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Doménech E, Martorell S. Review of the Terminology, Approaches, and Formulations Used in the Guidelines on Quantitative Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazards in Food. Foods 2024; 13:714. [PMID: 38472827 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the published terminology, mathematical models, and the possible approaches used to characterise the risk of foodborne chemical hazards, particularly pesticides, metals, mycotoxins, acrylamide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results confirmed the wide variability of the nomenclature used, e.g., 28 different ways of referencing exposure, 13 of cancer risk, or 9 of slope factor. On the other hand, a total of 16 equations were identified to formulate all the risk characterisation parameters of interest. Therefore, the present study proposes a terminology and formulation for some risk characterisation parameters based on the guidelines of international organisations and the literature review. The mathematical model used for non-genotoxic hazards is a ratio in all cases. However, the authors used the probability of cancer or different ratios, such as the margin of exposure (MOE) for genotoxic hazards. For each effect studied per hazard, the non-genotoxic effect was mostly studied in pesticides (79.73%), the genotoxic effect was mostly studied in PAHs (71.15%), and both effects were mainly studied in metals (59.4%). The authors of the works reviewed generally opted for a deterministic approach, although most of those who assessed the risk for mycotoxins or the ratio and risk for acrylamide used the probabilistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Martorell
- MEDASEGI Research Group, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Gallardo JA, Marín S, Ramos AJ, Cano-Sancho G, Sanchis V. Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment to Enniatin B through Consumption of Cereal-Based Products in Spain and the Catalonia Region. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 36668844 PMCID: PMC9863481 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enniatin B (ENNB) is a mycotoxin produced by moulds from the Fusarium genera and its toxic effects are still not fully elucidated, hence a safe reference exposure value has not been established yet. ENNB is the most prevalent emerging mycotoxin and is widely found in cereal-based products, nevertheless, there are no comprehensive exposure assessment studies. For that reason, the aim of this study was to characterise the occurrence of ENNB and estimate the exposure of the Spanish and Catalan populations. A total of 347 cereal-based products were collected in 2019 and were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Consumption data were obtained from the national food consumption surveys (ENALIA) and a regional survey conducted in Catalonia. The global exposure was estimated using deterministic and probabilistic methods. The results showed a high occurrence of close to 100% in all foodstuffs, with a range from 6 to 269 µg/kg, and a strong correlation with the levels of deoxynivalenol. Children aged one-nine years were the most exposed, showing mean estimates in the range 308-324 ng/kg bw/day and 95th percentiles 697-781 ng/kg bw/day. This study stresses the need for further toxicological data to establish reference doses and conclude formal risk assessment, accounting for the co-occurrence with deoxynivalenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Gallardo
- Technology, Engineering and Science of Food Department, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Technology, Engineering and Science of Food Department, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Ramos
- Technology, Engineering and Science of Food Department, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Sanchis
- Technology, Engineering and Science of Food Department, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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3
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Kumar P, Gupta A, Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Pandey AK, Kargwal R, Mishra S, Suhag R, Sharma N, Saurabh V, Paul V, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Gamlath S, Kamle M, Enshasy HAE, Mokhtar JA, Harakeh S. Aflatoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Based Products: Occurrence, Toxicity, Impact on Human Health, and Their Detoxification and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100687. [PMID: 36287956 PMCID: PMC9609140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals and cereal-based products are primary sources of nutrition across the world. However, contamination of these foods with aflatoxins (AFs), secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species, has raised serious concerns. AF generation in innate substrates is influenced by several parameters, including the substrate type, fungus species, moisture content, minerals, humidity, temperature, and physical injury to the kernels. Consumption of AF-contaminated cereals and cereal-based products can lead to both acute and chronic health issues related to physical and mental maturity, reproduction, and the nervous system. Therefore, the precise detection methods, detoxification, and management strategies of AFs in cereal and cereal-based products are crucial for food safety as well as consumer health. Hence, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, chemical characteristics, biosynthetic processes, health hazards, and detection techniques of AFs, along with a focus on detoxification and management strategies that could be implemented for food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (D.K.M.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (D.K.M.)
