1
|
Crevel RWR, Verhoeckx K, Bøgh KL, Buck N, Chentouf A, Flanagan S, Galano M, Garthoff JA, Hazebrouck S, Yarham R, Borja G, Houben G. Allergenicity assessment of new or modified protein-containing food sources and ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114766. [PMID: 38810945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The growing world population, changing dietary habits, and increasing pressure on agricultural resources are drivers for the development of novel foods (including new protein sources as well as existing protein sources that are produced or used in an alternative way or in a different concentration). These changes, coupled with consumer inclination to adopt new dietary trends, may heighten the intake of unfamiliar proteins, or escalate consumption of specific ones, potentially amplifying the prevalence of known and undiscovered food allergies. Assessing the allergenicity of novel or modified protein-based foods encounters several challenges, including uncertainty surrounding acceptable risks and assessment criteria for determining safety. Moreover, the available methodological tools for gathering supportive data exhibit significant gaps. This paper synthesises these challenges, addressing the varied interpretations of "safe" across jurisdictions and societal attitudes towards allergenic risk. It proposes a comprehensive two-part framework for allergenicity assessment: the first part emphasises systematic consideration of knowledge and data requirements, while the second part proposes the application of a generic assessment approach, integrating a Threshold of Allergological Concern. This combined framework highlights areas that require attention to bridge knowledge and data gaps, and it delineates research priorities for its development and implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W R Crevel
- René Crevel Consulting Ltd, Suite A, 82 James Carter Road, Mildenhall, IP28 7HP, UK
| | - K Verhoeckx
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K L Bøgh
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Buck
- General Mills, Inc. Av. Reverdil 14, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - A Chentouf
- Roquette Frères, Toxicology & Safety Unit -Nutrition & Health R&D, 1, rue de la Haute Loge, 62136, Lestrem, France
| | | | - M Galano
- dsm-firmenich, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - J A Garthoff
- Danone Food Safety Center, Danone Nutricia Research, the Netherlands
| | - S Hazebrouck
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - G Houben
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li P, Sheng L, Ye Y, Wang JS, Geng S, Ning D, Sun X. Allergenicity of alternative proteins: research hotspots, new findings, evaluation strategies, regulatory status, and future trends: a bibliometric analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38189352 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2299748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
As the world population rises, the demand for protein increases, leading to a widening gap in protein supply. There is an unprecedented interest in the development of alternative proteins, but their allergenicity has raised consumer concerns. This review aims to highlight and correlate the current research status of allergenicity studies on alternative proteins based on previously published studies. Current research keywords, hotspots and trends in alternative protein sensitization were analyzed using a mixed-method approach that combined bibliometric analysis and literature review. According to the bibliometric analysis, current research is primarily focused on food science, agriculture, and immunology. There are significant variations in the type and amount of allergens found in alternative proteins. A significant amount of research has been focused on studying plant-based proteins and the cross-reactivity of insect proteins. The allergenicity of alternative proteins has not been studied extensively or in depth. The allergenicity of other alternative proteins and the underlying mechanisms warrant further study. In addition, the lack of a standardized allergy assessment strategy calls for additional efforts by international organizations and collaborations among different countries. This review provides new research and regulatory perspectives for the safe utilization of alternative proteins in human food systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, P.R. China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, P.R. China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuxiang Geng
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Deli Ning
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ballegaard ASR, Sancho AI, Zhou C, Knudsen NPH, Rigby NM, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Gupta S, Mackie AR, Lübeck M, Pilegaard K, Bøgh KL. Allergenicity evaluation of quinoa proteins - A study in Brown Norway rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114118. [PMID: 37863384 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of quinoa seeds has increased in the last decade due to their high nutritional value and natural gluten-free composition. Consumption of new proteins may pose a risk of introducing new allergies. In the present study the immunogenicity and sensitising capacity of quinoa proteins were assessed in a dose-response experiment in Brown Norway rats in comparison to proteins from spinach and peanut. Cross-reactivity between quinoa proteins and known allergens was evaluated by in silico analyses followed by analyses with 11 selected protein extracts and their anti-sera by means of ELISAs and immunoblotting. Further, an in vitro simulated gastro-duodenal digestion was performed. Quinoa proteins were found to have an inherent medium to high immunogenicity and sensitising capacity, being able to induce specific IgG1 and IgE levels higher than spinach but lower than peanut and elicit reactions of clinical relevance similar to peanut. Quinoa proteins were generally shown to resist digestion and retain capacity to bind quinoa-specific antibodies. Quinoa proteins were shown to be cross-reactive with peanut and tree nut allergens as high sequence homology and antibody cross-binding were demonstrated. Present study suggests that quinoa pose a medium to high level of allergenicity that should be further investigated in human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sofie Ravn Ballegaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana Isabel Sancho
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cui Zhou
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Neil Marcus Rigby
