1
|
Ajuwon OR, Nsole-Biteghe FA, Ndong JD, Davids LM, Ajiboye BO, Brai B, Bamisaye FA, Falode JA, Odoh IM, Adegbite KI, Adegoke BO, Ntwasa M, Lebelo SL, Ayeleso AO. Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Response and Drug Efflux Transporters Upregulation as Possible Mechanisms of Resistance in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2024; 17:605-627. [PMID: 39131905 PMCID: PMC11313505 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s457749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a groundbreaking approach involving the induction of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) within tumors through visible light activation of photosensitizers (PS) in the presence of molecular oxygen. This innovative therapy has demonstrated success in treating various cancers. While PDT proves highly effective in most solid tumors, there are indications that certain cancers exhibit resistance, and some initially responsive cancers may develop intrinsic or acquired resistance to PDT. The molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance are not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that, akin to other traditional cancer treatments, the activation of survival pathways, such as the KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, is emerging as an important mechanism of post-PDT resistance in many cancers. This article explores the dual role of Nrf2, highlighting evidence linking aberrant Nrf2 expression to treatment resistance across a range of cancers. Additionally, it delves into the specific role of Nrf2 in the context of photodynamic therapy for cancers, emphasizing evidence that suggests Nrf2-mediated upregulation of antioxidant responses and induction of drug efflux transporters are potential mechanisms of resistance to PDT in diverse cancer types. Therefore, understanding the specific role(s) of Nrf2 in PDT resistance may pave the way for the development of more effective cancer treatments using PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bartholomew Brai
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - John Adeolu Falode
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Ikenna Maximillian Odoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Medical Center, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria
| | - Kabirat Iyabode Adegbite
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Basic Medical and Health Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Monde Ntwasa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park 1709, Roodeport, South Africa
| | - Sogolo Lucky Lebelo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park 1709, Roodeport, South Africa
| | - Ademola Olabode Ayeleso
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Park 1709, Roodeport, South Africa
- Biochemistry Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lyamzaev KG, Panteleeva AA, Simonyan RA, Avetisyan AV, Chernyak BV. The critical role of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis: insights from recent studies. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:875-885. [PMID: 37974984 PMCID: PMC10643799 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a regulated form of necrotic cell death reliant on iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation. Although the precise involvement of mitochondria in ferroptosis remains incompletely elucidated, recent research indicates that mitochondrial oxidative events wield a pivotal influence in this mechanism. This article centers on the most recent discoveries, spotlighting the significance of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in the occurrence of ferroptosis. Modern investigative tools, such as mitochondria-specific dyes responsive to lipid peroxidation and antioxidants targeting mitochondria, have been employed to delve into this phenomenon. The authors' recent empirical evidence demonstrates that mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, quantified using the innovative fluorescent ratiometric probe MitoCLox, takes place prior to the onset of ferroptotic cell death. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 hinders mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and thwarts ferroptosis, all while leaving unaffected the buildup of reactive oxygen species within the cytoplasm, an antecedent to mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. Similarly, the redox agent methylene blue, impeding the genesis of reactive oxygen species in complex I of the electron transport chain, also imparts a comparable protective effect. These findings collectively imply that reactive oxygen species originating from complex I might hold particular significance in fomenting mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, a pivotal trigger of ferroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- The “Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa A. Panteleeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruben A. Simonyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Armine V. Avetisyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Munegowda MA, Manalac A, Weersink M, Cole HD, McFarland SA, Lilge L. Ru(II) CONTAINING PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY: A CRITIQUE ON REPORTING AND AN ATTEMPT TO COMPARE EFFICACY. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 470:214712. [PMID: 36686369 PMCID: PMC9850455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-based coordination complexes have emerged as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in oncology as well as antimicrobial indications and have great potential. Their modular architectures that integrate multiple ligands can be exploited to tune cellular uptake and subcellular targeting, solubility, light absorption, and other photophysical properties. A wide range of Ru(II) containing compounds have been reported as PSs for PDT or as photochemotherapy (PCT) agents. Many studies employ a common scaffold that is subject to systematic variation in one or two ligands to elucidate the impact of these modifications on the photophysical and photobiological performance. Studies that probe the excited state energies and dynamics within these molecules are of fundamental interest and are used to design next-generation systems. However, a comparison of the PDT efficacy between Ru(II) containing PSs and 1st or 2nd generation PSs, already in clinical use or preclinical/clinical studies, is rare. Even comparisons between Ru(II) containing molecular structures are difficult, given the wide range of excitation wavelengths, power densities, and cell lines utilized. Despite this gap, PDT dose metrics quantifying a PS's efficacy are available to perform qualitative comparisons. Such models are independent of excitation wavelength and are based on common outcome parameters, such as the photon density absorbed by the Ru(II) compound to cause 50% cell kill (LD50) based on the previously established threshold model. In this focused photophysical review, we identified all published studies on Ru(II) containing PSs since 2005 that reported the required photophysical, light treatment, and in vitro outcome data to permit the application of the Photodynamic Threshold Model to quantify their potential efficacy. The resulting LD50 values range from less than 1013 to above 1020 [hν cm-3], indicating a wide range in PDT efficacy and required optical energy density for ultimate clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Manalac
