in diverse variety of AN sold worldwide. For the first time, various factors influencing the formation of carcinogenic alkaloids in AN at various stages, including during the growth, processing, and storage of the nut, are discussed. Current review illustrates the mechanism of cancer induction by areca alkaloids in humans and also compiles dose-dependent pharmacology and toxicology data of arecoline, the most potent carcinogenic alkaloid in AN. Careful monitoring of the arecoline content in AN can potentially be used as a tool in product surveillance studies to identify the variations in characteristics of various AN sample sold worldwide. The article will help to generate public awareness and sensitize the government bodies to initiate campaigns against AN use and addiction.
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Shaik FB, Nagajothi G, Swarnalatha K, Kumar CV, Dhania KN, Kumar CS, Maddu N. Possible Association of Smokeless Tobacco Dependent Impairment in the Erythrocytes and Platelets Membranes of Human Male Volunteers: An Observation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2167-2176. [PMID: 31350981 PMCID: PMC6745197 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.7.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) acts as a modifier of erythrocyte and platelet membranes by disrupting antioxidant system with the concomitant increase in free radical production and induction of apoptosis. Methods: The SLT users was that individuals used gutkha and khaini products (Khaleja/mahak chaini brand respectively) habitually, at least >20 times per week consists of 50-60 g during the last 2-4 years. Results: The gutkha and khaini users found to be significantly increased levels of iNOS (Inducible nitric oxide synthase) enzyme in plasma, erythrocytes, and platelet membranes when compared to normal controls. The gutkha and khaini users exhibited that the significant increase in the levels of gene expression of apoptotic proteins (Bcl2-B cell lymphoma gene 2, Bax, caspases 8, caspase 10, and caspase 12), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), and decreased levels of TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and decreased expression of caspase 12 of khaini users were observed from blood samples. The significant increase in the concentrations of peroxynitrites (ONOO-), nitric oxide (NO) (Nitrates and nitrites), malondialdehyde (MDA), cholesterol, and phospholipids were reported in the smokeless tobacco users of erythrocytes and platelets. The experimental subjects showed that the increased osmotic fragility and decreased membrane fluidity of erythrocytes and platelets in comparison with non-tobacco users. The normal subjects had been exposed that the proper functioning of antioxidant enzymes and decreased enzyme activities of antioxidants were reported by SLT users. Conclusion: The smokeless tobacco products are exerted chronic damage to membranes of erythrocytes and platelets and elevation of apoptosis in the prolonged periods of human male volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeda Begum Shaik
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - G Nagajothi
- Department of Corporate Secretary ship, Queen Mary's College (Autonomous), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Swarnalatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - C Vinod Kumar
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Narender Dhania
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - C Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Narendra Maddu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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12
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McAdam K, Enos T, Goss C, Kimpton H, Faizi A, Edwards S, Wright C, Porter A, Rodu B. Analysis of coumarin and angelica lactones in smokeless tobacco products. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:142. [PMID: 30569337 PMCID: PMC6768314 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in health risks between different styles of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) have prompted interest in their relative levels of toxic chemicals. We report here the development of methods for the analysis of STPs for coumarin and for α-angelica lactone (α-AL), both of which have been included in various published lists of tobacco toxicants. We have also determined the concentrations of these lactones in commercial STPs from the US and Sweden, representing 80-90% of the 2010 market share for all the major STP categories in these two countries: 65 products (plus two reference products) for coumarin and 66 commercial products for α-AL. For coumarin, methanol extracts of the STPs were analysed by HPLC/MS/MS. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were, respectively, 100 and 30 ng coumarin/g of STP on a wet weight basis (WWB). Alpha-AL was determined via direct headspace GC/MS. The LOQ and LOD were 65 and 30 ng/g WWB respectively. Coumarin was detected In 3/33 Swedish snus, 5/13 US chewing tobaccos, 16/16 moist snuffs and 5/6 dry snuffs. Concentrations in those samples with quantifiable coumarin contents ranged from 186 to 1656 ng/g WWB. Concentrations of coumarin measured in this study were consistent with levels naturally found in tobacco. None of the STPs analysed would significantly contribute to coumarin exposure in consumers compared with dietary sources, and estimated exposure levels were 1000× lower than the European Food Safety Authority Tolerable Daily Intake. Hence the relevance of coumarin to the toxicity of STPs and its inclusion in the FDA's list of harmful and potentially harmful compounds list is questionable. Measurements of α-AL in these STPs found that the majority did not have quantifiable contents, however, for three STPs concentrations of α-AL were above the LOQ (116-140 ng/g WWB) and for four other STPs concentrations of α-AL could be estimated between the LOD and LOQ. Beta-angelica lactone was tentatively identified in three of the STPs but the levels could not be reliably quantified. The levels of α-AL in tobacco products are reported here for the first time, but the relevance of α-AL to the toxicity of STPs is also highly questionable given that it has GRAS status as a permitted food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAdam
