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Lee WS, Shin JS, Jang SY, Chung KS, Kim SD, Cho CW, Hong HD, Rhee YK, Lee KT. Anti-Metastatic Effects of Standardized Polysaccharide Fraction from Diospyros kaki Leaves via GSK3β/β-Catenin and JNK Inactivation in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1275. [PMID: 38732748 PMCID: PMC11085380 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A polysaccharide fraction from Diospyros kaki (PLE0) leaves was previously reported to possess immunostimulatory, anti-osteoporotic, and TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibitory activities. Although a few beneficial effects against colon cancer metastasis have been reported, we aimed to investigate the anti-metastatic activity of PLE0 and its underlying molecular mechanisms in HT-29 and HCT-116 human colon cancer cells. We conducted a wound-healing assay, invasion assay, qRT-PCR analysis, western blot analysis, gelatin zymography, luciferase assay, and small interfering RNA gene silencing in colon cancer cells. PLE0 concentration-dependently inhibited metastasis by suppressing cell migration and invasion. The suppression of N-cadherin and vimentin expression as well as upregulation of E-cadherin through the reduction of p-GSK3β and β-catenin levels resulted in the outcome of this effect. PLE0 also suppressed the expression and enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, while simultaneously increasing the protein and mRNA levels of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1). Furthermore, signaling data disclosed that PLE0 suppressed the transcriptional activity and phosphorylation of p65 (a subunit of NF-κB), as well as the phosphorylation of c-Jun and c-Fos (subunits of AP-1) pathway. PLE0 markedly suppressed JNK phosphorylation, and JNK knockdown significantly restored PLE0-regulated MMP-2/-9 and TIMP-1 expression. Collectively, our data indicate that PLE0 exerts an anti-metastatic effect in human colon cancer cells by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and MMP-2/9 via downregulation of GSK3β/β-catenin and JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.L.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.J.); (K.-S.C.)
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.L.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.J.); (K.-S.C.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong-si 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yun Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.L.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.J.); (K.-S.C.)
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.L.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.J.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Soo-Dong Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.); (Y.K.R.)
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.); (Y.K.R.)
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.); (Y.K.R.)
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.L.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.J.); (K.-S.C.)
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Hong C, Wang X, Xu J, Guo J, Peng H, Zhang Y. A Review: Pharmacological Effect of Natural Compounds in Diospyros kaki Leaves from the Perspective of Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2023; 29:215. [PMID: 38202798 PMCID: PMC10780463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant levels. Current research suggests that oxidative stress is one of the key factors in the development of many chronic diseases, and it has been a concern for many years. Many natural compounds have been studied for their special free-radical-scavenging properties. The major chemical constituents of the leaves of Diospyros kaki are flavonoids and triterpenoids, both of which are potential antioxidants that can prevent damage caused by reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species and ameliorate diseases associated with oxidative stress. In addition to the major constituents such as flavonoids and triterpenoids, the leaves of Diospyros kaki include compounds such as phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and terpenes. Studies have shown these compounds have certain antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Experiments have shown that flavonoids or the extracts from the leaves of Diospyros kaki have a variety of good pharmacological activities, which could activate oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells and induce apoptosis. It also could achieve the effect of anti-cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by regulating oxidative stress. The main chemical substance of the leaves of Diospyros kaki regulating oxidative stress may be these multi-hydroxyl structure compounds. These natural products exhibit significant antioxidant activity and are an important basis for the leaves of Diospyros kaki to treat human diseases by regulating oxidative stress. This review summarizes the structural types of natural products in the leaves of Diospyros kaki and elaborates the mechanism of the leaves of Diospyros kaki in neuroprotection, anti-diabetes, renal protection, retinal degenerative diseases, and anti-cancer from a new perspective of oxidative stress, including how it supplements other pharmacological effects. The chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the leaves of Diospyros kaki are summarized in this paper. The relationship between the chemical components in the leaves of Diospyros kaki and their pharmacological effects is summarized from the perspective of oxidative stress. This review provides a reference for the study of natural anti-oxidative stress drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Hong
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (C.H.); (J.X.); (J.G.); (H.P.)
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
| | - Jianjian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (C.H.); (J.X.); (J.G.); (H.P.)
- Lonch Group Wanrong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yuncheng 100176, China
| | - Jianxing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (C.H.); (J.X.); (J.G.); (H.P.)
| | - Houlin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (C.H.); (J.X.); (J.G.); (H.P.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (C.H.); (J.X.); (J.G.); (H.P.)
