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Lin GD, Wu JY, Peng XB, Lu XX, Liu ZY, Pan ZG, Qiu ZW, Dong JG. Chlorine poisoning caused by improper mixing of household disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic: Case series. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:8872-8879. [PMID: 36157658 PMCID: PMC9477020 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i25.8872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misuse of disinfectants during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to several poisoning incidents. However, there are few clinical case reports on poisoning caused by improper mixing of household disinfectants.
AIM To summarize the clinical characteristics and treatment effects of chlorine poisoning caused by improper mixing of hypochlorite bleach with acidic cleaning agents.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed baseline and clinical data, clinical symptoms, and treatment methods of seven patients with chlorine poisoning who were admitted to the National Army Poisoning Treatment Center.
RESULTS Among the seven patients, the average poisoning time (exposure to admission) was 57 h (4-240 h). All patients were involved in cleaning bathrooms. Chest computed tomography scans revealed bilateral lung effusions or inflammatory changes in five patients. The partial pressure of oxygen decreased in six patients, and respiratory failure occurred in one. Five patients had different degrees of increase in white blood cell count. Humidified oxygen therapy, non-invasive mechanical ventilation, anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, antioxidants, and antibiotics were administered for treatment. The average length of hospital stay was 7 d (4-9 d). All seven patients recovered and were discharged.
CONCLUSION Improper mixing of household disinfectants may cause damage to the respiratory system due to chlorine poisoning. Corticosteroids may improve lung exudation in severe cases, and symptomatic supportive treatment should be performed early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong Province, China
- Senior Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jie-Yi Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Peng
- Senior Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Lu
- Senior Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhong-Ying Liu
- Senior Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Wu Qiu
- Senior Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jian-Guang Dong
- Senior Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
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Hemmings O, Du Toit G, Radulovic S, Lack G, Santos AF. Ara h 2 is the dominant peanut allergen despite similarities with Ara h 6. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:621-630.e5. [PMID: 32298698 PMCID: PMC7482438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachis hypogaea 2 (Ara h 2)-specific IgE is to date the best serologic marker to diagnose peanut allergy. Ara h 6 shares approximately 60% sequence identity and multiple epitopes with Ara h 2. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the diagnostic utility and relative importance of Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 in peanut allergy. METHODS A cohort 100 of children was studied. The cohort included chidren who had peanut allergy, children who were sensitized to but tolerant of peanut, and children who were neither sensitized nor allergic to peanut. Levels of specific IgE to peanut and individual allergens were quantified by using ImmunoCAP. ImmunoCAP inhibition experiments and mast cell activation tests in response to both Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 were performed. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 14 and Prism version 7 software. RESULTS Ara h 2-specific IgE and Ara h 6-specific IgE showed the greatest diagnostic accuracy for peanut allergy when compared with specific IgE to peanut and other peanut allergens. Most patients with peanut allergy were sensitized to both Ara h 2 and Ara h 6. Ara h 2 reduced Ara h 2-specific IgE binding more than Ara h 6 did (P < .001), whereas Ara h 6-specific IgE binding was inhibited to a similar degree by Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 (P = .432). In the mast cell activation test, Ara h 2 induced significantly greater maximal reactivity (P = .001) and a lower half maximal effective concentration (P = .002) than did Ara h 6 when testing cosensitized individuals. CONCLUSIONS Ara h 2-specific IgE and Ara h 6-specific IgE provide the greatest accuracy to diagnose peanut allergy. Ara h 2 is the dominant conglutin in peanut allergy in the United Kingdom, despite a degree of cross-reactivity with Ara h 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hemmings
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Du Toit
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzana Radulovic
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon Lack
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Pandey AK, Sudini HK, Upadhyaya HD, Varshney RK, Pandey MK. Hypoallergen Peanut Lines Identified Through Large-Scale Phenotyping of Global Diversity Panel: Providing Hope Toward Addressing One of the Major Global Food Safety Concerns. Front Genet 2019; 10:1177. [PMID: 31827488 PMCID: PMC6890724 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peanut allergy is one of the serious health concern and affects more than 1% of the world's population mainly in Americas, Australia, and Europe. Peanut allergy is sometimes life-threatening and adversely affect the life quality of allergic individuals and their families. Consumption of hypoallergen peanuts is the best solution, however, not much effort has been made in this direction for identifying or developing hypoallergen peanut varieties. A highly diverse peanut germplasm panel was phenotyped using a recently developed monoclonal antibody-based ELISA protocol to quantify five major allergens. Results revealed a wide phenotypic variation for all the five allergens studied i.e., Ara h 1 (4-36,833 µg/g), Ara h 2 (41-77,041 µg/g), Ara h 3 (22-106,765 µg/g), Ara h 6 (829-103,892 µg/g), and Ara h 8 (0.01-70.12 µg/g). The hypoallergen peanut genotypes with low levels of allergen proteins for Ara h 1 (4 µg/g), Ara h 2 (41 µg/g), Ara h 3 (22 µg/g), Ara h 6 (829 µg/g), and Ara h 8 (0.01 µg/g) have paved the way for their use in breeding and genomics studies. In addition, these hypoallergen peanut genotypes are available for use in cultivation and industry, thus opened up new vistas for fighting against peanut allergy problem across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