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Madrigal Weersink
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Złoch M, Rafińska K, Sugajski M, Buszewska-Forajta M, Walczak-Skierska J, Railean V, Pomastowski P, Białczak D, Buszewski B. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei as a Modulator of Fatty Acid Compositions and Vitamin D3 in Cream. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111659. [PMID: 35681409 PMCID: PMC9179987 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Butter is an important source of essential fatty acids, lipid-soluble vitamins, and antioxidants in the diet. However, this study showed that the presence of the Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain has a great influence on the fatty acid profile as well as provitamin D3 and vitamin D3 content in the cream—the raw material from which the butter is obtained. The addition of this lactic acid bacteria enriches the cream in 9-hexadecenoic acid, oleic acid, octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid, which exhibit antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. Moreover, a higher level of monounsaturated fatty acids can extend the shelf life of butter in the future. In the present work, we observed that the presence of lactic acid bacteria contributed to an increase in the level of provitamin D after 6 h of incubation and an increase in the levels of vitamin D3 after 24 and 48 h. Fatty acid profiles and the content of vitamins were largely dependent on the presence of light and mixing, which are probably associated with the status of lipid peroxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Złoch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (J.W.-S.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (V.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (J.W.-S.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mateusz Sugajski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (J.W.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Justyna Walczak-Skierska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (J.W.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Viorica Railean
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (V.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (V.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Dorota Białczak
- POLMLEK Grudziądz Sp. z o. o., Magazynowa 8 St., 86-300 Grudziądz, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (J.W.-S.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (V.R.); (P.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Souza TH, Sarmento-Neto JF, Souza SO, Raposo BL, Silva BP, Borges CP, Santos BS, Cabral Filho PE, Rebouças JS, Fontes A. Advances on antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation mediated by Zn(II) porphyrins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Light-Activated Protoporphyrin IX-Based Polysilsesquioxane Nanoparticles Induce Ferroptosis in Melanoma Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092324. [PMID: 34578640 PMCID: PMC8470003 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticle-based materials to improve the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat cancer has been a burgeoning field of research in recent years. Polysilsesquioxane (PSilQ) nanoparticles with remarkable features, such as high loading of photosensitizers, biodegradability, surface tunability, and biocompatibility, have been used for the treatment of cancer in vitro and in vivo using PDT. The PSilQ platform typically shows an enhanced PDT performance following a cell death mechanism similar to the parent photosensitizer. Ferroptosis is a new cell death mechanism recently associated with PDT that has not been investigated using PSilQ nanoparticles. Herein, we synthesized a protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-based PSilQ platform (PpIX-PSilQ NPs) to study the cell death pathways, with special focus on ferroptosis, during PDT in vitro. Our data obtained from different assays that analyzed Annexin V binding, glutathione peroxidase activity, and lipid peroxidation demonstrate that the cell death in PDT using PpIX-PSilQ NPs is regulated by apoptosis and ferroptosis. These results can provide alternative approaches in designing PDT strategies to enhance therapeutic response in conditions stymied by apoptosis resistance.
Collapse
|
7
|
The localization of the photosensitizer determines the dynamics of the secondary production of hydrogen peroxide in cell cytoplasm and mitochondria. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 219:112208. [PMID: 33989888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the production of the cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) by light irradiation of a photosensitizer dye in the presence of molecular oxygen. Along with photochemical ROS production, it becomes evident that PDT induces massive secondary production of ROS which is registered long after the irradiation is completed. We created cell lines of human epidermoid carcinoma with the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial localization of protein sensor HyPer sensitive to hydrogen peroxide to compare its concentration in two cellular compartments. The lag-period between irradiation and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in cells was registered; its duration was dose-dependent and increased up to 80 min when lowering the exposition dose from 50 to 15 J/cm2. We have shown that localization of the photosensitizer determines the spatiotemporal pattern of the cell response to PDT: secondary hydrogen peroxide accumulation in cell cytoplasm induced by photodynamic treatment with lysosome-localized phtalocyianine Photosens occurs several minutes prior to that in mitochondria; on the contrary, membranotropic arylcyanoporphyrazine dye leads to massive mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production followed by its cytoplasmic accumulation. We hypothesize that photosensitizers with various physicochemical properties and intracellular localization can trigger different patterns not only of primary but also secondary ROS production leading to different cell fate outcomes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Choromańska