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Kwon M, Jung HJ. Hovenia dulcis Suppresses the Growth of Huh7-Derived Liver Cancer Stem Cells by Inducing Necroptosis and Apoptosis and Blocking c-MET Signaling. Cells 2023; 13:22. [PMID: 38201226 PMCID: PMC10778038 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) contribute to the initiation, metastasis, treatment resistance, and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, exploring potential anticancer agents targeting LCSCs may offer new therapeutic options to overcome HCC treatment failure. Hovenia dulcis Thunberg (HDT), a tree from the buckthorn family found in Asia, exhibits various biological activities, including antifatigue, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and antitumor activities. However, the therapeutic effect of HDT in eliminating LCSCs remains to be confirmed. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts from HDT branches on the growth of Huh7-derived LCSCs. The ethyl acetate extract of HDT (EAHDT) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against the growth of Huh7 LCSCs among the three HDT extracts. EAHDT suppressed the in vitro self-renewal ability of Huh7 LCSCs and reduced tumor growth in vivo using the Huh7 LCSC-transplanted chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. Furthermore, EAHDT not only arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase but also induced receptor-interacting protein kinase 3/mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein-mediated necroptosis and caspase-dependent apoptosis in Huh7 LCSCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the growth inhibitory effect of EAHDT on Huh7 LCSCs was associated with the downregulation of c-MET-mediated downstream signaling pathways and key cancer stemness markers. Based on these findings, we propose that EAHDT can be used as a new natural drug candidate to prevent and treat HCC by eradicating LCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyoung Kwon
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hye Jin Jung
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea
- Genome-Based BioIT Convergence Institute, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea
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Alqurashi YE, Al-Hetty HRAK, Ramaiah P, Fazaa AH, Jalil AT, Alsaikhan F, Gupta J, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Tayyib NA, Peng H. Harnessing function of EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma: From biological view to nanotechnological standpoint. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115683. [PMID: 36933639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Management of cancer metastasis has been associated with remarkable reduction in progression of cancer cells and improving survival rate of patients. Since 90% of mortality are due to cancer metastasis, its suppression can improve ability in cancer fighting. The EMT has been an underlying cause in increasing cancer migration and it is followed by mesenchymal transformation of epithelial cells. HCC is the predominant kind of liver tumor threatening life of many people around the world with poor prognosis. Increasing patient prognosis can be obtained via inhibiting tumor metastasis. HCC metastasis modulation by EMT and HCC therapy by nanoparticles are discussed here. First of all, EMT happens during progression and advanced stages of HCC and therefore, its inhibition can reduce tumor malignancy. Moreover, anti-cancer compounds including all-trans retinoic acid and plumbaging, among others, have been considered as inhibitors of EMT. The EMT association with chemoresistance has been evaluated. Moreover, ZEB1/2, TGF-β, Snail and Twist are EMT modulators in HCC and enhancing cancer invasion. Therefore, EMT mechanism and related molecular mechanisms in HCC are evaluated. The treatment of HCC has not been only emphasized on targeting molecular pathways with pharmacological compounds and since drugs have low bioavailability, their targeted delivery by nanoparticles promotes HCC elimination. Moreover, nanoparticle-mediated phototherapy impairs tumorigenesis in HCC by triggering cell death. Metastasis of HCC and even EMT mechanism can be suppressed by cargo-loaded nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser E Alqurashi
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Pin Code 281406, U. P., India
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia; Educational Statistics Research Group (GIEE), National University of Education, Ecuador
| | - Nahla A Tayyib
- Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al- Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Peng
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Fareed N, El-Kersh DM, Youssef FS, Labib RM. Unveiling major ethnopharmacological aspects of genus Diospyros in context to its chemical diversity: A comprehensive overview. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14413. [PMID: 36136087 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diospyros species (DS), "Ebenaceae," were known for their therapeutic uses in folk medicine since days of yore. Thereafter, scientific evidence related their health benefits to a myriad of chemical classes, for instance, naphthoquinones, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, norbergenin derivatives, sterols, secoiridoids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carotenoids. The available literature showed that more than 200 compounds were isolated and identified via spectroscopic techniques. Many pharmacological activities of DS have been previously described, such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antifungal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and cosmeceutical, investigated, and confirmed through versatile in vitro and in vivo assays. Previous studies proved that genus Diospyros is a rich reservoir of valuable bioactive compounds. However, further comparative studies among its different species are recommended for more precise natural source-based drug discovery and clinical application. Accordingly, this review is to recall the chemical abundance and diversity among different members of genus Diospyros and their ethnopharmacological and pharmacological uses. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Practically, providing sufficient background on both secondary metabolites divergence and pharmacological properties of genus Diospyros has many fruitful aspects. As demonstrated below, extracts and many isolated compounds have significant curative properties, which can lead to the discovery of pharmaceutically relevant alternative substitutes to conventional medicine. Consequently, molecular docking on various receptors can be applied. On the grounds, Naoxinqing tablets, a standardized herbal product containing D. kaki leaves extract, have been patented and recorded in Chinese Pharmacopeia as an approved Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for the treatment of cerebro- and cardiovascular diseases, although the underlying mechanism remains under advisement. Moreover, the antimicrobial applications of DS are of considerable concern; since the widespread use of antibiotics resulted in different forms of bacterial resistance, hence, limiting and compromising effective treatment. In addition, as a result of contemporary rampant memory disorders, neuroprotective activities of different extracts of DS became of great emphasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Fareed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Dina M El-Kersh
