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Payne-Sturges D, De Saram S, Cory-Slechta DA. Cumulative Risk Evaluation of Phthalates Under TSCA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6403-6414. [PMID: 37043345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently conducting separate Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) risk evaluations for seven phthalates: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). Phthalates are highly abundant plastic additives used primarily to soften materials and make them flexible, and biomonitoring shows widespread human exposure to a mixture of phthalates. Evidence supports biological additivity of phthalate mixture exposures, including the enhancement of toxicity affecting common biological targets. Risk estimates based on individual phthalate exposure may not be protective of public health. Thus, a cumulative risk approach is warranted. While EPA initially did not signal that it would incorporate cumulative risk assessment (CRA) as part of its current risk evaluation for the seven phthalates, the agency recently announced that it is reconsidering if CRA for phthalates would be appropriate. Based on our review of existing chemical mixtures risk assessment guidance, current TSCA scoping documents for the seven phthalates, and pertinent peer-reviewed literature, we delineate a CRA approach that EPA can easily implement for phthalates. The strategy for using CRA to inform TSCA risk evaluation for existing chemicals is based upon integrative physiology and a common adverse health outcome algorithm for identifying and grouping relevant nonchemical and chemical stressors. We recommend adjustments for how hazard indices (HIs) or margins of exposure (MOEs) based on CRA are interpreted for determining "unreasonable risk" under TSCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Payne-Sturges
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 255 Valley Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sulakkhana De Saram
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 255 Valley Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Box EHSC, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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Rorije E, Wassenaar PNH, Slootweg J, van Leeuwen L, van Broekhuizen FA, Posthuma L. Characterization of ecotoxicological risks from unintentional mixture exposures calculated from European freshwater monitoring data: Forwarding prospective chemical risk management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153385. [PMID: 35090913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current regulatory chemical safety assessments do not acknowledge that ambient exposures are to multiple chemicals at the same time. As a result, potentially harmful exposures to unintentional mixtures may occur, leading to potential insufficient protection of the environment. The present study describes cumulative environmental risk assessment results for European fresh water ecosystems, based on the NORMAN chemical surface water monitoring database (1998-2016). It aims to characterize the magnitude of the mixture problem and the relative contribution of chemicals to the mixture risk, and evaluates how cumulative risks reduce when the acceptable risk per single chemical is fractionally lowered. Available monitoring data were curated and aggregated to 26,631 place-time combinations with at least two chemicals, of which 376 place-time combinations had at least 25 chemicals identified above the Limit of Detection. Various risk metrics were based on measured environmental concentrations (MECs). Mixture risk characterization ratio's (ΣRCRs) ≥ 1 were found for 39% of the place-time combinations, with few chemicals dominating the ΣRCR. Analyses of mixture toxic pressures, expressed as multi-substance Potentially Affected Fractions of species based on No Observed Effect Concentrations (msPAFNOEC), showed similar outcomes. Small fractional reductions of the ambient chemical concentrations give a steep increase of the percentage of sufficiently protected water bodies (i.e. ΣRCR < 1 and msPAFNOEC < 5%). Scientific and regulatory aspects of these results are discussed, especially with reference to the representativeness of the monitoring data for characterizing ambient mixtures, the robustness of the findings, and the possible regulatory implementation of the concept of a Mixture Allocation Factor (MAF) for prospective chemicals risk management. Although the monitoring data do not represent the full spectrum of ambient mixture exposures in Europe, results show the need for adapting policies to reach European Union goals for a toxic-free environment and underpin the utility and possible magnitude of a MAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Rorije
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Pim N H Wassenaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Slootweg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lonneke van Leeuwen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Kumar V, Boobis AR, Moretto A. Test and Risk Assessment Strategies for combined exposure to multiple chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111607. [PMID: 32687857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; IISPV, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - A R Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Tebby C, van der Voet H, de Sousa G, Rorije E, Kumar V, de Boer W, Kruisselbrink JW, Bois FY, Faniband M, Moretto A, Brochot C. A generic PBTK model implemented in the MCRA platform: Predictive performance and uses in risk assessment of chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111440. [PMID: 32473292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models are important tools for in vitro to in vivo or inter-species extrapolations in health risk assessment of foodborne and