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Gong M, Li Z, Xu H, Ma B, Gao P, Wang L, Li J, Wu Q, Wu J, Xie J. Amanitin-induced variable cytotoxicity in various cell lines is mediated by the different expression levels of OATP1B3. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114665. [PMID: 38641045 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Amanita phalloides is one of the deadliest mushrooms worldwide, causing most fatal cases of mushroom poisoning. Among the poisonous substances of Amanita phalloides, amanitins are the most lethal toxins to humans. Currently, there are no specific antidotes available for managing amanitin poisoning and treatments are lack of efficacy. Amanitin mainly causes severe injuries to specific organs, such as the liver, stomach, and kidney, whereas the lung, heart, and brain are hardly affected. However, the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains not understood. To explore the possible mechanism of organ specificity of amanitin-induced toxicity, eight human cell lines derived from different organs were exposed to α, β, and γ-amanitin at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 100 μM. We found that the cytotoxicity of amanitin differs greatly in various cell lines, among which liver-derived HepG2, stomach-derived BGC-823, and kidney-derived HEK-293 cells are most sensitive. Further mechanistic study revealed that the variable cytotoxicity is mainly dependent on the different expression levels of the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3), which facilitates the internalization of amanitin into cells. Besides, knockdown of OATP1B3 in HepG2 cells prevented α-amanitin-induced cytotoxicity. These results indicated that OATP1B3 may be a crucial therapeutic target against amanitin-induced organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiang Gong
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Pengxia Gao
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Junkai Li
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Qinglai Wu
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jianwei Xie
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Gouvinhas I, Silva J, Alves MJ, Garcia J. The most dreadful mushroom toxins: a review of their toxicological mechanisms, chemical structural characteristics, and treatment. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:833-859. [PMID: 39165585 PMCID: PMC11333700 DOI: 10.17179/excli2024-7257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Mushroom consumption is a worldwide custom that continues to grow in popularity. On the other hand, foraging for wild mushrooms can lead to serious disease and even death if deadly mushrooms are accidentally consumed. Mushroom poisoning is difficult to diagnose and treat since the symptoms are similar to those of other disorders. In terms of chemistry, mushroom poisoning is associated with extraordinarily strong toxins, meaning that isolating and identifying toxins has substantial scientific relevance, especially in understanding the lethal components of toxic mushrooms. Most of these toxins exhibit exceptional physiological features that might help enhance chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology research. Despite the discovery of more than 100 poisons, several dangerous mushrooms remain unexplored. This review covers the chemistry (including chemical structures, complete synthesis, and biosynthesis), as well as the toxicology, namely the toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicology, and clinical toxicology of these poisons, in addition to the discussion of the development of their most effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with the hopes of spurring additional studies, focusing on individual classes of toxins found in poisonous mushrooms such as amatoxins, gyromitrin, orellanine, and phallatoxins. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gouvinhas
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences/ Inov4Agro - Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001- 801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jani Silva
- AquaValor - Centro de Valorização e Transferência de Tecnologia da Água - Associação, Rua Dr. Júlio Martins n.º 1, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal
| | - Maria José Alves
- AquaValor - Centro de Valorização e Transferência de Tecnologia da Água - Associação, Rua Dr. Júlio Martins n.º 1, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal
| | - Juliana Garcia
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences/ Inov4Agro - Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001- 801 Vila Real, Portugal
- AquaValor - Centro de Valorização e Transferência de Tecnologia da Água - Associação, Rua Dr. Júlio Martins n.º 1, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal
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Hof WFJ, Visser M, de Jong JJ, Rajasekar MN, Schuringa JJ, de Graaf IAM, Touw DJ, Dekkers BGJ. Unraveling Hematotoxicity of α-Amanitin in Cultured Hematopoietic Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:61. [PMID: 38276537 PMCID: PMC10820516 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amanita phalloides poisonings account for the majority of fatal mushroom poisonings. Recently, we identified hematotoxicity as a relevant aspect of Amanita poisonings. In this study, we investigated the effects of the main toxins of Amanita phalloides, α- and β-amanitin, on hematopoietic cell viability in vitro. Hematopoietic cell lines were exposed to α-amanitin or β-amanitin for up to 72 h with or without the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD(OH)-FMK, antidotes N-acetylcysteine, silibinin, and benzylpenicillin, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) inhibitors rifampicin and cyclosporin. Cell viability was established by trypan blue exclusion, annexin V staining, and a MTS assay. Caspase-3/7 activity was determined with Caspase-Glo assay, and cleaved caspase-3 was quantified by Western analysis. Cell number and colony-forming units were quantified after exposure to α-amanitin in primary CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. In all cell lines, α-amanitin concentration-dependently decreased viability and mitochondrial activity. β-Amanitin was less toxic, but still significantly reduced viability. α-Amanitin increased caspase-3/7 activity by 2.8-fold and cleaved caspase-3 by 2.3-fold. Z-VAD(OH)-FMK significantly reduced α-amanitin-induced toxicity. In CD34+ stem cells, α-amanitin decreased the number of colonies and cells. The antidotes and OATP1B3 inhibitors did not reverse α-amanitin-induced toxicity. In conclusion, α-amanitin induces apoptosis in hematopoietic cells via a caspase-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemien F. J. Hof