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- MMICT&BM(HM), Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Raveena Kargwal
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Rajat Suhag
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Veena Paul
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Jawahir A. Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine (FM), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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DENARDI-SOUZA T, LUZ C, MAÑES J, BADIALE-FURLONG E, MECA G. Action of phenolic extract obtained from rice bran fermented with Rhizopus oryzae in the synthesis of trichothecenes and emerging mycotoxins in sweet corn. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.35821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Development of an Antifungal Device Based on Oriental Mustard Flour to Prevent Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Production in Almonds. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:toxins14010005. [PMID: 35050982 PMCID: PMC8778441 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the manufacture of an antifungal device composed of oriental mustard flour and hydroxyethyl-cellulose (H-OMF) and evaluates its efficacity in inhibiting Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production in almonds. Additionally, it compares the H-OMF with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and a freeze-dried extract of yellow mustard flour (YMF-E); such substances were previously described as antifungal. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), the H-OMF in vitro antifungal activity, and the residual fungal population, as well as the production of AFB1 in almonds were determined. AITC and YMF-E showed significant antifungal activity in vitro. Additionally, the in vitro activity of H-OMF avoided mycelial growth by applying 30 mg/L. Almonds treated with AITC (5.07, 10.13, and 20.26 mg/L) and H-OMF (2000 and 4000 mg/L) showed a reduction in the population of A. flavus and the production of AFB1 to values below the limit of detection. YMF-E showed effectiveness by in vitro methodologies (MIC and MFC) but did not show efficacy when applied in almonds. Our findings indicated that the hydroxyethyl-cellulose-based device containing oriental mustard flour might be utilised as a fumigant to increase the safety of almonds and could be extended to other cereals or dry fruits.
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Gómez-Salazar JA, Ruiz-Hernández K, Martínez-Miranda MM, Castro-Ríos K. Postharvest strategies for decontamination of aflatoxins in cereals. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2013254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Andrés Gómez-Salazar
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Karla Ruiz-Hernández
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Katherin Castro-Ríos
- Grupo de Cromatografía Y Técnicas Afines, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación En Microbiología Y Biotecnología Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
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Liang J, Ning M, Guan S, Fang L, Chen X, Dong Z, Fan L. Risk assessment of multiple-mycotoxin exposure for consumers of chestnuts in Shandong Province markets in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2137-2150. [PMID: 34666620 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1970240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 321 chestnut samples from Shandong Province in China were analysed for the presence of mycotoxins. We screened for 14 mycotoxins including aflatoxins (AFs: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), T-2 toxin (T-2), zearalenone (ZEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3), and penicillic acid (PeA). Mycotoxins were detected in 56.4% of the samples, and 11 of these mycotoxins were found. Thirty samples from the Shandong Province markets were deemed positive for AFs (9.3%) and had an AFB1 level of >2 μg/kg or a sum of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 that was >4 μg/kg, which exceed the maximum tolerable level of the European regulations standards (EC/188/2006). The contamination level for total mycotoxins found in chestnuts was in the range of 0.6-2,791.0 μg/kg. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values for each individual mycotoxin and for all of the mycotoxins collectively were calculated by both a deterministic approach and a probabilistic approach. For risk characterisation, dietary exposure to DON, ZEA, FBs, and OTA through consumption of chestnuts, analysed according to both approaches, showed no health risk to Chinese adolescents and adults from exposure to either individual mycotoxins or in combination, but more concern should be paid to the AFs for adolescents and adults at a high consumption level. This is believed to be the first work performing risk assessment of multiple mycotoxins specifically for adolescents, including the recently isolated FBs and PeA, which have recently emerged as mycotoxins of concern, in chestnuts of Shandong Province in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Liang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxiao Ning
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Guan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Fang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Economics and Management, Taishan University, Taian, China
| | - Zhan Dong