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Trevor Enos
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Carol Goss
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Harriet Kimpton
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Arif Faizi
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Steve Edwards
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | - Christopher Wright
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL UK
| | | | - Brad Rodu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Room 208, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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13
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Stanfill SB, Croucher RE, Gupta PC, Lisko JG, Lawler TS, Kuklenyik P, Dahiya M, Duncan B, Kimbrell JB, Peuchen EH, Watson CH. Chemical characterization of smokeless tobacco products from South Asia: Nicotine, unprotonated nicotine, tobacco-specific N'-Nitrosamines, and flavor compounds. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:626-634. [PMID: 29746936 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Stanfill
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ray E Croucher
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Prakash C Gupta
- Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Joseph G Lisko
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tameka S Lawler
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manu Dahiya
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Bryce Duncan
- University of North Carolina, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Brett Kimbrell
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Kumar A, Bhartiya D, Kaur J, Kumari S, Singh H, Saraf D, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R. Regulation of toxic contents of smokeless tobacco products. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:14-24. [PMID: 30264750 PMCID: PMC6172907 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2025_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective regulation of contents of tobacco products is one of the primary milestones to reduce negative health effects associated with the use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products. As per the available sources, testing of some SLT products has been done on ad hoc basis, but there is a lack of comprehensive and periodic analysis of these products. In addition, the available results indicate huge variations among the levels of pH, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, N-nitrosonornicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, heavy metals and nicotine within different products as well as within different brands of the same product. This review was aimed to throw light on the variations and gaps in testing of SLT products and emphasize the need for strong policy regulation for monitoring the chemical constituents of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Deeksha Bhartiya
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Suchitra Kumari
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Saraf
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub for Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
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15
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Kaur J, Sharma A, Gupta R, Singh H. Development of comprehensive data repository on chemicals present in smokeless tobacco products: Opportunities & challenges. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:4-6. [PMID: 30264748 PMCID: PMC6172916 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_108_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Kaur
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Ruchika Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
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16
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Bhartiya D, Kumar A, Kaur J, Kumari S, Sharma AK, Sinha DN, Singh H, Mehrotra R. In-silico study of toxicokinetics and disease association of chemicals present in smokeless tobacco products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:8-16. [PMID: 29505798 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are consumed by millions of people in over 130 countries around the world. Consumption of SLT has been estimated to cause a number of diseases accounting to more than 0.65 million deaths per year. There is sufficient epidemiological evidence on the association of SLT products with nicotine addiction, cancers of oral cavity and digestive systems but there is a lack of understanding of the role of toxic chemicals in these diseases. We provide the first comprehensive in-silico analysis of chemical compounds present in different SLT products used worldwide. Many of these compounds are found to have good absorption, solubility and permeability along with mutagenic and toxic properties. They are also found to target more than 350 human proteins involved in a plethora of human biological processes and pathways. Along with all the previously known diseases, the present study has identified the association of compounds of SLT products with a number of unknown diseases like neurodegenerative, immune and cardiac diseases (Left ventricular non compaction, dilated cardiomyopathy etc). These findings indicate far-reaching impact of SLT products on human health than already known which needs further validations using epidemiological, in-vitro and in-vivo methodologies. Thus, this study will provide one stop information for the policy makers in development of regulatory policies on toxic contents of SLT products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Bhartiya
