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O’Neill BF, Boeckman C, LeRoy K, Linderblood C, Olson T, Woods R, Challender M. An environmental risk assessment of IPD079Ea: a protein derived from Ophioglossum pendulum with activity against Diabrotica spp.In maize. GM CROPS & FOOD 2024; 15:15-31. [PMID: 38238889 PMCID: PMC10802193 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2023.2299503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Farmers in North America face significant pressure from insects in their maize fields, particularly from corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.). Research into proteins capable of insecticidal activity has found several produced by ferns. One protein, IPD079Ea, was derived from Ophioglossum pendulum and has shown activity against corn rootworm. An environmental risk assessment was conducted for maize event DP-915635-4, which provides control of corn rootworms via expression of the IPD079Ea protein. This assessment focused on IPD079Ea and characterized potential exposure and hazard to non-target organisms (NTOs). For exposure, estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) were calculated. For hazard, laboratory dietary toxicity studies were conducted with IPD079Ea and surrogate non-target organisms. Environmental risk was characterized by comparing hazard and exposure to calculate the margin of exposure (MOE). Based on the MOE values for DP-915635-4 maize, the IPD079Ea protein is not expected to result in unreasonable adverse effects on beneficial NTO populations at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget F. O’Neill
- Corteva Agriscience™, Regulatory and Stewardship institution, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chad Boeckman
- Corteva Agriscience™, Regulatory and Stewardship, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Kristine LeRoy
- Corteva Agriscience™, Regulatory and Stewardship, Johnston, IA, USA
| | | | - Taylor Olson
- Corteva Agriscience™, Regulatory and Stewardship, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Rachel Woods
- Corteva Agriscience™, Regulatory and Stewardship, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Mary Challender
- Corteva Agriscience™, Regulatory and Stewardship, Johnston, IA, USA
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Smith BL, Carlson AB, Fallers MN, Crumplar SS, Zimmermann CS, Mathesius CA, Mukerji P, McNaughton JL, Herman RA. Rodent and broiler feeding studies with maize containing genetically modified event DP-915635-4 show no adverse effects on health or performance. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114716. [PMID: 38735358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Several regulatory agencies continue to require animal feeding studies to approve new genetically modified crops despite such studies providing little value in the safety assessment. Feeding studies with maize grain containing event DP-915635-4 (DP915635), a new corn rootworm management trait, were conducted to fulfill that requirement. Diets fed to Crl:CD®(SD) rats for 90 days contained up to 50% ground maize grain from DP915635, non-transgenic control, or non-transgenic reference hybrids (P1197, 6158, and 6365). Ross 708 broilers received phase diets containing up to 67% maize grain from each source for 42 days. Growth performance was compared between animals fed DP915635 and control diets; rats were further evaluated for clinical and neurobehavioral measures, ophthalmology, clinical pathology, organ weights, and gross and microscopic pathology, whereas carcass parts and select organ yields were determined for broilers. Reference group inclusion assisted in determining natural variation influence on observed significant differences between DP915635 and control groups. DP915635 maize grain diet consumption did not affect any measure evaluated in either feeding study. Results demonstrated DP-915635-4 maize grain safety and nutritional equivalency when fed in nutritionally adequate diets, adding to the existing literature confirming the lack of significant effects of feeding grain from genetically modified plants.