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Baran K, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M, Guiné RPF. Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies-A Revisit. Foods 2021; 10:1279. [PMID: 34205122 PMCID: PMC8228748 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are known to be toxic to humans and animals. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, patulin, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, trichothecenes, Alternaria toxins, tremorgenic mycotoxins, fusarins, 3-nitropropionic acid, cyclochlorotine, sporidesmin, etc. These mycotoxins can pose several health risks to both animals and humans, including death. As several mycotoxins simultaneously occur in nature, especially in foods and feeds, the detoxification and/or total removal of mycotoxins remains challenging. Moreover, given that the volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins is steadily on the rise, there is need for continuous synthesis of the body of knowledge. To supplement existing information, knowledge of mycotoxins affecting animals, foods, humans, and plants, with more focus on types, toxicity, and prevention measures, including strategies employed in detoxification and removal, were revisited in this work. Our synthesis revealed that mycotoxin decontamination, control, and detoxification strategies cut across pre-and post-harvest preventive measures. In particular, pre-harvest measures can include good agricultural practices, fertilization/irrigation, crop rotation, using resistant varieties of crops, avoiding insect damage, early harvesting, maintaining adequate humidity, and removing debris from the preceding harvests. On the other hand, post-harvest measures can include processing, chemical, biological, and physical measures. Additionally, chemical-based methods and other emerging strategies for mycotoxin detoxification can involve the usage of chitosan, ozone, nanoparticles, and plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaza Godswill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala P.O. Box 20000, Uganda
| | - Erick Nyakundi Ondari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
| | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Anjani K. Upadhyay
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751019, Odisha, India;
| | - Katarzyna Baran
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Raquel P. F. Guiné
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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Chávez‐Dulanto PN, Thiry AAA, Glorio‐Paulet P, Vögler O, Carvalho FP. Increasing the impact of science and technology to provide more people with healthier and safer food. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Perla N. Chávez‐Dulanto
- Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Agronomy Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru
| | - Arnauld A. A. Thiry
- The Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Bailrigg Lancaster United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Glorio‐Paulet
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Food Industry Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru
| | - Oliver Vögler
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS‐IdISBa) Department of Biology University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Fernando P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Protecção e Segurança Radiológica Instituto Superior Técnico—Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
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11
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Lanza A, da Silva RC, Dos Santos ID, Pizzutti IR, Cence K, Cansian RL, Zeni J, Valduga E. Mycotoxins' evaluation in wheat flours used in Brazilian bakeries. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:931-937. [PMID: 31093452 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological quality of wheat flours used by bakeries from the North Region in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, regarding the presence of mycotoxins. On collecting type-1 refined wheat flour, a conglomerate sampling from 13 cities and 3 bakeries per city (n = 39), selected from the defined region was performed. The mycotoxins analysis was using QuEChERS method and UPLC-MS/MS analysis. As a result, 100% of samples presented contamination by DON, with concentrations ranging from 76.7 to 3630.2 µg kg-1 and ZON was found in one sample (26.7 µg kg-1), which represented 2.6% of the analyzed wheat flours. Other mycotoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, HT-2 toxin, OTA, FB1 and FB2) were not detected in the analyzed samples. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Lanza
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
| | - Rosselei Caiél da Silva
- Department of Health Science, URI Frederico Westphalen, Av. Assis Brasil, 709, Frederico Westphalen, RS Brazil
| | - Ingrid Duarte Dos Santos
- 3Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Ionara Regina Pizzutti
- 3Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Karine Cence
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
| | - Rogério Luis Cansian
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
| | - Jamile Zeni
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
| | - Eunice Valduga
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS Brazil
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12
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Wu Q, Patocka J, Nepovimova E, Kuca K. A Review on the Synthesis and Bioactivity Aspects of Beauvericin, a Fusarium Mycotoxin. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1338. [PMID: 30515098 PMCID: PMC6256083 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) is an emerging Fusarium mycotoxin that contaminates food and feeds globally. BEA biosynthesis is rapidly catalyzed by BEA synthetase through a nonribosomal, thiol-templated mechanism. This mycotoxin has cytotoxicity and is capable of increasing oxidative stress to induce cell apoptosis. Recently, large evidence further shows that this mycotoxin has a variety of biological activities and is being considered a potential candidate for medicinal and pesticide research. It is noteworthy that BEA is a potential anticancer agent since it can increase the intracellular Ca2+ levels and induce the cancer cell death through oxidative stress and apoptosis. BEA has exhibited effective antibacterial activities against both pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Importantly, BEA exhibits an effective capacity to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase. Moreover, BEA can simultaneously target drug resistance and morphogenesis which provides a promising strategy to combat life-threatening fungal infections. Thus, in this review, the synthesis and the biological activities of BEA, as well as, the underlying mechanisms, are fully analyzed. The risk assessment of BEA in food and feed are also discussed. We hope this review will help to further understand the biological activities of BEA and cast some new light on drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jiri Patocka