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Claus Heiner Bang-Berthelsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Immunology, ALK, Bøge Allé 1, DK-2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Alan Robert Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mette Lübeck
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9100, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Pilegaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrine Lindholm Bøgh
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dijk W, Villa C, Benedé S, Vassilopoulou E, Mafra I, Garrido-Arandia M, Martínez Blanco M, Bouchaud G, Hoppenbrouwers T, Bavaro SL, Giblin L, Knipping K, Castro AM, Delgado S, Costa J, Bastiaan-Net S. Critical features of an in vitro intestinal absorption model to study the first key aspects underlying food allergen sensitization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:971-1005. [PMID: 36546415 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New types of protein sources will enter our diet in a near future, reinforcing the need for a straightforward in vitro (cell-based) screening model to test and predict the safety of these novel proteins, in particular their potential risk for de novo allergic sensitization. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) for allergen sensitization describes the current knowledge of key events underlying the complex cellular interactions that proceed allergic food sensitization. Currently, there is no consensus on the in vitro model to study the intestinal translocation of proteins as well as the epithelial activation, which comprise the first molecular initiation events (ME1-3) and the first key event of the AOP, respectively. As members of INFOGEST, we have highlighted several critical features that should be considered for any proposed in vitro model to study epithelial protein transport in the context of allergic sensitization. In addition, we defined which intestinal cell types are indispensable in a consensus model of the first steps of the AOP, and which cell types are optional or desired when there is the possibility to create a more complex cell model. A model of these first key aspects of the AOP can be used to study the gut epithelial translocation behavior of known hypo- and hyperallergens, juxtaposed to the transport behavior of novel proteins as a first screen for risk management of dietary proteins. Indeed, this disquisition forms a basis for the development of a future consensus model of the allergic sensitization cascade, comprising also the other key events (KE2-5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Villa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Benedé
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez Blanco
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tamara Hoppenbrouwers
- Food Quality & Design, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Lucia Bavaro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (Ispa-Cnr), Campus Universitario Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | | | - Ana Maria Castro
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liguori B, Sancho AI, Poulsen M, Lindholm Bøgh K. Novel foods: allergenicity assessment of insect proteins. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200910. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
6
|
Villa C, Costa J, Mafra I. Sesame as a source of food allergens: clinical relevance, molecular characterization, cross-reactivity, stability toward processing and detection strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4746-4762. [PMID: 36377716 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2145263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sesame is an allergenic food with an increasing allergy prevalence among the European/USA population. Sesame allergy is generally life-persisting, being the cause of severe/systemic adverse immune responses in sesame-allergic individuals. Herein, clinical data about sesame allergy, including prevalence, diagnosis, relevance, and treatments are described, with focus on the molecular characterization of sesame allergens, their cross-reactivity and co-sensitization phenomena. The influence of food processing and digestibility on the stability/immunoreactivity of sesame allergens is critically discussed and the analytical approaches available for their detection in foodstuffs. Cross-reactivity between sesame and tree nuts or peanuts is frequent because of the high similarities among proteins of the same family. However, cross-reactivity phenomena are not always correlated with true clinical allergy in sensitized patients. Data suggest that sesame allergens are resistant to heat treatments and digestibility, with little effect on their immunoreactivity. Nevertheless, data are scarce, evidencing the need for more research to understand the effect of food processing on sesame allergenicity modulation. The demands for identifying trace amounts of sesame in foods have prompted the development of analytical methods, which have targeted both protein and DNA markers, providing reliable, specific, and sensitive tools, crucial for the effective management of sesame as an allergenic food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Villa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A spotlight on analytical prospects in food allergens: From emerging allergens and novel foods to bioplastics and plant-based sustainable food contact materials. Food Chem 2022; 388:132951. [PMID: 35447585 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present review throws a spotlight on new and emerging food safety concerns in view of a well-established food allergen risk arising from global socio-economic changes, international trade, circular economy, environmental sustainability, and upcycling. Food culture globalization needs harmonization of regulations, technical specifications, and reference materials towards mutually recognised results. In parallel, routine laboratories require high-throughput reliable analytical strategies, even in-situ testing devices, to test both food products and food contact surfaces for residual allergens. Finally, the currently neglected safety issues associated to possible allergen exposure due to the newly proposed bio- and plant-based sustainable food contact materials require an in-depth investigation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Faba Bean: An Untapped Source of Quality Plant Proteins and Bioactives. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081541. [PMID: 35458103 PMCID: PMC9025908 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Faba beans are emerging as sustainable quality plant protein sources, with the potential to help meet the growing global demand for more nutritious and healthy foods. The faba bean, in addition to its high protein content and well-balanced amino acid profile, contains bioactive constituents with health-enhancing properties, including bioactive peptides, phenolic compounds, GABA, and L-DOPA. Faba bean peptides released after gastrointestinal digestion have shown antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, and anti-inflammatory effects, indicating a strong potential for this legume crop to be used as a functional food to help face the increasing incidences of non-communicable diseases. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current body of knowledge on the nutritional and biofunctional qualities of faba beans, with a particular focus on protein-derived bioactive peptides and how they are affected by food processing. It further covers the adverse health effects of faba beans associated with the presence of anti-nutrients and potential allergens, and it outlines research gaps and needs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
