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Wang X, Li L, Liu T, Shi Y. More than nutrition: Therapeutic potential and mechanism of human milk oligosaccharides against necrotizing enterocolitis. Life Sci 2024; 339:122420. [PMID: 38218534 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Human milk is the most valuable source of nutrition for infants. The structure and function of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are key components of human milk, have long been attracting particular research interest. Several recent studies have found HMOs to be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Additionally, they could be developed in the future as non-invasive predictive markers for NEC. Based on previous findings and the well-defined functions of HMOs, we summarize potential protective mechanisms of HMOs against neonatal NEC, which include: modulating signal receptor function, promoting intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, reducing apoptosis, restoring intestinal blood perfusion, regulating microbial prosperity, and alleviating intestinal inflammation. HMOs supplementation has been demonstrated to be protective against NEC in both animal studies and clinical observations. This calls for mass production and use of HMOs in infant formula, necessitating more research into the safety of industrially produced HMOs and the appropriate dosage in infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Tianjing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Yongyan Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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Urrutia-Baca VH, Chuck-Hernández C, Gutiérrez-Uribe J, Ramos-Parra PA, Licona-Cassani C. Development and validation of a versatile analytical method for absolute quantification of seven oligosaccharides in human, bovine, and goat milk. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22475. [PMID: 38028015 PMCID: PMC10679482 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are significant in mammalian milk, where they serve as prebiotics that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria in infants. Comprehensive research of milk oligosaccharides requires precise and validated analytical methods for compositional studies. To address this need, the focus of our study was to develop and validate an analytical method using UPLC-MS/MS to quantify seven specific oligosaccharides found in mammalian milk. The developed and optimized method has adequate linearity, accuracy, and precision parameters. The detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits for the seven compounds ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0030 μg/mL and 0.0054-0.0063 μg/mL, respectively. The sample preparation method yielded recovery rates above 90.5 %. Furthermore, no significant matrix effect was observed. The validated method was successfully applied to human, goat, and bovine milk samples, demonstrating its proficiency in identifying variances in the concentration of oligosaccharides across different mammals. This versatile method will allow future research about factors affecting oligosaccharide composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor H. Urrutia-Baca
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
| | - Cristina Chuck-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
| | - Janet Gutiérrez-Uribe
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
| | - Perla A. Ramos-Parra
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtemoc Licona-Cassani
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
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Holst AQ, Myers P, Rodríguez-García P, Hermes GDA, Melsaether C, Baker A, Jensen SR, Parschat K. Infant Formula Supplemented with Five Human Milk Oligosaccharides Shifts the Fecal Microbiome of Formula-Fed Infants Closer to That of Breastfed Infants. Nutrients 2023; 15:3087. [PMID: 37513505 PMCID: PMC10383262 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastmilk is the optimal source of infant nutrition, with short-term and long-term health benefits. Some of these benefits are mediated by human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), a unique group of carbohydrates representing the third most abundant solid component of human milk. We performed the first clinical study on infant formula supplemented with five different HMOs (5HMO-mix), comprising 2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3'-sialyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose at a natural total concentration of 5.75 g/L, and here report the analysis of the infant fecal microbiome. We found an increase in the relative abundance of bifidobacteria in the 5HMO-mix cohort compared with the formula-fed control, specifically affecting bifidobacteria that can produce aromatic lactic acids. 5HMO-mix influenced the microbial composition as early as Week 1, and the observed changes persisted to at least Week 16, including a relative decrease in species with opportunistic pathogenic strains down to the level observed in breastfed infants during the first 4 weeks. We further analyzed the functional potential of the microbiome and observed features shared between 5HMO-mix-supplemented and breastfed infants, such as a relative enrichment in mucus and tyrosine degradation, with the latter possibly being linked to the aromatic lactic acids. The 5HMO-mix supplement, therefore, shifts the infant fecal microbiome closer to that of breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Baker
- Chr. Hansen A/S, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark
