RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-nonanone, CAS Registry Number 821-55-6

Potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test to discriminate between chemicals of similar molecular structure-a study with valproic acid and 14 of its analogues

Valproic acid is a frequently used antiepileptic drug and known pediatric hepatotoxic agent. In search of pharmaceuticals with increased effectiveness and reduced toxicity, analogue chemicals came into focus. So far, toxicity and teratogenicity data of drugs and metabolites have usually been collected from mammalian model systems such as mice and rats. However, in an attempt to reduce mammalian testing while maintaining the reliability of toxicity testing of new industrial chemicals and drugs, alternative test methods are being developed. To this end, the potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo to discriminate between valproic acid and 14 analogues was investigated by exposing zebrafish embryos for 120 h post fertilization in the extended version of the fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET; OECD TG 236), and analyzing liver histology to evaluate the correlation of liver effects and the molecular structure of each compound. Although histological evaluation of zebrafish liver did not identify steatosis as the prominent adverse effect typical in human and mice, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) derived was comparable not only to human HepG2 cells, but also to available in vivo mouse and rat data. Thus, there is evidence that zebrafish embryos might serve as a tool to bridge the gap between subcellular, cell-based systems and vertebrate models.