non-foodborne chemicals. Here we present a generic PBTK model implemented in the EuroMix toolbox, MCRA 9 and predict internal kinetics of nine chemicals (three endocrine disrupters, three liver steatosis inducers, and three developmental toxicants), in data-rich and data-poor conditions, when increasingly complex levels of parametrization are applied. At the first stage, only QSAR models were used to determine substance-specific parameters, then some parameter values were refined by estimates from substance-specific or high-throughput in vitro experiments. At the last stage, elimination or absorption parameters were calibrated based on available in vivo kinetic data. The results illustrate that parametrization plays a capital role in the output of the PBTK model, as it can change how chemicals are prioritized based on internal concentration factors. In data-poor situations, estimates can be far from observed values. In many cases of chronic exposure, the PBTK model can be summarized by an external to internal dose factor, and interspecies concentration factors can be used to perform interspecies extrapolation. We finally discuss the implementation and use of the model in the MCRA risk assessment platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Tebby
- INERIS, Unit Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology (METO), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | | | | | - Emiel Rorije
- RIVM, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, Department for Consumers and Product Safety, P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Vikas Kumar
- URV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Països Catalans, nº 26, 43007, Tarragona (Tarragona- Catalonia), Spain
| | - Waldo de Boer
- Wageningen University & Research, Biometris, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Frédéric Y Bois
- INERIS, Unit Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology (METO), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Moosa Faniband
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Céline Brochot
- INERIS, Unit Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology (METO), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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Sprong C, Crépet A, Metruccio F, Blaznik U, Anagnostopoulos C, Christodoulou DL, Jensen BH, Kennedy M, González N, Rehurkova I, Ruprich J, Te Biesebeek JD, Vanacker M, Moretto A, van Klaveren J. Cumulative dietary risk assessment overarching different regulatory silos using a margin of exposure approach: A case study with three chemical silos. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111416. [PMID: 32439593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Risk assessment of chemicals occurring in our diet is commonly performed for single chemicals without considering exposure to other chemicals. We performed a case study on risk assessment of combined dietary exposure to chemicals from different regulatory silos, i.e. pesticides (PPRs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and food additives (FAs). Chemicals were grouped into the cumulative assessment group (CAG) liver steatosis using a component-based approach. Based on literature, the CAG included 144 PPRs, 49 POPS and 7 FAs for which concentration data were available. For each silo, chronic combined dietary exposure was assessed for adults and children of nine European countries following the most commonly used exposure methodologies in Europe and by using a relative potency factor approach. For risk characterization, a Margin of Exposure (MOE) was calculated. To overarch the risk across silos, a normalised combined margin of exposure (nMOET) approach was proposed. This case study demonstrated that risk assessment of combined exposure to chemicals can be performed within regulatory silos. It also highlighted important differences in the conservatism of exposure scenarios, the derivation of point of departures and the subsequent acceptable MOEs between the silos. To overarch the risk despite these differences, a nMOET approach can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sprong
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Amélie Crépet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, 947001, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Francesca Metruccio
- ICPS, International Centre for PPRs and Health Risk Prevention, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale L. Sacco Via GB Grassi 74, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | - Urska Blaznik
- National Institute of Public Health, Environmental Health Centre, Trubarjeva 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chris Anagnostopoulos
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticide Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, Kifissia, Athens, 14561, Greece
| | | | - Bodil Hamborg Jensen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Division of Risk Assessment and Nutrition, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marc Kennedy
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Neus González
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medecine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Irena Rehurkova
- National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Ruprich
- National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dirk Te Biesebeek
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Vanacker
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, 947001, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Angelo Moretto
- ICPS, International Centre for PPRs and Health Risk Prevention, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale L. Sacco Via GB Grassi 74, 20157, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacob van Klaveren
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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