This review provides a global overview on Rosaceae allergy and details the particularities of each fruit allergy induced by ten Rosaceae species: almond/peach/cherry/apricot/plum (Amygdaleae), apple/pear (Maleae), and raspberry/blackberry/strawberry (Rosoideae). Data on clinical symptoms, prevalence, diagnosis, and immunotherapies for the treatment of Rosaceae allergy are herein stated. Allergen molecular characterization, cross-reactivity/co-sensitization phenomena, the impact of food processing and digestibility, and the methods currently available for the Rosaceae detection/quantification in foods are also described. Rosaceae allergy has a major impact in context to pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS) and lipid transfer protein (LTP) allergies, being greatly influenced by geography, environment, and presence of cofactors. Peach, apple, and almond allergies are probably the ones most affecting the quality of life of the allergic-patients, although allergies to other Rosaceae fruits cannot be overlooked. From patients' perspective, self-allergy management and an efficient avoidance of multiple fruits are often difficult to achieve, which might raise the risk for cross-reactivity and co-sensitization phenomena and increase the severity of the induced allergic responses with time. At this point, the absence of effective allergy diagnosis (lack of specific molecular markers) and studies advancing potential immunotherapies are some gaps that certainly will prompt the progress on novel strategies to manage Rosaceae food allergies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mullins E, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, George Firbank L, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Naegeli H, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Fernandez Dumont A, Moreno FJ. Scientific Opinion on development needs for the allergenicity and protein safety assessment of food and feed products derived from biotechnology. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07044. [PMID: 35106091 PMCID: PMC8787593 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This Scientific Opinion addresses the formulation of specific development needs, including research requirements for allergenicity assessment and protein safety, in general, which is urgently needed in a world that demands more sustainable food systems. Current allergenicity risk assessment strategies are based on the principles and guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius for the safety assessment of foods derived from 'modern' biotechnology initially published in 2003. The core approach for the safety assessment is based on a 'weight-of-evidence' approach because no single piece of information or experimental method provides sufficient evidence to predict allergenicity. Although the Codex Alimentarius and EFSA guidance documents successfully addressed allergenicity assessments of single/stacked event GM applications, experience gained and new developments in the field call for a modernisation of some key elements of the risk assessment. These should include the consideration of clinical relevance, route of exposure and potential threshold values of food allergens, the update of in silico tools used with more targeted databases and better integration and standardisation of test materials and in vitro/in vivo protocols. Furthermore, more complex future products will likely challenge the overall practical implementation of current guidelines, which were mainly targeted to assess a few newly expressed proteins. Therefore, it is timely to review and clarify the main purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment and the vital role it plays in protecting consumers' health. A roadmap to (re)define the allergenicity safety objectives and risk assessment needs will be required to inform a series of key questions for risk assessors and risk managers such as 'what is the purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment?' or 'what level of confidence is necessary for the predictions?'.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ranking of immunodominant epitopes in celiac disease: Identification of reliable parameters for the safety assessment of innovative food proteins. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112584. [PMID: 34582965 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A ranking of gluten T-cell epitopes triggering celiac disease (CD) for its potential application in the safety assessment of innovative food proteins is developed. This ranking takes into account clinical relevance and information derived from key steps involved in the CD pathogenic pathway: enzymatic digestion, epitope binding to HLA-DQ receptors of the antigen-presenting cells and activation of pro-inflammatory CD4 T-cells, which recognizes the HLA-DQ-epitope complex and initiates the inflammatory response. In silico chymotrypsin digestion was the most discriminatory tool for the ranking of gluten T-cell epitopes among all digestive enzymes studied, classifying 81% and 60% of epitopes binding HLA-DQ2.5 and HLA-DQ8 molecules, respectively, with a high risk. A positive relationship between the number of prolines and the risk of gluten T-cell epitopes was identified. HLA-binding data analysis revealed the additional role played by the flanking regions of the 9-mer epitopes whereas the integration of T-cell activation data into the ranking strategy was incomplete because it was difficult to combine results from different studies. The overall ranking proposed in decreasing order of immunological relevance was: α-gliadins > ω-gliadins > hordeins > γ-gliadins ∼ avenins ∼ secalins > glutenins. This novel approach can be considered as a first step to reshape the risk assessment strategy of innovative proteins and their potential to trigger CD.