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Pandey AK, Varshney RK, Sudini HK, Pandey MK. An Improved Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Based Protocol Using Seeds for Detection of Five Major Peanut Allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, Ara h 6, and Ara h 8. Front Nutr 2019; 6:68. [PMID: 31231654 PMCID: PMC6560202 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peanut allergy is an important health concern among many individuals. As there is no effective treatment to peanut allergy, continuous monitoring of peanut-based products, and their sources is essential. Precise detection of peanut allergens is key for identification and development of improved peanut varieties with minimum or no allergens in addition to estimating the levels in peanut-based products available in food chain. The antibody based ELISA protocol along with sample preparation was standardized for Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, Ara h 6, and Ara h 8 to estimate their quantities in peanut seeds. Three different dilutions were optimized to precisely quantify target allergen proteins in peanut seeds such as Ara h 1 (1/1,000, 1/2,000, and 1/4,000), Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 (1/5,000, 1/10,000, and 1/20,000), Ara h 6 (1/40,000, 1/80,000, and 1/1,60,000), and Ara h 8 (1/10, 1/20, and 1/40). These dilutions were finalized for each allergen based on the accuracy of detection by achieving <20% coefficient of variation in three technical replicates. This protocol captured wide variation of allergen proteins in selected peanut genotypes for Ara h 1 (77-46,106 μg/g), Ara h 2 (265-5,426 μg/g), Ara h 3 (382-12,676 μg/g), Ara h 6 (949-43,375 μg/g), and Ara h 8 (0.385-6 μg/g). The assay is sensitive and reliable in precise detection of five major peanut allergens in seeds. Deployment of such protocol allows screening of large scale germplasm and breeding lines while developing peanut varieties with minimum allergenicity to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hari K. Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
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Smits M, Le TM, Welsing P, Houben G, Knulst A, Verhoeckx K. Legume Protein Consumption and the Prevalence of Legume Sensitization. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1545. [PMID: 30347643 PMCID: PMC6213573 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization and allergy to legumes can be influenced by different factors, such as exposure, geographical background, and food processing. Sensitization and the allergic response to legumes differs considerably, however, the reason behind this is not yet fully understood. The aim of this study is to investigate if there is a correlation between legume protein consumption and the prevalence of legume sensitization. Furthermore, the association between sensitization to specific peanut allergens and their concentration in peanut is investigated. Legume sensitization data (peanut, soybean, lupin, lentil, and pea) from studies were analyzed in relation to consumption data obtained from national food consumption surveys using the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS), and What We Eat in America-Food Commodity Intake Database (WWEIA-FCID) databases. Data were stratified for children <4 years, children 4⁻18 years, and adults. Sufficient data were available for peanut to allow for statistical analysis. Analysis of all age groups together resulted in a low correlation between peanut sensitization and relative peanut consumption (r = 0.407), absolute peanut consumption (r = 0.468), and percentage of peanut consumers (r = 0.243). No correlation was found between relative concentrations of Ara h 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 in peanut and sensitization to these peanut allergens. The results indicate that the amount of consumption only plays a minor role in the prevalence of sensitization to peanut. Other factors, such as the intrinsic properties of the different proteins, processing, matrix, frequency, timing and route of exposure, and patient factors might play a more substantial role in the prevalence of peanut sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Smits
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- TNO, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Thuy-My Le
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Paco Welsing
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Geert Houben
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- TNO, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - André Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kitty Verhoeckx
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- TNO, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Koppelman SJ, Smits M, Tomassen M, de Jong GAH, Baumert J, Taylor SL, Witkamp R, Veldman RJ, Pieters R, Wichers H. Release of Major Peanut Allergens from Their Matrix under Various pH and Simulated Saliva Conditions-Ara h2 and Ara h6 Are Readily Bio-Accessible. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1281. [PMID: 30208580 PMCID: PMC6165493 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa is the first immune tissue that encounters allergens upon ingestion of food. We hypothesized that the bio-accessibility of allergens at this stage may be a key determinant for sensitization. Light roasted peanut flour was suspended at various pH in buffers mimicking saliva. Protein concentrations and allergens profiles were determined in the supernatants. Peanut protein solubility was poor in the pH range between 3 and 6, while at a low pH (1.5) and at moderately high pHs (>8), it increased. In the pH range of saliva, between 6.5 and 8.5, the allergens Ara h2 and Ara h6 were readily released, whereas Ara h1 and Ara h3 were poorly released. Increasing the pH from 6.5 to 8.5 slightly increased the release of Ara h1 and Ara h3, but the recovery remained low (approximately 20%) compared to that of Ara h2 and Ara h6 (approximately 100% and 65%, respectively). This remarkable difference in the extraction kinetics suggests that Ara h2 and Ara h6 are the first allergens an individual is exposed to upon ingestion of peanut-containing food. We conclude that the peanut allergens Ara h2 and Ara h6 are quickly bio-accessible in the mouth, potentially explaining their extraordinary allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 279 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6207, USA.
| | - Mieke Smits
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberglaan 7, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Monic Tomassen
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Joe Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 279 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6207, USA.
| | - Steve L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 279 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6207, USA.
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Jan Veldman
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberglaan 7, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberglaan 7, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Harry Wichers
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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