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Fadia S Youssef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Rola M Labib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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Zheng Y, Yu Z, Li Y, Zhong S, Sun Y, Sun L, Zheng X, Qi X, Zhang S. Alcohol extracts of Chinese bayberry branch induce S-phase arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 11:493-503. [PMID: 36655066 PMCID: PMC9834848 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The alcohol extracts of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) branches (MRBE) are rich in flavonoids which have a variety of medicinal benefits, but their effects on human HepG2 were unknown. In this study, the effects of MRBE on HepG2 cell growth and its potential for inhibiting cancer were explored. The results displayed that MRBE inhibited HepG2 proliferation both by arresting cells in S phase and promoting apoptosis. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunofluorescence showed that MRBE induced S-phase arrest by upregulating p21, which in turn downregulated cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein. Apoptosis was induced by blocking the expression of BCL-2 and suppression of the Raf/ERK1 signaling pathways. These results indicated that MRBE may have the potential for treatment of human liver cancer, highlighting novel approaches for developing new pharmacological tools for the treatment of this deadly type cancer. Meanwhile, it provides a new direction for the medicinal added values of Chinese bayberry, which helped to broaden the diversified development of its industry chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zheng
- Institute of HorticultureZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Zheping Yu
- Institute of HorticultureZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yougui Li
- Institute of Sericultural and TeaZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Shi Zhong
- Institute of Sericultural and TeaZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Institute of Sericultural and TeaZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Li Sun
- Institute of HorticultureZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Xiliang Zheng
- Institute of HorticultureZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Xingjiang Qi
- Institute of HorticultureZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina,Xianghu LabHangzhouChina
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of HorticultureZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
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Salomón YL, Georgin J, Franco DS, Netto MS, Piccilli DG, Foletto EL, Pinto D, Oliveira ML, Dotto GL. Adsorption of atrazine herbicide from water by diospyros kaki fruit waste activated carbon. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rodriguez S, Skeet K, Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz T, Goldfarb M, Karri S, Rocha J, Shahinian M, Yazadi A, Poudel S, Subramani R. Phytochemicals as an Alternative or Integrative Option, in Conjunction with Conventional Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225753. [PMID: 34830907 PMCID: PMC8616323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is globally ranked as the sixth most diagnosed cancer, and the second most deadly cancer. To worsen matters, there are only limited therapeutic options currently available; therefore, it is necessary to find a reservoir from which new HCC treatments may be acquired. The field of phytomedicine may be the solution to this problem, as it offers an abundance of plant-derived molecules, which show capabilities of being effective against HCC proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis. In our review, we collect and analyze current evidence regarding these promising phytochemical effects on HCC, and delve into their potential as future chemotherapies. Additionally, information on the signaling behind these numerous phytochemicals is provided, in an attempt to understand their mechanisms. This review makes accessible the current body of knowledge pertaining to phytochemicals as HCC treatments, in order to serve as a reference and inspiration for further research into this subject. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most abundant form of liver cancer. It accounts for 75–85% of liver cancer cases and, though it ranks globally as the sixth most common cancer, it ranks second in cancer-related mortality. Deaths from HCC are usually due to metastatic spread of the cancer. Unfortunately, there are many challenges and limitations with the latest HCC therapies and medications, making it difficult for patients to receive life-prolonging care. As there is clearly a high demand for alternative therapy options for HCC, it is prudent to turn to plants for the solution, as their phytochemicals have long been used and revered for their many medicinal purposes. This review explores the promising phytochemical compounds identified from pre-clinical and clinical trials being used either independently or in conjunction with already existing cancer therapy treatments. The phytochemicals discussed in this review were classified into several categories: lipids, polyphenols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, whole extracts, and phytochemical combinations. Almost 80% of the compounds failed to progress into clinical studies due to lack of information regarding the toxicity to normal cells and bioavailability. Although large obstacles remain, phytochemicals can be used either as an alternative or integrative therapy in conjunction with existing HCC chemotherapies. In conclusion, phytochemicals have great potential as treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Rodriguez
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Kristy Skeet
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Tugba Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Madeline Goldfarb
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (M.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Shri Karri
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (M.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Jackelyn Rocha
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Mark Shahinian
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Abdallah Yazadi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Seeta Poudel
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-915-215-6851
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