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Giménez-López J, Jiménez-Murcia J, Junza A, Minguillón C, Barrón D. Search for Biomarkers for the LC-ESI-QqQ Determination of Phenoxymethylpenicillin Treatment in Raw or Cooked Chicken Meat Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13393-13401. [PMID: 38809443 PMCID: PMC11181315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The high standards required for food safety make it necessary to trace unambiguously raw or cooked food products coming from medicated animals. Nevertheless, considering the lability of β-lactams and their degradation, the detection of the presence of antibiotics in meat either raw or submitted to a cooking process is not easily affordable. To achieve this goal, an evaluation of the effect of common domestic cooking procedures, such as boiling and grilling, on the fate of phenoxymethylpenicillin (PENV) residues was performed. Finally, in this work, the penilloic acid from PENV (MET02) and the corresponding penicilloic acid (PENV-HYDRO) are suggested as biomarkers. These compounds present the highest relative abundances 5 days after the treatment was stopped (5PT) and show enough thermal stability to be considered suitable biomarker candidates for the pharmacological treatment instead of the parent compound. Nevertheless, the peaks corresponding to MET02 are significantly more intense than those for PENV-HYDRO, which makes preferential the use of MET02 to perform the control of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Giménez-López
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, Sta Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jéssica Jiménez-Murcia
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, Sta Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Junza
- Department
Enginyeria Química i Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Minguillón
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, Sta Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Barrón
- Departament
de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació
i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, Sta Coloma de Gramenet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentaria, Universitat
de Barcelona, (INSA-UB), Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i
Seguretat Alimentaria, Universitat de Barcelona
(INSA-UB, Recognized as a Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence Grant
(CEX2021-001234-M)), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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Sun LP, Shi FF, Zhang WW, Zhang ZH, Wang K. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) Honey Extract. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081039. [PMID: 32748813 PMCID: PMC7466186 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Safflower honey is a unique type of monofloral honey collected from the nectar of Carthamus tinctorius L. in the Apis mellifera colonies of northwestern China. Scant information is available regarding its chemical composition and biological activities. Here, for the first time, we investigated this honey's chemical composition and evaluated its in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Basic physicochemical parameters of the safflower honey samples in comparison to established quality standards suggested that safflower honeys presented a good level of quality. The in vitro antioxidant tests showed that extract from Carthamus tinctorius L. honey (ECH) effectively scavenged DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals. In lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activated murine macrophages inflammatory model, ECH treatment to the cells inhibited the release of nitric oxide and down-regulated the expressions of inflammatory-relating genes (iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1). The expressions of the antioxidant genes TXNRD, HO-1, and NQO-1, were significantly boosted in a concentration-dependent manner. ECH decreased the phosphorylation of IκBα and inhibited the nuclear entry of the NF-κB-p65 protein, in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells, accompany with the increased expressions of Nrf-2 and HO-1, suggesting that ECH achieved the anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signal transduction and boosting the antioxidant system via activating Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling. These results, taken together, indicated that safflower honey has great potential into developing as a high-quality agriproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Sun
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (L.-P.S.); (F.-F.S.); (W.-W.Z.); (Z.-H.Z.)
| | - Feng-Feng Shi
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (L.-P.S.); (F.-F.S.); (W.-W.Z.); (Z.-H.Z.)
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (L.-P.S.); (F.-F.S.); (W.-W.Z.); (Z.-H.Z.)
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (L.-P.S.); (F.-F.S.); (W.-W.Z.); (Z.-H.Z.)