A, Chwiłkowska A, Kulbacka J, Baczyńska D, Rembiałkowska N, Szewczyk A, Michel O, Gajewska-Naryniecka A, Przystupski D, Saczko J. Modifications of Plasma Membrane Organization in Cancer Cells for Targeted Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:1850. [PMID: 33806009 PMCID: PMC8037978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifications of the composition or organization of the cancer cell membrane seem to be a promising targeted therapy. This approach can significantly enhance drug uptake or intensify the response of cancer cells to chemotherapeutics. There are several methods enabling lipid bilayer modifications, e.g., pharmacological, physical, and mechanical. It is crucial to keep in mind the significance of drug resistance phenomenon, ion channel and specific receptor impact, and lipid bilayer organization in planning the cell membrane-targeted treatment. In this review, strategies based on cell membrane modulation or reorganization are presented as an alternative tool for future therapeutic protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Choromańska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Chwiłkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Dagmara Baczyńska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Anna Szewczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Olga Michel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Gajewska-Naryniecka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| | - Dawid Przystupski
- Department of Paediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Oncology and Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.K.); (D.B.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (O.M.); (A.G.-N.); (J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gao H, Shi X, Chen Q, Che B, Yin H, Li Y. Deep proteome profiling of SW837 cells treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) reveals the underlying mechanisms of metronomic and acute PDTs. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101809. [PMID: 32437970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Metronomic photodynamic therapy (mPDT) with a longer irradiation time and lower energy compared with acute (or classic) photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a more effective treatment than aPDT for tumor cells, especially colorectal cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of the superior effects of mPDT are unknown. METHODS we used SWATH-MS (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra) to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) specific to aPDT (conventional fluence rate, 20 mW/cm2, 4 min 10 s), mPDT (metronomic fluence rate, 0.4 mW/cm2, 3.5 h), and control groups of SW837 cells. The photosensitizer used in both PDT methods was aminolevulinic acid which were incubated with the cells before irradiation. RESULTS A total of 6805 proteins were identified in the three groups of SW837 cells. aPDT induced 333 DEPs and mPDT induced 1716 DEPs compared with the control. We identified 185 common DEPs in the two PDT groups, 148 different DEPs in the aPDT group, and 1531 different DEPs in the mPDT group. Most of the 185 common DEPs were involved in the extracellular component, participated in the processes of vesicle transport and secretion, binding, and hydrolase/catalytic activity. They were also involved in PI3K-Akt, cGMP-PKG, RAS, and aAMP signaling pathways. In addition, the 1531 different DEPs in the mPDT group participated in similar processes and molecular functions, but in a more complex manner than those in the aPDT group. CONCLUSION our proteome data suggest that mPDT has a complex tumor destruction mechanism with more involved proteins compared with aPDT, which may explain the better tumor killing effect of mPDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin People's Hospital Tianjin Union Medical Center, 190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Xiafei Shi
- Laboratory of Laser Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Laboratory of Laser Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Bochen Che
- Laboratory of Laser Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Huijuan Yin
- Laboratory of Laser Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Yingxin Li
- Laboratory of Laser Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stockert JC. Lipid Peroxidation Assay Using BODIPY-Phenylbutadiene Probes: A Methodological Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2202:199-214. [PMID: 32857357 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0896-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of reactive oxygen species has increasing importance in biomedical sciences, due to their biological role in signaling pathways and induction of cell damage at low and high concentrations, respectively. Detection of lipid peroxidation with sensing probes such as some BODIPY dyes has now wide application in studies using fluorescent microplate readers, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Two phenylbutadiene derivatives of BODIPY are commonly used as peroxidation probes, non-oxidized probes and oxidized products giving red and green fluorescence, respectively. Peculiar features of lipoperoxidation and BODIPY dye properties make this assessment a rather complex process, not exempt of doubts and troubles. Color changes and fluorescence fading that are not due to lipid peroxidation must be taken into account to avoid misleading results. As a characteristic feature of lipoperoxidation is the propagation of peroxyl radicals, pitfalls and advantages of a delayed detection by BODIPY probes should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Stockert
- Instituto de Oncología "Angel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Michel O, Pakhomov AG, Casciola M, Saczko J, Kulbacka J, Pakhomova ON. Electropermeabilization does not correlate with plasma membrane lipid oxidation. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 132:107433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
12
|