Collapse
|
12
|
Benedé S, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Cristobal S, Costa J, D'Auria E, Velickovic TC, Garrido-Arandia M, Karakaya S, Mafra I, Mazzucchelli G, Picariello G, Romero-Sahagun A, Villa C, Roncada P, Molina E. New applications of advanced instrumental techniques for the characterization of food allergenic proteins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8686-8702. [PMID: 34060381 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1931806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches based on electrophoretic, chromatographic or immunochemical principles have allowed characterizing multiple allergens, mapping their epitopes, studying their mechanisms of action, developing detection and diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies for the food and pharmaceutical industry. However, some of the common structural features related to the allergenic potential of food proteins remain unknown, or the pathological mechanism of food allergy is not yet fully understood. In addition, it is also necessary to evaluate new allergens from novel protein sources that may pose a new risk for consumers. Technological development has allowed the expansion of advanced technologies for which their whole potential has not been entirely exploited and could provide novel contributions to still unexplored molecular traits underlying both the structure of food allergens and the mechanisms through which they sensitize or elicit adverse responses in human subjects, as well as improving analytical techniques for their detection. This review presents cutting-edge instrumental techniques recently applied when studying structural and functional aspects of proteins, mechanism of action and interaction between biomolecules. We also exemplify their role in the food allergy research and discuss their new possible applications in several areas of the food allergy field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Enza D'Auria
- Clinica Pediatrica, Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sibel Karakaya
- Department of Food Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Alejandro Romero-Sahagun
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Villa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ranking of 10 legumes according to the prevalence of sensitization as a parameter to characterize allergenic proteins. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:767-773. [PMID: 33854954 PMCID: PMC8027524 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
10 different legumes extracts could be ranked based on the variations in the prevalence of sensitization. Variations in the prevalence of sensitization allowed for ranking of 18 different individual legume proteins. Ranking can be used to select reference proteins to develop predictive assays for the assessment of the sensitizing potential of novel proteins.
Predicting the allergenicity of novel proteins is challenging due to the absence of validated predictive methods and a well-defined reference set of proteins. The prevalence of sensitization could be a parameter to select reference proteins to characterize allergenic proteins. This study investigated whether the prevalence of sensitization of legume extracts and proteins can indeed be used for this purpose. A random sample of suspected food-allergic patients (n=106) was therefore selected. 10 extracts (processed and non-processed) and 18 individual proteins (2S albumins, 7S and 11S globulins) from black lentil, blue and white lupine, chickpea, faba bean, green lentil, pea, peanut, soybean, and white bean were isolated and the prevalence of sensitization and the intensity of IgE binding were evaluated. The prevalence of sensitization ranged from 5.7 % (faba bean and green lentil) to 14.2 % (peanut). The prevalence of sensitization for individual legume proteins ranged from 0.0 % for albumin 1 (pea) to 15.1 %–17.9 % for Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6 (peanut). The prevalence of sensitization correlated strongly with the intensity of IgE binding for individual proteins (p < 0.05, ρ = 0.894), for extracts no correlation was found. The discovered ranking can be used to select reference proteins for the development and validation of predictive in vitro or in vivo assays for the assessment of the sensitizing potential.