- Toxicology and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, Institute of Radiology, University of South Bohemia České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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13
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Baines R, Manning L, Soon J. Mycotoxin incidents associated with cereals: lessons learnt and risk reduction strategies. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.N. Baines
- School of Agriculture, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester, GL7 6JS, United Kingdom
| | - L. Manning
- Department of Food Science and Agri-Food Supply Chain Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Soon
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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14
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Prosperini A, Berrada H, Ruiz MJ, Caloni F, Coccini T, Spicer LJ, Perego MC, Lafranconi A. A Review of the Mycotoxin Enniatin B. Front Public Health 2017; 5:304. [PMID: 29201864 PMCID: PMC5697211 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin enniatin B (ENN B) is a secondary metabolism product by Fusarium fungi. It is a well-known antibacterial, antihelmintic, antifungal, herbicidal, and insecticidal compound. It has been found as a contaminant in several food commodities, particularly in cereal grains, co-occurring also with other mycotoxins. The primary mechanism of action of ENN B is mainly due to its ionophoric characteristics, but the exact mechanism is still unclear. In the last two decades, it has been a topic of great interest since its potent mammalian cytotoxic activity was demonstrated in several mammalian cell lines. Moreover, the co-exposure in vitro with other mycotoxins enhances its toxic potential through synergic effects, depending on the concentrations tested. Despite its clear cytotoxic effect, European Food Safety Authority stated that acute exposure to ENNs, such as ENN B, does not indicate concern for human health, but a concern might be the chronic exposure. However, given the lack of relevant toxicity data, no firm conclusion could be drawn and a risk assessment was not possible. In fact, very few studies have been carried out in vivo and, in these studies, no adverse effects were observed. So, research on toxicological effects induced by ENN B is still on-going. Recently, some studies are dealing with new advances regarding ENN B. This review summarizes the information on biochemical and biological activity of ENN B, focusing on toxicological aspects and on the latest advances in research on ENN B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Prosperini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Houda Berrada
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes SpA-BS, IRCCS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Maria Chiara Perego
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Alessandra Lafranconi
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca sulla Sanità Pubblica (CESP), Università Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Department of International Health, FHML, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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15
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Luz C, Saladino F, Luciano FB, Mañes J, Meca G. Occurrence, toxicity, bioaccessibility and mitigation strategies of beauvericin, a minor Fusarium mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:430-439. [PMID: 28720287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins include the toxic secondary metabolites fusaproliferin, enniatins, beauvericin (BEA), and moniliform. BEA is produced by some entomo- and phytopathogenic Fusarium species and occurs naturally on corn and corn-based foods and feeds infected by Fusarium spp. BEA has shown various biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal) and possesses toxic activity, including the induction of apoptosis, increase cytoplasmic calcium concentration and lead to DNA fragmentation in mammalian cell lines. Cereals food processing has an important effect on mycotoxin stability, leading to less-contaminated food compared to the raw materials. Different industrial processes have shown to be effective practices to reduce BEA contents due to thermal food processing applied, such as cooking, boiling, baking, frying, roasting and pasteurization. Some studies demonstrated the capacity of lactic acid bacteria to reduce the presence of the BEA in model solution and in food chain through fermentation processes, modifying this mycotoxin in a less toxic derivate. Prebiotic and probiotic ingredient can modulate the bioaccessibility of BEA reducing the risk of intake of this minor Fusarium mycotoxin. This review summarizes the existing data on occurrence, toxicity and especially on BEA reduction strategies in food and feed such as chemical reduction, biocontrol and food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F Saladino
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F B Luciano
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - G Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain.