Coupling Chlorin e6 to the surface of Nanoscale Gas Vesicles strongly enhance their intracellular delivery and photodynamic killing of cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2802. [PMID: 32071325 PMCID: PMC7029015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-based nanobubbles such as halophilic archaeabacterial gas vesicles (GVs) represent a new class of stable, homogeneous nanoparticles with acoustic properties that allow them to be visualized by ultrasound (US) waves. To design GVs as theranostic agents, we modified them to respond to light, with a view to locally generate reactive oxygen species that can kill cancer cells. Specifically, up to 60,000 photoreactive chlorin e6 (Ce6) molecules were chemically attached to lysine ε-amino groups present on the surface of each purified Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 GV. The resulting fluorescent NRC-1 Ce6-GVs have dimensions comparable to that of native GVs and were efficiently taken up by human breast [MCF-7] and human hypopharyngeal [FaDu-GFP] cancer cells as monitored by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. When exposed to light, internalized Ce6-GVs were 200-fold more effective on a molar basis than free Ce6 at killing cells. These results demonstrate the potential of Ce6-GVs as novel and promising nanomaterials for image-guided photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Photochemical Internalization for Intracellular Drug Delivery. From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Research. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020528. [PMID: 32075165 PMCID: PMC7073817 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a unique intervention which involves the release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. PCI is based on the use of photosensitizers placed in endocytic vesicles that, following light activation, lead to rupture of the endocytic vesicles and the release of the macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. This technology has been shown to improve the biological activity of a number of macromolecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus and oligonucleotides and certain chemotherapeutics, such as bleomycin. This new intervention has also been found appealing for intracellular delivery of drugs incorporated into nanocarriers and for cancer vaccination. PCI is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Data from the first-in-human phase I clinical trial as well as an update on the development of the PCI technology towards clinical practice is presented here.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao Y, Zhao W, Lim YC, Liu T. Salinomycin-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles for Treating Cancer Stem Cells by Ferroptosis-Induced Cell Death. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2532-2539. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Tianqing Liu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 1006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miranowicz-Dzierżawska K. A comparative study of using free radical generators in the testing of chosen oxidative stress parameters in the different types of cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2018. [PMID: 29519201 DOI: 10.1177/0748233717752090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether there are differences between the results of determining oxidative stress markers obtained from different origin cell lines after exposure to chemicals generating free radicals. The studies considered two markers of oxidative stress: the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and superoxide dismutase activity. The evaluation was performed in five cell lines: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-9) cells, lung adenocarcinoma A549, macrophages RAW264.7, skin carcinoma cells A431, and keratinocytes HaCaT. Three compounds generating free radicals were used as a source of reactive oxygen/nitrogen: 2,2'-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide dihydrochloride (AAPH), sodium persulfate (SP), and 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1). The most appropriate cell line to assess the level of TBARS proved to be the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Equally, good performance was observed in the lung cancer cell line A549, but only when tested with AAPH and SP. In the case of measuring superoxide dismutase activity, it appeared that the most suitable cell line was also the RAW 264.7 line, although dispersion increased significantly at the highest concentrations of AAPH and SP measurements. When choosing a cell line to determine oxidative stress, the specificity of the stress-inducing compound and the parameter determined should be taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Chemical, Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Post-illumination cellular effects of photodynamic treatment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188535. [PMID: 29200431 PMCID: PMC5714340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased interest in clinical application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in various medical fields poses a demand for better understanding of processes triggered by photo-treatment. Most of the work on PDT performed so far has focused on the immediate effects of photo-treatment. It is generally accepted that cellular damage occurs during light exposure and within a short period thereafter. If cells are not killed during the PDT, they might recover, depending on the extent of the photo-induced damage. Little is known, however, about the relationship between the properties of photosensitizers (PSs) and the delayed consequences of PDT. The aim of this work was to investigate cellular responses to sub-lethal photodynamic treatment and how toxicogenic potency may be affected by molecular features of the PS. Results demonstrated that for cationic porphyrin-based PSs, lipophilicity is the main factor determining the fate of the cells in the 24-hour post-illumination period. PSs with amphiphilic properties initiated oxidative reactions that continued in the dark, long after light exposure, and caused suppression of metabolism and loss of cell viability with concomitant changes in electrophoretic mobility of proteins, including caspases. Apoptotic activity was not stimulated in the post-illumination period. This study demonstrated that in PDT mediated by amphiphilic cationic metalloporphyrin PSs, even when immediate photo-damage is relatively mild, destructive oxidative processes initiated during PDT continue in the absence of light to substantially impair metabolism, and that post-illumination protein modification may modify utilization of cell death pathways.
Collapse
|
17
|