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Miranda Visser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Joyce J. de Jong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Marian N. Rajasekar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of Experimental Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge A. M. de Graaf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Daan J. Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Bart G. J. Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
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Wang H, Yang G, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang C, Miao L, Li Y, Huang Y, Teng H, Wang S, Cheng H, Zeng X. Cannabidiol protects the liver from α-Amanitin-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress through the regulation of Nrf2. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114196. [PMID: 37992955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
α-Amanitin, the primary lethal toxin of Amanita, specifically targets the liver, causing oxidative stress, hepatocyte apoptosis, and irreversible liver damage. As little as 0.1 mg/kg of α-amanitin can be lethal for humans, and there is currently no effective antidote for α-amanitin poisoning. Cannabidiol is a non-psychoactive natural compound derived from Cannabis sativa that exhibits a wide range of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. It may play a protective role in preventing liver damage induced by α-amanitin. To investigate the potential protective effects of cannabidiol on α-amanitin-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress, we established α-amanitin exposure models using C57BL/6J mice and L-02 cells in vitro. Our results showed that α-amanitin exposure led to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage in both mouse hepatocytes and L-02 cells, resulting in the death of mice. We also found that cannabidiol upregulated the level of Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes, alleviating apoptosis, and oxidative stress in mouse hepatocytes and L-02 cells and increasing the survival rate of mice. Our findings suggest that cannabidiol has hepatoprotective effects through the regulation of Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes and may be a potential therapeutic drug for Amanita poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Genmeng Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yizhen Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hanxin Teng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shangwen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Wang B, Wan AH, Xu Y, Zhang RX, Zhao BC, Zhao XY, Shi YC, Zhang X, Xue Y, Luo Y, Deng Y, Neely GG, Wan G, Wang QP. Identification of indocyanine green as a STT3B inhibitor against mushroom α-amanitin cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2241. [PMID: 37193694 PMCID: PMC10188588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The "death cap", Amanita phalloides, is the world's most poisonous mushroom, responsible for 90% of mushroom-related fatalities. The most fatal component of the death cap is α-amanitin. Despite its lethal effect, the exact mechanisms of how α-amanitin poisons humans remain unclear, leading to no specific antidote available for treatment. Here we show that STT3B is required for α-amanitin toxicity and its inhibitor, indocyanine green (ICG), can be used as a specific antidote. By combining a genome-wide CRISPR screen with an in silico drug screening and in vivo functional validation, we discover that N-glycan biosynthesis pathway and its key component, STT3B, play a crucial role in α-amanitin toxicity and that ICG is a STT3B inhibitor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ICG is effective in blocking the toxic effect of α-amanitin in cells, liver organoids, and male mice, resulting in an overall increase in animal survival. Together, by combining a genome-wide CRISPR screen for α-amanitin toxicity with an in silico drug screen and functional validation in vivo, our study highlights ICG as a STT3B inhibitor against the mushroom toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Arabella H Wan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Ruo-Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Ben-Chi Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research Group, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongbo Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yinyue Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Guohui Wan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Qiao-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Xue J, Lou X, Ning D, Shao R, Chen G. Mechanism and treatment of α-amanitin poisoning. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:121-131. [PMID: 36271256 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Amanita poisoning has a high mortality rate. The α-amanitin toxin in Amanita is the main lethal toxin. There is no specific detoxification drug for α-amanitin, and the clinical treatment mainly focuses on symptomatic and supportive therapy. The pathogenesis of α-amanitin mainly includes: α-amanitin can inhibit the activity of RNA polymeraseII in the nucleus, including the inhibition of the largest subunit of RNA polymeraseII, RNApb1, bridge helix, and trigger loop. In addition, α-amanitin acts in vivo through the enterohepatic circulation and transport system. α-Amanitin can cause the cell death. The existing mechanisms of cell damage mainly focus on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy. In addition to the pathogenic mechanism, α-amanitin also has a role in cancer treatment, which is the focus of current research. The mechanism of action of α-amanitin on the body is still being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Xue
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiran Lou
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyuan Ning
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifei Shao
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China.
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