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Xu G, Chen S, Shi Q, Wang H, Wu L, Pan P, Ying H, Xie H. Properties of Ophioglossum vulgatum L. extract Pickering emulsion stabilized by carbon dots and its potential use in cosmetics. RSC Adv 2024; 14:390-396. [PMID: 38173610 PMCID: PMC10759303 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06650a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ophioglossum vulgatum L. (O. vulgatum) is a species of fern used in traditional Chinese medicine, however, its application in cosmetics has not yet been studied. This study obtained O. vulgatum extract using 70% ethanol solution and evaporation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) analysis identified many active components in O. vulgatum extract, such as polyols, amino acids, and flavonoids. A Pickering emulsion of O. vulgatum extract was also prepared, stabilized by a type of carbon dot based on l-arginine (CDs-Arg). The prepared Pickering emulsion was characterized by metallographic microscope and contact angle measurement. The results demonstrated that it was a pH-responsive O/W emulsion. Facial cleanser was then created using the prepared Pickering emulsion as the main component. When squeezed onto hands, the cleanser produced many delicate foams and caused no skin irritation. The prepared Pickering emulsion facilitated the use of O. vulgatum in facial cleanser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University Lu'an Anhui 237012 PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 PR China
| | - Shuyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University Lu'an Anhui 237012 PR China
| | - Qiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University Lu'an Anhui 237012 PR China
| | - Huayang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University Lu'an Anhui 237012 PR China
| | - Lihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University Lu'an Anhui 237012 PR China
| | - Pan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University Lu'an Anhui 237012 PR China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 PR China
| | - Hongxue Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University Lu'an Anhui 237012 PR China
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Carlson AB, Mathesius CA, Gunderson TA, Hession A, Bruyere R, Mirsky HP, Zhang J, Sandmann M, Fallers MN, Herman RA. Protein familiarity is a fundamental but rarely operationalized concept in the safety assessment of genetically modified crops: example of phosphomannose isomerase (PMI). Transgenic Res 2023; 32:423-435. [PMID: 37415055 PMCID: PMC10602950 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental to the safety assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops is the concept of negligible risk for newly expressed proteins for which there is a history of safe use. Although this simple concept has been stated in international and regional guidance for assessing the risk of newly expressed proteins in GM crops, its full implementation by regulatory authorities has been lacking. As a result, safety studies are often repeated at a significant expenditure of resources by developers, study results are repeatedly reviewed by regulators, and animals are sacrificed needlessly to complete redundant animal toxicity studies. This situation is illustrated using the example of the selectable marker phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) for which familiarity has been established. Reviewed is the history of safe use for PMI and predictable results of newly conducted safety studies including bioinformatic comparisons, resistance to digestion, and acute toxicity that were repeated to gain regulatory reapproval of PMI expressed from constructs in recently developed GM maize. As expected, the results of these newly repeated hazard-identification and characterization studies for PMI indicate negligible risk. PMI expressed in recently developed GM crops provides an opportunity to use the concept of familiarity by regulatory authorities to reduce risk-disproportionate regulation of these new events and lessen the resulting waste of both developer and regulator resources, as well as eliminate unnecessary animal testing. This would also correctly imply that familiar proteins like PMI have negligible risk. Together, such modernization of regulations would benefit society through enabling broader and faster access to needed technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Carlson
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | | | - Tim A Gunderson
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Aideen Hession
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Reba Bruyere
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Henry P Mirsky
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - John Zhang
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Mat Sandmann
- Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Melissa N Fallers
- Corteva Agriscience, Haskell R&D Center, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
| | - Rod A Herman
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
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Simmons CR, Herman RA. Non-seed plants are emerging gene sources for agriculture and insect control proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:23-37. [PMID: 37309832 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The non-seed plants (e.g., charophyte algae, bryophytes, and ferns) have multiple human uses, but their contributions to agriculture and research have lagged behind seed plants. While sharing broadly conserved biology with seed plants and the major crops, non-seed plants sometimes possess alternative molecular and physiological adaptations. These adaptations may guide crop improvements. One such area is the presence of multiple classes of insecticidal proteins found in non-seed plant genomes which are either absent or widely diverged in seed plants. There are documented uses of non-seed plants, and ferns for example have been used in human diets. Among the occasional identifiable toxins or antinutritive components present in non-seed plants, none include these insecticidal proteins. Apart from these discrete risk factors which can be addressed in the safety assessment, there should be no general safety concern about sourcing genes from non-seed plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Simmons
- Corteva Agriscience, Trait Discovery, Johnston, Iowa, 50131, USA
| | - Rod A Herman
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory and Stewardship, Johnston, Iowa, 50131, USA
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