Oxidation of protein-bound methionine in Photofrin-photodynamic therapy-treated human tumor cells explored by methionine-containing peptide enrichment and quantitative proteomics approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1370. [PMID: 28465586 PMCID: PMC5431048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT), cell fate can be modulated by the subcellular location of Photofrin. PDT triggers oxidative damage to target cells, including the methionine (Met) oxidation of proteins. Here, we developed a new Met-containing peptide enrichment protocol combined with SILAC-based quantitative proteomics, and used this approach to explore the global Met oxidation changes of proteins in PDT-treated epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells preloaded with Photofrin at the plasma membrane, ER/Golgi, or ubiquitously. We identified 431 Met-peptides corresponding to 302 proteins that underwent severe oxidation upon PDT and observed overrepresentation of proteins related to the cell surface, plasma membrane, ER, Golgi, and endosome under all three conditions. The most frequently oxidized Met-peptide sequence was "QAMXXMM-E/G/M-S/G-A/G/F-XG". We also identified several hundred potential Photofrin-binding proteins using affinity purification coupled with LC-MS/MS, and confirmed the bindings of EGFR and cathepsin D with Photofrin. The enzyme activities of both proteins were significantly reduced by Photofrin-PDT. Our results shed light on the global and site-specific changes in Met-peptide oxidation among cells undergoing Photofrin-PDT-mediated oxidative stress originating from distinct subcellular sites, and suggest numerous potential Photofrin-binding proteins. These findings provide new insight into the molecular targets through which Photofrin-PDT has diverse effects on target cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kimáková P, Solár P, Fecková B, Sačková V, Solárová Z, Ilkovičová L, Kello M. Photoactivated hypericin increases the expression of SOD-2 and makes MCF-7 cells resistant to photodynamic therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:749-755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
19
|
Zeeshan M, Murugadas A, Ghaskadbi S, Rajendran RB, Akbarsha MA. ROS dependent copper toxicity in Hydra-biochemical and molecular study. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 185-186:1-12. [PMID: 26945520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Copper, an essential microelement, is known to be toxic to aquatic life at concentrations higher than that could be tolerated. Copper-induced oxidative stress has been documented in vitro, yet the in vivo effects of metal-induced oxidative stress have not been extensively studied in the lower invertebrates. The objective of the present study has been to find the effect of ROS-mediated toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of copper at organismal and cellular levels in Hydra magnipapillata. Exposure to copper at sublethal concentrations (0.06 and 0.1mg/L) for 24 or 48h resulted in generation of significant levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We infer that the free radicals here originate predominantly at the lysosomes but partly at the mitochondria also as visualized by H2-DHCFDA staining. Quantitative real-time PCR of RNA extracted from copper-exposed polyps revealed dose-dependent up-regulation of all antioxidant response genes (CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, GR, G6PD). Concurrent increase of Hsp70 and FoxO genes suggests the ability of polyps to respond to stress, which at 48h was not the same as at 24h. Interestingly, the transcript levels of all genes were down-regulated at 48h as compared to 24h incubation period. Comet assay indicated copper as a powerful genotoxicant, and the DNA damage was dose- as well as duration-dependent. Western blotting of proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3) confirmed ROS-mediated mitochondrial cell death in copper-exposed animals. These changes correlated well with changes in morphology, regeneration and aspects of reproduction. Taken together, the results indicate increased production of intracellular ROS in Hydra on copper exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zeeshan
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Anbazhagan Murugadas
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Surendra Ghaskadbi
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Ramasamy Babu Rajendran
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Broekgaarden M, Weijer R, van Gulik TM, Hamblin MR, Heger M. Tumor cell survival pathways activated by photodynamic therapy: a molecular basis for pharmacological inhibition strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34:643-90. [PMID: 26516076 PMCID: PMC4661210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. PDT comprises the administration of a photosensitizer, its accumulation in tumor tissue, and subsequent irradiation of the photosensitizer-loaded tumor, leading to the localized photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative damage ultimately culminates in tumor cell death, vascular shutdown, induction of an antitumor immune response, and the consequent destruction of the tumor. However, the ROS produced by PDT also triggers a stress response that, as part of a cell survival mechanism, helps cancer cells to cope with the PDT-induced oxidative stress and cell damage. These survival pathways are mediated by the transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and those that mediate the proteotoxic stress response. The survival pathways are believed to render some types of cancer recalcitrant to PDT and alter the tumor microenvironment in favor of tumor survival. In this review, the molecular mechanisms are elucidated that occur post-PDT to mediate cancer cell survival, on the basis of which pharmacological interventions are proposed. Specifically, pharmaceutical inhibitors of the molecular regulators of each survival pathway are addressed. The ultimate aim is to facilitate the development of adjuvant intervention strategies to improve PDT efficacy in recalcitrant solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Weijer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Theodossiou TA, Gonçalves AR, Yannakopoulou K, Skarpen E, Berg K. Photochemical internalization of tamoxifens transported by a "Trojan-horse" nanoconjugate into breast-cancer cell lines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4885-9. [PMID: 25663536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) has shown great promise as a therapeutic alternative for targeted drug delivery by light-harnessed activation. However, it has only been applicable to therapeutic macromolecules or medium-sized molecules. Herein we describe the use of an amphiphilic, water-soluble porphyrin-β-cyclodextrin conjugate (mTHPP-βCD) as a "Trojan horse" to facilitate the endocytosis of CD-guest tamoxifens into breast-cancer cells. Upon irradiation, the porphyrin core of mTHPP-βCD expedited endosomal membrane rupture and tamoxifen release into the cytosol, as documented by confocal microscopy. The sustained complexation of mTHPP-βCD with tamoxifen was corroborated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and FRET studies. Following the application of PCI protocols with 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), estrogen-receptor β-positive (Erβ+, but not ERβ-) cell groups exhibited extensive cytotoxicity and/or growth suspension even at 72 h after irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodossis A Theodossiou
- Department of Radiation Biology (T.A.T., K.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (E.S.), Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo (Norway).