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ogrodowczyk AM, Dimitrov I, Wróblewska B. Two Faces of Milk Proteins Peptides with Both Allergenic and Multidimensional Health Beneficial Impact- Integrated In Vitro/ In Silico Approach. Foods 2021; 10:163. [PMID: 33466712 PMCID: PMC7828788 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main food-origin antigens that the infant's body is in contact with are cow's milk proteins (CMP). Still, CMP are one of the main sources of beneficial biologically active peptides that play a role in treatment of non-communicable diseases. Safe methods to quickly predict the sensitizing potential of food proteins among their range of health-promoting properties are essential. The aim of study was to adapt an integrated approach combining several in silico (IS) studies and in vitro (IV) assays to screen the multifunctionality of CMP-derived peptides. Major histocompatability complex type II MHC II-binders, interleukin-4 and -10 inducers, interferon γ -inducers and immunobioactivity tools were used to predict the peptide-power of inducing allergies or tolerance. A comparison of the peptide profiless revealed the presence of one identical and one overlapping sequence in IS and IV hydrolysate. By IS analysis, four of 24 peptides were found to have high affinity and stimulate IL-4 expression, and by IV, one of seven peptides had this potential (Bos d9 peptide DIPNPIGSENSEK (195-208)). Three IV peptides may induce IL-10 expression. The IV/IS assessment seems promising agents for peptides' potential determination dedicated only to preliminary screening of peptides. The IV verification is still crucial in further steps of studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ogrodowczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Ivan Dimitrov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smits M, Nooijen I, Redegeld F, de Jong A, Le TM, Knulst A, Houben G, Verhoeckx K. Digestion and Transport across the Intestinal Epithelium Affects the Allergenicity of Ara h 1 and 3 but Not of Ara h 2 and 6. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000712. [PMID: 33434390 PMCID: PMC8047886 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scope No accepted and validated methods are currently available which can accurately predict protein allergenicity. In this study, the role of digestion and transport on protein allergenicity is investigated. Methods and results Peanut allergens (Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6) and a milk allergen (β‐lactoglobulin) are transported across pig intestinal epithelium using the InTESTine model and afterward basophil activation is measured to assess the (remaining) functional properties. Additionally, allergens are digested by pepsin prior to epithelial transport and their allergenicity is assessed in a human mast cell activation assay. Remarkably, transported Ara h 1 and 3 are not able to activate basophils, in contrast to Ara h 2 and 6. Digestion prior to transport results in a significant increase in mast cell activation of Ara h 1 and 3 dependent on the length of digestion time. Activation of mast cells by Ara h 2 and 6 is unaffected by digestion prior to transport. Conclusions Digestion and transport influences the allergenicity of Ara h 1 and 3, but not of Ara h 2 and 6. The influence of digestion and transport on protein allergenicity may explain why current in vitro assays are not predictive for allergenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Smits
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Princetonlaan 6, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Nooijen
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, Utrecht, 3704 HE, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Aard de Jong
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6708 WG, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, Utrecht, 3704 HE, The Netherlands
| | - Thuy-My Le
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - André Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Houben
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Princetonlaan 6, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Verhoeckx
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, Utrecht, 3704 HE, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Are Physicochemical Properties Shaping the Allergenic Potency of Animal Allergens? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:1-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
17
|
AllerScreener – A Server for Allergenicity and Cross-Reactivity Prediction. CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/cait-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Allergenicity of proteins is a subtle property encoded in their structures. The prediction of allergenicity of novel proteins saves time and resources for subsequent experimental work. In the host antigen-presenting cells, the allergens are processed as antigens by the means of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) class II proteins. Sometimes, people allergic to a given protein show allergic reaction to a different protein, even when the two proteins have different routes of exposure. This phenomenon is termed cross-reactivity. Here, we describe a server for allergenicity and cross-reactivity prediction based on the abilities of allergenic proteins to generate binders to HLA class II proteins. The generated peptides are compared to HLA binders originating from known allergens. As a result, the server returns a list of common binders, origin proteins, and species. Different species generate common HLA binders and this determines their cross-reactivity. The server is named AllerScreener and is freely accessible at:
http://www.ddg-pharmfac.net/AllerScreener
.