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Suchitra Kumari
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Amitesh Kumar Sharma
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Dhirendra N Sinha
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India; National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
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17
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Ammann JR, Lovejoy KS, Walters MJ, Holman MR. A Survey of N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and Total Water Content in Select Smokeless Tobacco Products Purchased in the United States in 2015. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4400-6. [PMID: 27192054 PMCID: PMC4889466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This investigation provides an updated survey measuring the levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and water content of a select number of smokeless tobacco products sold in the United States in 2015. A total of 34 smokeless tobacco products were collected and analyzed for NNN and water content using LC-MS/MS and GC-TCD, respectively. Smokeless tobacco products were chosen to obtain a representative sample of the different types of products on the U.S. market. These smokeless products represent 12 of the 25 top-selling smokeless tobacco products according to 2013 Nielsen net sales data while five of the smokeless tobacco products are of lower selling smokeless tobacco products. The NNN levels and the water content of the smokeless tobacco products were determined and compared to previous studies. Although the range of NNN levels found was broad for the examined smokeless tobacco products (0.64-12.0 μg/g dry weight), dry snuff had the highest levels of NNN observed (>5 μg/g dry weight). We observed a general decrease in NNN levels for the same six moist snuff products that were analyzed in 2004 compared to our current 2015 study. The water content of the smokeless tobacco products surveyed ranged from 3.92 to 54.8%.
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18
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Shin KO, Lee YM. Simultaneous analysis of mono-, di-, and tri-ethanolamine in cosmetic products using liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 39:66-72. [PMID: 26578210 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA) are used as wetting agents in shampoos, lotions, creams, and other cosmetics. DEA is widely used to provide lather in shampoos and maintain a favorable consistency in lotions and creams. Although DEA is not harmful, it may react with other ingredients in the cosmetic formula after extended storage periods to form an extremely potent carcinogen called nitrosodiethanolamine (NDEA), which is readily absorbed through the skin and has been linked to the development of stomach, esophagus, liver, and bladder cancers. The purpose of this study was to develop a simultaneous quantification method for measurement of MEA, DEA, and TEA in cosmetic products. Liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed using a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column with isocratic elution containing acetonitrile and 5 mM ammonium formate in water (88:12, v/v). Identification and quantification of alkanolamines were performed using MS/MS monitoring to assess the transition from precursor to product ion of MEA (m/z, 61.1 → 44.0), DEA (m/z, 106.1 → 88.0), TEA (m/z, 150.1 → 130.0), and the internal standard triethylamine (m/z, 102.2 → 58.0). Alkanolamines extractions were simplified using a single extraction with acetonitrile in the cosmetic matrix. Performance of the method was evaluated with quality parameters such as specificity, carry-over, linearity and calibration, correlation of determination (R(2)), detection limit, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Calibration curves of MEA (2.9-1000 ppb), DEA (1-1000 ppb), and TEA (1-1000 ppb) were constructed by plotting concentration versus peak-area ratio (analyte/internal standard with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99). The intra- and inter-assay accuracy ranged from 92.92 to 101.15 % for all analytes. The intra- and inter-assay precision for MEA, DEA, and TEA showed all coefficients of variance were less than 9.38 % for QC samples. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were 2.00 and 15.63 ppb for MEA, 0.49 and 1.96 ppb for DEA, and 0.49 and 1.96 ppb for TEA, respectively. This novel quantification method simplified sample preparation and allowed accurate and reproducible quantification of alkanolamines in the ng/g cosmetic weight (ppb) range for several cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Ku, Chongju, 362-763, Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Ku, Chongju, 362-763, Korea.
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