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Theodossiou TA, Gonçalves AR, Yannakopoulou K, Skarpen E, Berg K. Photochemical Internalization of Tamoxifens Transported by a “Trojan-Horse” Nanoconjugate into Breast-Cancer Cell Lines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
23
|
Ytzhak S, Ehrenberg B. The effect of photodynamic action on leakage of ions through liposomal membranes that contain oxidatively modified lipids. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:796-800. [PMID: 24588634 DOI: 10.1111/php.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen, created in photosensitization, peroxidizes unsaturated fatty acids of the membrane's lipids. This generates alcoholic or aldehyde groups at double bonds' breakage points. In a previous study, we examined the leakage of a K(+) -induced cross-membrane electric potential of liposomes that undergo photosensitization. The question remains to what extent peroxidized lipids can compromise the stability of the membrane. In this study, we studied the effect of the oxidatively modified lipids PGPC and ALDOPC in the membrane on its stability, by monitoring the membrane electric potential with the potentiometric dye DiSC(2)(5). As the content of the modified lipids increases the membrane becomes less stable, and even at just 2% of the modified lipids the membrane's integrity is affected, in respect to the leakage of ions through it. When the liposomes that contain the modified lipids undergo photosensitization by hematoporphyrin, the lipid bilayer becomes even more unstable and passage of ions is accelerated. We conclude that the existence of lipids with a shortened fatty acid that is terminated by a carboxylic acid or an aldehyde and more so when photosensitized damage occurs to unsaturated fatty acids in lecithin, add up to a critical alteration of the membrane, which becomes leaky to ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shany Ytzhak
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Manoto SL, Houreld NN, Abrahamse H. Phototoxic effect of photodynamic therapy on lung cancer cells grown as a monolayer and three dimensional multicellular spheroids. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:186-94. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
Photochemical internalization (PCI) of HER2-targeted toxins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1849-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
26
|
Kamkaew A, Lim SH, Lee HB, Kiew LV, Chung LY, Burgess K. BODIPY dyes in photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 42:77-88. [PMID: 23014776 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35216h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1381] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BODIPY dyes tend to be highly fluorescent, but their emissions can be attenuated by adding substituents with appropriate oxidation potentials. Substituents like these have electrons to feed into photoexcited BODIPYs, quenching their fluorescence, thereby generating relatively long-lived triplet states. Singlet oxygen is formed when these triplet states interact with (3)O(2). In tissues, this causes cell damage in regions that are illuminated, and this is the basis of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The PDT agents that are currently approved for clinical use do not feature BODIPYs, but there are many reasons to believe that this situation will change. This review summarizes the attributes of BODIPY dyes for PDT, and in some related areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anyanee Kamkaew
- Department of Chemistry, Box 30012, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77841-3012, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Garg AD, Krysko DV, Vandenabeele P, Agostinis P. DAMPs and PDT-mediated photo-oxidative stress: exploring the unknown. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:670-80. [PMID: 21258717 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or cell death associated molecular patterns (CDAMPs) are a subset of endogenous intracellular molecules that are normally hidden within living cells but become either passively released by primary and secondary necrotic cells or actively exposed and secreted by the dying cells. Once released, DAMPs are sensed by the innate immune system and act as activators of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to stimulate innate and adaptive immunity. Cancer cells dying in response to a subset of conventional anticancer modalities exhibit a particular composition of DAMPs at their cell surface, which has been recently shown to be vital for the stimulation of the host immune system and the control of residual disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer has long been shown to be capable of killing malignant cells and concomitantly stimulate the host immune system, properties that are likely linked to its ability of inducing exposure/release of certain DAMPs. PDT, by evoking oxidative stress at specific subcellular sites through the light activation of organelle-associated photosensitizers, may be unique in incorporating tumour cells destruction and antitumor immune response in one therapeutic paradigm. Here we review the current knowledge about mechanisms and signalling cascades leading to the exposure of DAMPs at the cell surface or promoting their release, the cell death mechanism associated to these processes and its immunological consequences. We also discuss how certain PDT paradigms may yield therapies that optimally stimulate the immune system and lead to the discovery of new DAMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gümüştaş M, Sesalan B, Atukeren P, Yavuz B, Gül A. The photodegradation of a zinc phthalocyanine. J COORD CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2010.534987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.K. Gümüştaş
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul University , 34093, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - B.S. Sesalan
- b Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Istanbul , 34469, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - P. Atukeren
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul University , 34093, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - B. Yavuz
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul University , 34093, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - A. Gül