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16
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Stanciu O, Juan C, Miere D, Loghin F, Mañes J. Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E189. [PMID: 28604626 PMCID: PMC5488039 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of 244 wheat and wheat-based products collected from Romania were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in order to evaluate the presence of four enniatins (ENs; i.e., ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1) and beauvericin (BEA). For the wheat samples, the influence of agricultural practices was assessed, whereas the results for the wheat-based products were used to calculate the estimated daily intake of emerging mycotoxins through wheat consumption for the Romanian population. ENB presented the highest incidence (41% in wheat and 32% in wheat-based products), with its maximum levels of 815 μg kg-1 and 170 μg kg-1 in wheat and wheat-based products, respectively. The correlation between the concentrations of ENB and ENB1 in wheat grain samples and farm practices (organic or conventional) was confirmed statistically (p < 0.05). This is the first study that provides comprehensive information about the influence of agricultural practice on emerging Fusarium mycotoxin presence in Romanian wheat samples and the estimated daily intake of ENs and BEA present in wheat-based products for human consumption commercialized in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Stanciu
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Doina Miere
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Liu W, Wang L, Yang X, Zeng H, Zhang R, Pu C, Zheng C, Tan Y, Luo Y, Feng X, Tian Y, Xiao G, Wang J, Huang Y, Luo J, Feng L, Wang F, Yuan C, Yao Y, Qiu Z, Chen JA, Wu L, Nong Q, Lin H, Shu W. Environmental Microcystin Exposure Increases Liver Injury Risk Induced by Hepatitis B Virus Combined with Aflatoxin: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6367-6378. [PMID: 28467052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three liver hazards, two confirmed-hepatitis B virus (HBV) and aflatoxin (AFB), and one rarely studied in populations-microcystin (MC), simultaneously exist in tropical and humid areas; however, there are no epidemiological data on their risks in the same population. We conducted a community-based cross-sectional survey among 5493 adults in two rural towns and statistically analyzed the comparative and combinative effects of the three factors after detecting HBsAg and HBV DNA titers, determining estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of AFB1 and MC-LR and testing serum AST and ALT as liver injury markers for each participant. We observed a HBsAg(+) rate of 7.6%, a relatively high AFB1 exposure level (mean EDIAFB1 = 471.30 ng/d), and a relatively low MC-LR exposure level (mean EDIMC-LR = 228.25 ng/d). ORs for abnormal AST (2.42, 95%CI = 1.69-3.45) and ALT (2.87, 95%CI = 1.91-4.29) increased in HBV infections compared with HBV-unexposed participants but did not increase in participants with separate or combined exposure to AFB1 and MC-LR (EDIs ≥ mean). Meanwhile, after adjustment for confounding factors, means of AST and ALT and ORs of abnormal AST and ALT were successively elevated after exposure to HBV, HBV&AFB1 (or HBV&MC-LR), and HBV&AFB1&MC-LR, especially in the group with detectable HBV DNA (AST: OR = 11.38, 95%CI = 3.91-33.17; ALT: OR = 17.09, 95%CI = 5.36-54.53). Notably, ORs for abnormal AST and ALT in the HBV exposed group were not significantly different from those in HBV&AFB1 or in the HBV&MC-LR exposed group but were significantly higher in the HBV&AFB1&MC-LR exposed group (P = 0.029 and P = 0.037, respectively). Our study indicated that microcystin may have the potential to increase the risk of liver injury induced by combined exposure to HBV and aflatoxin. However, in consideration of the uncertainties in the detection of the toxins and evaluation of the EDIs, more epidemiological data are expected to determine the increasing toxic effects of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Renping Zhang
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Chaowen Pu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yingqiao Tian
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University , Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China
| | | | | | | | - Lei Feng
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Township Central Hospital in Yihe Town, Fuling District, Chongqing 408104, China
| | - Changyou Yuan
- The Community Health Service Center in Lidu Town, Fuling District, Chongqing 408103, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Qingqing Nong
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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18
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Škrbić B, Antić I, Cvejanov J. Determination of mycotoxins in biscuits, dried fruits and fruit jams: an assessment of human exposure. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1012-1025. [PMID: 28332414 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1303195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A reliable, fast and simple method using UHPLC-MS/MS was developed for the determination of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), G1 (AFG1), B2 (AFB2) and G2 (AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in crude extracts of biscuits with fruit filling, cookies, dried fruits and fruit jams. The method was successfully demonstrated on 39 samples of biscuits with fruit filling, 34 cookies, 14 dried fruits and 10 fruit jams. The mycotoxins detected in biscuits samples were ZEA, OTA, T-2 and AFB1 with an average concentrations of positive samples of 2.64, 4.10, 8.13 and 1.32 µg kg-1, respectively; while the mycotoxins detected in jam samples were AFB1, OTA, T-2 and AFB2 with an average concentrations of positive samples of 2.00, 17.7, 4.37 and 1.15 µg kg-1, respectively. The results showed that the majority of samples were in compliance with relevant regulations. However in eight samples of biscuits and three samples of fig jam the contents of OTA were higher than the existing OTA limits. The combined dietary exposure of selected mycotoxins was estimated for the first time for children, adolescents and adults. The estimated combined dietary exposures were all lower than the proposed value assumed to predict a possible risk scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Škrbić
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Igor Antić
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Jelena Cvejanov
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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