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Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Pravir Kumar. Autophagy and apoptosis cascade: which is more prominent in neuronal death? Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8001-8047. [PMID: 34741624 PMCID: PMC11072037 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are two crucial self-destructive processes that maintain cellular homeostasis, which are characterized by their morphology and regulated through signal transduction mechanisms. These pathways determine the fate of cellular organelle and protein involved in human health and disease such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Cell death pathways share common molecular mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, calcium ion concentration, reactive oxygen species, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Some key signaling molecules such as p53 and VEGF mediated angiogenic pathway exhibit cellular and molecular responses resulting in the triggering of apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Herein, based on previous studies, we describe the intricate relation between cell death pathways through their common genes and the role of various stress-causing agents. Further, extensive research on autophagy and apoptotic machinery excavates the implementation of selective biomarkers, for instance, mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3 family members, caspases, AMPK, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, and p38/JNK/MAPK, in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This molecular phenomenon will lead to the discovery of possible therapeutic biomolecules as a pharmacological intervention that are involved in the modulation of apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Moreover, we describe the potential role of micro-RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and biomolecules as therapeutic agents that regulate cell death machinery to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Mounting evidence demonstrated that under stress conditions, such as calcium efflux, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and oxidative stress intermediate molecules, namely p53 and VEGF, activate and cause cell death. Further, activation of p53 and VEGF cause alteration in gene expression and dysregulated signaling pathways through the involvement of signaling molecules, namely mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3, AMPK, MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/Akt, and caspases. Alteration in gene expression and signaling cascades cause neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates, which are characteristics features of neurodegenerative diseases. Excessive neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates lead to neuronal cell death by activating death pathways like autophagy and apoptosis. However, autophagy has a dual role in the apoptosis pathways, i.e., activation and inhibition of the apoptosis signaling. Further, micro-RNAs and LncRNAs act as pharmacological regulators of autophagy and apoptosis cascade, whereas, natural compounds and chemical compounds act as pharmacological inhibitors that rescue neuronal cell death through inhibition of apoptosis and autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
- , Delhi, India.
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Srivastava A, Srivastava AK, Mishra M, Shankar J, Agrahari A, Kamthan M, Singh PK, Yadav S, Parmar D. A proteomic approach to investigate enhanced responsiveness in rechallenged adult rats prenatally exposed to lindane. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:184-195. [PMID: 31330156 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis was carried out in substantia nigra (SNi) and hippocampus (Hi) isolated from rat offspring born to mothers exposed to lindane (orally; 0.25 mg/kg) from gestation day 5 (GD5) to GD 21 and subsequently rechallenged (orally; 2.5 mg/kg X 21 days) at adulthood (12 weeks). 2D gel electrophoresis revealed no significant differences in the expression of proteins in brain regions isolated from prenatally exposed offspring at adulthood. Significantly greater magnitude of alterations was observed in the expression of proteins related to mitochondrial and energy metabolism, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, structural and axonal growth leading to increased oxidative stress in Hi and SNi isolated from rechallenged offspring when compared to control offspring treated postnatally with lindane. Western blotting and DNA laddering showed a greater magnitude of increase in apoptosis in the Hi and SNi of rechallenged offspring. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated disrupted mitochondrial integrity, synaptic disruption and necrotic structures in the brain region of rechallenged offspring. Neurobehavioral studies also demonstrated a greater magnitude of alterations in cognitive and motor functions in rechallenged rats. The data suggest that prenatal exposure of lindane induces persistent molecular changes in the nervous system of offspring which are unmasked leading to neurodegeneration following rechallenge at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Srivastava
- Developmental Toxicology Division, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankur Kumar Srivastava
- Developmental Toxicology Division, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manisha Mishra
- Developmental Toxicology Division, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Jai Shankar
- Developmental Toxicology Division, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Microscopy Laboratory, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anita Agrahari
- Developmental Toxicology Division, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan Kamthan
- Developmental Toxicology Division, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Pradhyumna K Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Sanjay Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Division, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Developmental Toxicology Division, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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