- b Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Istanbul , 34469, Istanbul , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Moisenovich MM, Ol'shevskaya VA, Rokitskaya TI, Ramonova AA, Nikitina RG, Savchenko AN, Tatarskiy VV, Kaplan MA, Kalinin VN, Kotova EA, Uvarov OV, Agapov II, Antonenko YN, Shtil AA. Novel photosensitizers trigger rapid death of malignant human cells and rodent tumor transplants via lipid photodamage and membrane permeabilization. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12717. [PMID: 20856679 PMCID: PMC2939899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic cascades may frequently be impaired in tumor cells; therefore, the approaches to circumvent these obstacles emerge as important therapeutic modalities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our novel derivatives of chlorin e(6), that is, its amide (compound 2) and boronated amide (compound 5) evoked no dark toxicity and demonstrated a significantly higher photosensitizing efficacy than chlorin e(6) against transplanted aggressive tumors such as B16 melanoma and M-1 sarcoma. Compound 5 showed superior therapeutic potency. Illumination with red light of mammalian tumor cells loaded with 0.1 µM of 5 caused rapid (within the initial minutes) necrosis as determined by propidium iodide staining. The laser confocal microscopy-assisted analysis of cell death revealed the following order of events: prior to illumination, 5 accumulated in Golgi cysternae, endoplasmic reticulum and in some (but not all) lysosomes. In response to light, the reactive oxygen species burst was concomitant with the drop of mitochondrial transmembrane electric potential, the dramatic changes of mitochondrial shape and the loss of integrity of mitochondria and lysosomes. Within 3-4 min post illumination, the plasma membrane became permeable for propidium iodide. Compounds 2 and 5 were one order of magnitude more potent than chlorin e(6) in photodamage of artificial liposomes monitored in a dye release assay. The latter effect depended on the content of non-saturated lipids; in liposomes consisting of saturated lipids no photodamage was detectable. The increased therapeutic efficacy of 5 compared with 2 was attributed to a striking difference in the ability of these photosensitizers to permeate through hydrophobic membrane interior as evidenced by measurements of voltage jump-induced relaxation of transmembrane current on planar lipid bilayers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The multimembrane photodestruction and cell necrosis induced by photoactivation of 2 and 5 are directly associated with membrane permeabilization caused by lipid photodamage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatyana I. Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor I. Agapov
- Shumakov Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hsieh YJ, Yu JS, Lyu PC. Characterization of photodynamic therapy responses elicited in A431 cells containing intracellular organelle-localized photofrin. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:821-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
31
|
Amo T, Kawanishi N, Uchida M, Fujita H, Oyanagi E, Utsumi T, Ogino T, Inoue K, Shuin T, Utsumi K, Sasaki J. Mechanism of cell death by 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic action and its enhancement by ferrochelatase inhibitors in human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 27:503-15. [PMID: 19735078 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for tumors is based on the tumor-selective accumulation of a photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), followed by irradiation with visible light. However, the molecular mechanism of cell death caused by PDT has not been fully elucidated. The 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic action (PDA) was dependent on the accumulation of PpIX, the level of which decreased rapidly by eliminating ALA from the incubation medium in human histiocytic lymphoma U937 cells. PDA induced apoptosis characterized by lipid peroxidation, increase in Bak and Bax/Bcl-xL, decrease in Bid, membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. PDT-induced cell death seemed to occur predominantly via apoptosis through distribution of PpIX in mitochondria. These cell death events were enhanced by ferrochelatase inhibitors. These results indicated that ALA-based-PDA induced apoptotic cell death through a mitochondrial pathway and that ferrochelatase inhibitors might enhanced the effect of PDT for tumors even at low concentrations of ALA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Amo
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zimcik P, Miletin M, Radilova H, Novakova V, Kopecky K, Svec J, Rudolf E. Synthesis, properties and in vitro photodynamic activity of water-soluble azaphthalocyanines and azanaphthalocyanines. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 86:168-75. [PMID: 19930119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work zinc azaphthalocyanines (AzaPcs) from the group of tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines and zinc azanaphthalocyanines from the group of tetra[6,7]quinoxalinoporphyrazines (TQP) with eight diethylaminoethylsulfanyl substituents were synthesized. Tertiary amines were later quaternized with ethyl iodide to obtain water-soluble photosensitizers (PSs). Quaternized compounds showed high singlet oxygen quantum yields as determined in DMF by monitoring decomposition of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran. In water medium, quaternized AzaPc derivatives appeared in monomeric form in a wide range of concentrations while quaternized TQP derivatives showed aggregation at higher concentrations (over 1 microM). Photodynamic activity was tested on Hep2 cells using light of lambda > 640 nm. Both quaternized dyes showed high photodynamic activity (IC(50) = 104 and 220 nm for AzaPc and TQP, respectively). Dark toxicity was not detected even at the highest concentration used in in vitro tests (200 microM) which indicates a promising therapeutic index of these new substances. Tested compounds localized inside the cells mainly within the lysosomes thus suggesting an endocytic mechanism of cellular uptake. No localization within mitochondria was detected. A great advantage of TQP derivatives over other PSs is their very strong absorption at 747 nm that allows activation at wavelengths penetrating deeper into human tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Zimcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Olivier D, Douillard S, Lhommeau I, Bigot E, Patrice T. Secondary oxidants in human serum exposed to singlet oxygen: the influence of hemolysis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1476-86. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
34
|