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (L.-P.S.); (F.-F.S.); (W.-W.Z.); (Z.-H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhang H, Lu S, Ren H, Zhao K, Li Y, Guan Y, Li H, Hu P, Liu Z. Cytotoxicity and degradation product identification of thermally treated ceftiofur. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18407-18417. [PMID: 35517214 PMCID: PMC9053768 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceftiofur (CEF) is a cephalosporin antibiotic and is a commonly used drug in animal food production. As a heat-labile compound, the residual CEF toxicity after thermal treatment has rarely been reported. This study was to investigate the potential toxicity of thermally treated CEF and determine the toxic components. By cytotoxicity tests and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assays, the cytotoxicity of the thermally treated CEF (TTC) and the components of TTC was identified, respectively. Our results showed that TTC exhibited significantly increased toxicity compared with CEF towards LO2 cells by inducing apoptosis. Through LC-MS assays, we identified that the toxic compound of TTC was CEF-aldehyde (CEF-1). The IC50 value of CEF-1 on LO2 cells treated for 24 h was 573.1 μg mL−1, approximately 5.3 times lower than CEF (3052.0 μg mL−1) and 3.4 times lower than TTC (1967.0 μg mL−1). Moreover, we found that CEF-1 was also present in thermally treated desfuroylceftiofur (DFC), the primary metabolite of CEF, indicating that residual CEF or DFC could produce CEF-1 during the heating process. These findings suggest that CEF-1 is a newly identified toxic compound, and CEF-1 may pose a potential threat to food safety or public health. Ceftiofur (CEF) is a cephalosporin antibiotic and is a commonly used drug in animal food production. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of thermally treated CEF.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Yuting Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Hanxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
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Xing Z, Zhang C, Zhao C, Ahmad Z, Li JS, Chang MW. Targeting oxidative stress using tri-needle electrospray engineered Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide-loaded porous yolk-shell particles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 125:64-73. [PMID: 30248388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) are associated with oxidative stress and common treatments include various types of inhalation therapies. In this work Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP), a naturally occurring antioxidant is loaded into porous Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) particles using a single step tri-needle coaxial electrospray process (Tri-needle CES); with a view to develop therapies to combat oxidative stress. Based on the core-shell structure of porous yolk shell particles (YSPs), GLP-loaded YSPs displayed a bi-phasic release pattern. In vitro cell studies indicate GLP-loaded porous YSPs display good biocompatibility and positive attributes towards H2O2-induced oxidative stress in MRC-5 cells and dramatically attenuate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as well as significantly increase cell viability. In vivo inhalation studies indicate that GLP-loaded porous YSPs can be delivered to deep lung tissue and remain deposited for over 48 h and are subsequently removed by natural clearance mechanisms. Based on current findings GLP-loaded porous YSPs are suitable for pulmonary delivery and display good inhalation therapy potential to treat chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xing
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, PR China
| | - Chunchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- The Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Jing-Song Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China.
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5
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Bian P, Zhang J, Wang J, Yang J, Wang J, Liu H, Sun Y, Li M, Zhang XD. Enhanced catalysis of ultrasmall Au-MoS 2 clusters against reactive oxygen species for radiation protection. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:925-934. [PMID: 36658974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) which impose detrimental effects on biological systems. Thus, it is important to explore clinically safe and efficacious radioprotection agents to scavenge ROS and reduce the risks of radiotherapy. Recently, emerging catalytic nanomaterials such as sulfide nanomaterials have shown capability of clearing ROS in vivo by unique electron transfers between atoms, but their catalytic activities are yet suboptimal. As such, there is an unmet need to improve catalytic properties for stronger antioxidant activities and radiation protection. Herein, we prepared ultrasmall Au-MoS2 clusters (∼2.5 nm) and they showed enhanced catalytic properties via gold intercalation facilitating increased active sites and synergistic effects. Electrocatalysis results revealed that the catalytic activity of Au-MoS2 towards H2O2 was superior to ultrasmall MoS2 without Au. As a result, we found that improving the electrocatalytic property of Au-MoS2 can effectively enhance corresponding antioxidant activities and radioprotection effects in vivo. In addition, Au-MoS2 also showed significant radioprotection in vitro and dramatically reduced the excess of radiation-induced adverse ROS. It also rescued radiation-induced DNA damages and protected the bone marrow hematopoietic system from ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixian Bian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jinxuan Zhang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junying Wang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Haile Liu
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Meixian Li
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Cui C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Lu S, Lu H, Hui Q, Ahmad W, Cai Y, Liu X, Liu L, Shi F, Liu Y, Zhao K, Zhai F, Xiang Y, Hu P, Li Y, Ren H, Jin N, Liu Z. Acute and chronic toxicity assessment of benzylpenicillin G residue in heat-treated animal food products. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:757-767. [PMID: 29605795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current level of penicillin use and its persisting residue in livestock is potentially concerning; the toxicity of penicillin residue in heat-treated animal food products (HAFP) is yet to be elucidated. In this study, the acute and chronic toxicity of benzylpenicillin G (BPG) residue in HAFP was investigated in a mouse model. The calculated LD50 of BPG heated to cooking temperature (BPHCT) was 933.04 mg kg-1 [b.w.] intraperitoneally corresponding to 3.75 times lower than its prototype. Mice fed on the experimental diet containing heat-treated beef with high BPG levels for 6 months displayed a reduction in body weight and altered serum values indicating for liver and renal function. Further, the organ ratios of intestinal and spleen were increased. Histopathological changes were observed in the liver, lung and parenchyma testis tissue. BPHCT residue induced sperm aberration and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes formation. Present results indicate that prolonged exposure of BPHCT at higher residue levels might have an impact on public health. Importantly the toxic concentrations of BPHCT are relatively high compared with levels that would result from the degradation of antibiotic residues in meat from animals that have received a therapeutic dose of BPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, PR China
| | - Qi Hui
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products, 1616 Chuangxin Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, PR China
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China; Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Yan Cai
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products, 1616 Chuangxin Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, PR China
| | - Xilin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China; China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, PR China
| | - Lingjiu Liu
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products, 1616 Chuangxin Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, PR China
| | - Fengfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - FeiFei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Yangzhen Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, PR China.
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
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