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Asher AT, Mangel L, Ari JB, Gover O, Ahmad WA, Herzlich J, Mandel D, Schwartz B, Lubetzky R. Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile across Lactation Stages in Israeli Women-A Prospective Observational Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112548. [PMID: 37299512 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) stimulate the growth of gut commensals, prevent the adhesion of enteropathogens and modulate host immunity. The major factors influencing variations in the HMO profile are polymorphisms in the secretor (Se) or Lewis (Le) gene, which affect the activity of the enzymes fucoslytransferase 2 and 3 (FUT2 and FUT3) that lead to the formation of four major fucosylated and non-fucosylated oligosaccharides (OS). This pilot study aimed to determine the HMO profile of Israeli breastfeeding mothers of 16 term and 4 preterm infants, from a single tertiary center in the Tel Aviv area. Fifty-two human milk samples were collected from 20 mothers at three-time points: colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk. The concentrations of nine HMOs were assessed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectra chromatograms. Fifty-five percent of the mothers were secretors and 45% were non-secretors. Infant sex affected HMO levels depending on the maternal secretor status. Secretor mothers to boys had higher levels of FUT2-dependent OS and higher levels of disialyllacto-N-tetraose in the milk of mothers to girls, whereas non-secretor mothers to girls had higher levels of 3'-sialyllactose. In addition, the season at which the human milk samples were obtained affected the levels of some HMOs, resulting in significantly lower levels in the summer. Our findings provide novel information on the irregularity in the HMO profile among Israeli lactating women and identify several factors contributing to this variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Talan Asher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Laurence Mangel
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Julius Ben Ari
- The Interdepartmental Equipment Facility, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofer Gover
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Wiessam Abu Ahmad
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem. P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Jacky Herzlich
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dror Mandel
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Betty Schwartz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ronit Lubetzky
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Shi R, Yang SQ, Wang NN, Yan QJ, Yan XM, Jiang ZQ. Synthesis of 2'-fucosyllactose from apple pomace-derived xyloglucan oligosaccharides by an α-L-fucosidase from Pedobacter sp. CAU209. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3579-3591. [PMID: 37115252 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is known for its ability to provide various health benefits to infants, such as gut maturation, pathogen resistance, improved immunity, and nervous system development. However, the production of 2'-FL using α-L-fucosidases is hindered by the lack of low-cost natural fucosyl donors and high-efficiency α-L-fucosidases. In this work, a recombinant xyloglucanase from Rhizomucor miehei (RmXEG12A) was applied to produce xyloglucan-oligosaccharide (XyG-oligos) from apple pomace. Then, an α-L-fucosidase gene (PbFucB) was screened from the genomic DNA of Pedobacter sp. CAU209 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The capability of purified PbFucB to catalyze XyG-oligos and lactose to synthesize 2'-FL was further evaluated. The deduced amino acid sequence of PbFucB shared the highest identity (38.4%) with that of other reported α-L-fucosidases. PbFucB showed the highest activity at pH 5.5 and 35 °C. It catalyzed the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucopyranoside (pNP-Fuc, 20.3 U mg-1), 2'-FL (8.06 U mg-1), and XyG-oligos (0.43 U mg-1). Furthermore, PbFucB demonstrated a high enzymatic conversion rate in 2'-FL synthesis with pNP-Fuc or apple pomace-derived XyG-oligos as donors and lactose as acceptor. Under the optimized conditions, PbFucB converted 50% of pNP-Fuc or 31% of the L-fucosyl residue in XyG-oligos into 2'-FL. This work elucidated an α-L-fucosidase that mediates the fucosylation of lactose and provided an efficient enzymatic strategy to synthesize 2'-FL either from artificial pNP-Fuc or natural apple pomace-derived XyG-oligos. KEY POINTS: • Xyloglucan-oligosaccharide (XyG-oligos) was produced from apple pomace by a xyloglucanase from Rhizomucor miehei. • An α-L-fucosidase (PbFucB) from Pedobacter sp. CAU209 shared the highest identity (38.4%) with reported α-L-fucosidases. •PbFucB synthesized 2'-FL using apple pomace-derived XyG-oligos and lactose with a conversion ratio of 31%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Juan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xie-Min Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Qiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Fan Y, Vinjamuri A, Tu D, Lebrilla CB, Donovan SM. Determinants of human milk oligosaccharides profiles of participants in the STRONG kids 2 cohort. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1105668. [PMID: 37057069 PMCID: PMC10086122 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) are indigestible carbohydrates that support infant development by establishing a healthy microbiota, preventing infectious diseases, and promoting immune and cognitive development. Individual HMOS have distinct functions based on their chemical structures. HMO profiles can vary largely among mothers, but the research on factors other than genetic background affecting HMO composition are limited.MethodsIn the present analysis, we examined the relationships between maternal characteristics and the HMO profiles of breastfeeding mothers (n = 392) in the STRONG kids 2 with the following demographic characteristics: average age: 30.8 y, 74.5% White, and 75.5% exclusively breastfeeding. Human milk samples were collected at 6 weeks postpartum and maternal information was obtained from self-reported surveys. Information on dietary intake changes since the participants have been breastfeeding was collected. HMO profiles were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and secretor status was determined by the presence of four secretor markers [2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), LNFP I, LDFT, and TFLNH]. Spearmen correlation test was utilized to determine the relationships between individual HMOS and associations with maternal factors. Between-group differences in HMO relative abundances were examined with Kruskal-Wallis test.ResultsAmong all participants, 71.9% were secretors and 28.1% were non-secretors. The relative abundances of all HMOS differed (p < 0.05) by secretor status, with the exception for 6′-SL and 3′-SL. Positive correlations were observed among HMOS with similar structures, such as the 1,2-fucosylated HMOS. The abundances of selected HMOS were associated with maternal body weight, pregnancy complications, and dietary characteristics. Based on pre-pregnancy BMI, in all mothers, relative abundance of 3′-SL was significantly higher in overweight mothers than obese mothers (p = 0.013). In milk produced by non-secretor mothers, LNPF I + III abundances were greater in overweight than normal weight mothers (p = 0.020). Several HMO abundances were found to be associated with Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Variations of HMO abundances were also observed with dietary food intake. In all mothers, egg consumption was positively correlated with LNT + LNnT (R = 0.13; p = 0.012) and cheese intake was positively associated with 2′-FL (R = 0.10; p = 0.046) and S-LNnH II (R = 0.11; p = 0.026) abundances.DiscussionHMO profiles were found to be associated with maternal characteristics and intake. Future research will investigate associations between HMOS and maternal and infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Anita Vinjamuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Diane Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Sharon M. Donovan,
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Duess JW, Sampah ME, Lopez CM, Tsuboi K, Scheese DJ, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. Necrotizing enterocolitis, gut microbes, and sepsis. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2221470. [PMID: 37312412 PMCID: PMC10269420 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2221470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease in premature infants and the leading cause of death and disability from gastrointestinal disease in this vulnerable population. Although the pathophysiology of NEC remains incompletely understood, current thinking indicates that the disease develops in response to dietary and bacterial factors in the setting of a vulnerable host. As NEC progresses, intestinal perforation can result in serious infection with the development of overwhelming sepsis. In seeking to understand the mechanisms by which bacterial signaling on the intestinal epithelium can lead to NEC, we have shown that the gram-negative bacterial receptor toll-like receptor 4 is a critical regulator of NEC development, a finding that has been confirmed by many other groups. This review article provides recent findings on the interaction of microbial signaling, the immature immune system, intestinal ischemia, and systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of NEC and the development of sepsis. We will also review promising therapeutic approaches that show efficacy in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W. Duess
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Maame E. Sampah
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Carla M. Lopez
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Koichi Tsuboi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Daniel J. Scheese
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Chhinder P. Sodhi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - David J. Hackam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most important solid component in human milk and act in tandem with other bioactive components. Individual HMO levels and distribution vary greatly between mothers by multiple variables, such as secretor status, race, geographic region, environmental conditions, season, maternal diet, and weight, gestational age and mode of delivery. HMOs improve the gastrointestinal barrier and also promote a bifidobacterium-rich gut microbiome, which protects against infection, strengthens the epithelial barrier, and creates immunomodulatory metabolites. HMOs fulfil a variety of physiologic functions including potential support to the immune system, brain development, and cognitive function. Supplementing infant formula with HMOs is safe and promotes a healthy development of the infant revealing benefits for microbiota composition and infection prevention. Because of limited data comparing the effect of non-human oligosaccharides to HMOs, it is not known if HMOs offer an additional clinical benefit over non-human oligosaccharides. Better knowledge of the factors influencing HMO composition and their functions will help to understand their short- and long-term benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Dinleyici
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Jana Barbieur
- UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Vrije Unversiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ener Cagri Dinleyici
- Department of Pediatrics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Vrije Unversiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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