Collapse
|
18
|
Larsen JM, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Qvortrup K, Sancho AI, Hansen AH, Andersen KIH, Thacker SSN, Eiwegger T, Upton J, Bøgh KL. Production of allergen-specific immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of food allergy. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:881-894. [PMID: 32515236 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1772194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT) is emerging as a viable avenue for the treatment of food allergies. Clinical trials currently investigate raw or slightly processed foods as therapeutic agents, as trials using food-grade agents can be performed without the strict regulations to which conventional drugs are subjected. However, this limits the ability of standardization and may affect clinical trial outcomes and reproducibility. Herein, we provide an overview of methods used in the production of immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of food allergies, including processed foods, allergen extracts, recombinant allergens, and synthetic peptides, as well as the physical and chemical processes for the reduction of protein allergenicity. Commercial interests currently favor producing standardized drug-grade allergen extracts for therapeutic use, and clinical trials are ongoing. In the near future, recombinant production could replace purification strategies since it allows the manufacturing of pure, native allergens or sequence-modified allergens with reduced allergenicity. A recurring issue within this field is the inadequate reporting of production procedures, quality control, product physicochemical characteristics, allergenicity, and immunological properties. This information is of vital importance in assessing therapeutic standardization and clinical safety profile, which are central parameters for the development of future therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Madura Larsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Katrine Qvortrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana Isabel Sancho
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Upton
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Klueber J, Costa J, Randow S, Codreanu‐Morel F, Verhoeckx K, Bindslev‐Jensen C, Ollert M, Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K, Morisset M, Holzhauser T, Kuehn A. Homologous tropomyosins from vertebrate and invertebrate: Recombinant calibrator proteins in functional biological assays for tropomyosin allergenicity assessment of novel animal foods. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:105-116. [PMID: 31541579 PMCID: PMC6973240 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel foods may provide new protein sources for a growing world population but entail risks of unexpected food-allergic reactions. No guidance on allergenicity assessment of novel foods exists, while for genetically modified (GM) crops it includes comparison of sequence identity with known allergens, digestibility tests and IgE serum screening. OBJECTIVE As a proof of concept, to evaluate non-/allergenic tropomyosins (TMs) regarding their potential as new calibrator proteins in functional biological in vitro assays for the semi-quantitative allergy risk assessment of novel TM-containing animal foods with mealworm TM as an example. METHODS Purified TMs (shrimp, Penaeus monodon; chicken Gallus gallus; E coli overexpression) were compared by protein sequencing, circular dichroism analysis and in vitro digestion. IgE binding was quantified using shrimp-allergic patients' sera (ELISA). Biological activities were investigated (skin testing; titrated basophil activation tests, BAT), compared to titrated biological mediator release using humanized rat basophil leukaemia (RBL) cells. RESULTS Shrimp and chicken TMs showed high sequence homology, both alpha-helical structures and thermal stability. Shrimp TM was stable during in vitro gastric digestion, chicken TM degraded quickly. Both TMs bound specific IgE from shrimp-allergic patients (significantly higher for shrimp TM), whereas skin reactivity was mostly positive with only shrimp TM. BAT and RBL cell assays were positive with shrimp and chicken TM, although at up to 100- to 1000-times lower allergen concentrations for shrimp than chicken TM. In RBL cell assays using both TM as calibrators, an activation of effector cells by mealworm TM similar to that by shrimp TM confirmed the already reported high allergenic potency of mealworm TM as a novel protein source. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE According to current GM crops' allergenicity assessment, non-allergenic chicken TM could falsely be considered an allergen on a weight-of-evidence approach. However, calibrating allergenic potency in functional BAT and RBL cell assays with clinically validated TMs allowed for semi-quantitative discrimination of novel food protein's allergenicity. With TM calibration as a proof of concept, similar systems of homologous protein might be developed to scale on an axis of allergenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klueber
- Department of Infection and ImmunityLuxembourg Institute of HealthEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy CenterOdense Research Center for AnaphylaxisUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE‐LAQV/Faculdade de Farmácia daUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | | | | | | | - Carsten Bindslev‐Jensen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy CenterOdense Research Center for AnaphylaxisUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and ImmunityLuxembourg Institute of HealthEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy CenterOdense Research Center for AnaphylaxisUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
| | | | - Martine Morisset
- National Unit of Immunology and AllergologyCentre Hospitalier de LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg
- Present address:
Unité d’AllergologieCHU AngersAngersFrance
| | | | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and ImmunityLuxembourg Institute of HealthEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Naegeli H, Bresson JL, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Álvarez F, Ardizzone M, Lanzoni A, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, De Sanctis G, Fernández Dumont A, Gennaro A, Neri FM. Statement complementing the EFSA Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-UK-2006-34) for authorisation of food and feed containing, consisting of and produced from genetically modified maize 3272. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05844. [PMID: 32626151 PMCID: PMC7008843 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the GMO Panel assessed additional information related to the application for authorisation of food and feed containing, consisting of and produced from genetically modified (GM) maize 3272 (EFSA-GMO-UK-2006-34). The applicant conducted new agronomic, phenotypic and compositional analysis studies on maize 3272 and assessed the allergenic potential of AMY797E protein, addressing elements that remained inconclusive from previous EFSA opinion issued in 2013. The GMO Panel is of the opinion that the agronomic and phenotypic characteristics as well as forage and grain composition of maize 3272 do not give rise to food and feed safety, and nutritional concerns when compared to non-GM maize. Considering the scope of this application and the characteristics of the trait introduced in this GM maize, the effect of processing and potential safety implications of specific food or feed products remain to be further investigated. Regarding the allergenic potential of AMY797E protein and considering all possible food and feed uses of maize 3272, the Panel concludes that the information provided does not fully address the concerns previously raised by the Panel in 2013. Owing to the nature and the knowledge available on this protein family, it is still unclear whether under specific circumstances the alpha-amylase AMY797E has the capacity to sensitise certain individuals and to cause adverse effects. To further support the safety of specific products of maize 3272, the applicant provided thorough information relevant for the allergenicity assessment of dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS), which is the main product of interest for importation into the EU. Having considered the information provided on this product, the Panel is of the opinion that under the specific conditions of use described by the applicant, DDGS produced from maize 3272 does not raise concerns when compared to DDGS from non-GM maize.
Collapse
|
21
|
Westerhout J, Krone T, Snippe A, Babé L, McClain S, Ladics GS, Houben GF, Verhoeckx KCM. Allergenicity prediction of novel and modified proteins: Not a mission impossible! Development of a Random Forest allergenicity prediction model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Volarath P, Zang Y, Kabadi SV. Application of Computational Methods for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16443-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
23
|
Krutz NL, Winget J, Ryan CA, Wimalasena R, Maurer-Stroh S, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Gerberick GF. Proteomic and Bioinformatic Analyses for the Identification of Proteins With Low Allergenic Potential for Hazard Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2019; 170:210-222. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Krutz
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University of Singapore,Singapore
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G Frank Gerberick
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio
- GF3 Consultancy LLC, West Chester, OH
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Applying the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for food sensitization to support in vitro testing strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
25
|
Houben G, Blom M, Alvito P, Assunção R, Crevel R, Fæste CK, Le TM, Madsen CB, Remington B, Stroheker T, Vassilopoulou E, Verhoeckx K, Žiarovská J, Constable A. Defining the targets for the assessment of IgE-mediated allergenicity of new or modified food proteins. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:61-69. [PMID: 30826409 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many food innovations rely on the introduction and use of new or modified proteins. New or modified food proteins may lead to major health risks due to their inherent potential to cause food allergy. Currently, the pre-market allergenicity assessment for new or modified food proteins and protein sources relies on methods for identifying allergenic hazards based on characteristics of known allergens. However, there is no general consensus on the allergenicity parameters to use and the criteria that should apply for the evaluation and decisions to be made. In this paper, we propose that the strategy for allergenicity risk assessment of new or modified food proteins and the methodologies applied should be governed by the risk management questions to be answered, reflected in the information needed by risk managers to enable their informed decision making. We generated an inventory of health outcome-related assessment parameters and criteria potentially important for risk management decision-making and we discuss the implications of selecting different optional criteria (e.g. cut-off values) for what could be accepted as safe with regards to the health outcomes in the (at risk) population. The impact of these various options on both method development and risk management practices was investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Alvito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Thuy-My Le
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jana Žiarovská
- Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nagao T, Yamanishi Y, Miyake K, Teranishi M, Takahashi S, Yoshikawa S, Kawano Y, Karasuyama H. Aggregation makes a protein allergenic at the challenge phase of basophil-mediated allergy in mice. Int Immunol 2019; 31:41-49. [PMID: 30239735 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hapten is a small molecule that is not immunogenic on its own but can stimulate the production of antibodies at the sensitization phase when conjugated to carrier proteins. The hapten then reacts specifically with the antibodies generated against it to elicit an immune or allergic response at the challenge phase. Here, we compared various carrier proteins conjugated with the same hapten in their ability to induce hapten-specific IgE-mediated allergic responses in vitro and in vivo, and characterized the nature of carrier proteins that determines the magnitude of response at the challenge phase of allergic reactions. Hapten 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP)-conjugated ovalbumin (TNP-OVA) and bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA) elicited TNP-specific, mast cell-dependent, immediate-type allergic reactions at a comparable level in mice that had been passively sensitized with TNP-specific IgE. In contrast, TNP-OVA but not TNP-BSA efficiently induced a basophil-dependent, IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation (IgE-CAI), even though both proteins could stimulate basophils in vitro at a comparable level. By comparing different carrier proteins and structurally modifying them, we found that the formation of large aggregates is crucial for TNP-conjugated carrier proteins to efficiently elicit IgE-CAI, regardless of the type of protein. Thus, the aggregation status of carrier proteins appears to determine the magnitude of allergic response at the challenge phase of hapten-specific IgE-CAI. Our findings suggest that the allergenicity of substances is a matter of importance not only at the sensitization but also at the challenge phase in a certain type of allergy including a basophil-mediated allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Nagao
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Teranishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Takahashi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawano
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Allergenic and novel food proteins: State of the art and challenges in the allergenicity assessment. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
28
|
Assessment of the Sensitizing Potential of Proteins in BALB/c Mice: Comparison of Three Protocols of Intraperitoneal Sensitization. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070903. [PMID: 30011888 PMCID: PMC6073454 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most food allergy cases are associated with a limited group of allergens. This could be attributed to an increased ability of some foods to sensitize and trigger allergic reactions. However, there are no validated animal models to evaluate the sensitizing or allergenic potentials of proteins. Our aim was to evaluate three protocols of adjuvant-free intraperitoneal sensitization that differ in the time points for sample collection (days 14, 28 and 35 from beginning of the sensitization) and also in the number of immunizations (2, 5 and 3, respectively). Ovalbumin (OVA; 0.05 mg), cow milk proteins (CMP; 0.025, 0.05 and 0.25 mg), and potato acid phosphatase (PAP; low allergenic protein; 250.0 mg) were administered intraperitoneally (ip) to BALB/c mice (n = 4–6) and the protein-specific IgE and IgG antibody responses were evaluated using ELISA. Additional serum protein-specific IgE antibodies evaluations were carried out after IgG depletion. Anti-OVA IgE antibodies were detected in mice from all three protocols. The responses were higher in the group of mice that underwent the 28-day protocol than in those that underwent the 14- or 35-day protocols (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Anti-CMP IgE antibodies were detected in both the 14- and 28-day protocols, but the response was higher in the group that underwent the 28-day protocol (p < 0.001). The anti-CMP IgE antibody response detection was improved after serum IgG depletion (p < 0.001). Anti-PAP IgE antibodies were not detected. Mice with undetectable serum levels of protein-specific IgE triggered anti-OVA, -CMP, and -PAP IgG responses. An adjuvant-free 28-day protocol with five ip immunizations seems appropriate for evaluation of the inherent sensitizing or allergenic capacity of the studied proteins. Reproducible results were obtained utilizing the BALB/c mouse strain. Inter-laboratory studies including a larger number of proteins should be carried out to validate this model.
Collapse
|
29
|
Herman RA, Ladics GS. Allergenic sensitization versus elicitation risk criteria for novel food proteins. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:283-285. [PMID: 29481837 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The value of criteria used in the weight-of-evidence assessment of allergenic risk of genetically modified (GM) crops has been debated. This debate may originate, in part, from not specifying if the criteria are intended to contribute to the assessment of sensitization risk or elicitation risk. Here, this distinction is explicitly discussed in the context of exposure and hazard. GM crops with structural relationships with known allergens or sourced from an organism known to cause allergy (hazard) are screened for IgE-antibody reactivity using serum from sensitized individuals. If IgE reactivity is observed, the GM crop is not developed. While digestive and heat stability impact exposure and thus the elicitation risk to sensitized individuals, these attributes are not interpretable relative to sensitization risk. For novel food proteins with no identified hazard, heat stability cannot be validly assessed because relevant IgE antibodies are not available. Likewise, the uncertain and sometime non-monotonic dose relationship between oral exposure to allergens and sensitization makes digestive stability a poor predictor of sensitization risk. It is hoped that by explicitly distinguishing between sensitization risk and elicitation risk, some of the debate surrounding the weight-of evidence criteria for predicting the allergenic risk of GM crops can be resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, United States.
| | - Gregory S Ladics
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711, United States
| |
Collapse
|