Farley KS, Wang L, Mehta S. Septic pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell injury: role of alveolar macrophage NADPH oxidase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L480-8. [PMID: 19074558 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90201.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant role for alveolar macrophages (AM) in the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) has been shown; however, the mechanisms behind AM-related lung injury remain relatively uncertain. We examined the role of AM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in pulmonary endothelial cell septic injury. NADPH oxidase is one of the major sources of cellular reactive oxygen species and has been implicated in endothelial injury in ALI. Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) monolayers were grown on Transwell inserts and incubated with wild-type and NADPH oxidase-deficient AM in the presence or absence of cytomix (equimolar TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma). Injury to the monolayers was assessed by trans-PMVEC Evans blue (EB)-labeled albumin flux. We found AM under cytomix stimulation caused significant EB-albumin flux across the PMVEC monolayers, and this effect was attenuated by the genetic deletion of AM NADPH oxidase. The pharmacological inhibition of AM NADPH oxidase with apocynin and PR-39 also significantly reduced AM-dependent PMVEC injury. In the AM-PMVEC cocultures, we also assessed PMVEC injury through measurement of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. AM were shown to cause a significant increase in these markers of PMVEC injury, which was also attenuated by the inhibition of NADPH oxidase or through the use of NADPH oxidase-deficient AM. PMVEC NADPH oxidase was shown not to significantly contribute to PMVEC injury in our studies. From our findings we have concluded that AM NADPH oxidase is crucial for the septic increase in pulmonary vascular permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Farley
- Division of Respirology, Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University Of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Copley L, van der Watt P, Wirtz KW, Parker MI, Leaner VD. Photolon™, a chlorin e6 derivative, triggers ROS production and light-dependent cell death via necrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:227-35. [PMID: 17822943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Photolon is a photosensitiser with demonstrated potential as an anti-tumour agent. In this study, an in vitro investigation was performed to determine the mechanism of Photolon-induced cell death. Cell killing was observed in a light-dependent manner and light-activated Photolon resulted in a significant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be blocked by type I ROS scavengers. Inhibition of ROS production using Trolox prevented Photolon-induced cell death. Light-activated Photolon caused no increase in caspase-3/7 activity, but a rapid increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release suggesting a loss of membrane integrity and subsequent cell death by necrosis. We conclude that the mechanism of Photolon-induced cell death involves the induction of ROS via a type I mechanism, which is ultimately responsible for cell killing by necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Copley
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hofman JW, van Zeeland F, Turker S, Talsma H, Lambrechts SAG, Sakharov DV, Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. Peripheral and axial substitution of phthalocyanines with solketal groups: synthesis and in vitro evaluation for photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1485-94. [PMID: 17348640 DOI: 10.1021/jm061136w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are a class of photosensitizers (PSs) with a strong tendency to aggregate in aqueous environment, which has a negative influence on their photosensitizing ability in photodynamic therapy. Pcs with either peripheral or axial solketal substituents, that is, ZnPc(sol)8 and Si(sol)2Pc, respectively, were synthesized and their tendency to aggregate as well as their photodynamic properties in 14C and B16F10 cell lines were evaluated. The results were compared to more hydrophilic silicon Pcs, that is, Si(PEG750)2Pc and Pc4. The order of cellular uptake was Pc4 > ZnPc(sol)8 > Si(PEG750)2Pc > Si(sol2)Pc. In contrast, Si(sol2)Pc showed the highest photocytotoxicity, while ZnPc(sol)8 did not show any photocytotoxicity up to a concentration of 10 microM in both cell types. UV/vis spectroscopy showed that Si(sol)2Pc is less prone to aggregation than ZnPc(sol)8, which can explain the lack of photoactivity of the latter. Si(sol)2Pc was predominantly located in lipid droplets, whereas Si(PEG750)2Pc was homogeneously distributed in the cytosol, which is probably the main cause of their difference in photoactivity. The very high photodynamic efficacy of Si(sol)2Pc makes this PS an interesting candidate for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Willem Hofman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Post Office Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chernyak BV, Izyumov DS, Lyamzaev KG, Pashkovskaya AA, Pletjushkina OY, Antonenko YN, Sakharov DV, Wirtz KWA, Skulachev VP. Production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria of HeLa cells under oxidative stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:525-34. [PMID: 16678116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria can be a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a target of oxidative damage during oxidative stress. In this connection, the effect of photodynamic treatment (PDT) with Mitotracker Red (MR) as a mitochondria-targeted photosensitizer has been studied in HeLa cells. It is shown that MR produces both singlet oxygen and superoxide anion upon photoactivation and causes photoinactivation of gramicidin channels in a model system (planar lipid bilayer). Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (MitoQ) inhibits this effect. In living cells, MR-mediated PDT initiates a delayed ("dark") accumulation of ROS, which is accelerated by inhibitors of the respiratory chain (piericidin, rotenone and myxothiazol) and inhibited by MitoQ and diphenyleneiodonium (an inhibitor of flavin enzymes), indicating that flavin of Complex I is involved in the ROS production. PDT causes necrosis that is prevented by MitoQ. Treatment of the cell with hydrogen peroxide causes accumulation of ROS, and the effects of inhibitors and MitoQ are similar to that described for the PDT model. Apoptosis caused by H2O2 is augmented by the inhibitors of respiration and suppressed by MitoQ. It is concluded that the initial segments of the respiratory chain can be an important source of ROS, which are targeted to mitochondria, determining the fate of the cell subjected to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris V Chernyak
- A. N. Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kostka M, Zimcik P, Miletin M, Klemera P, Kopecky K, Musil Z. Comparison of aggregation properties and photodynamic activity of phthalocyanines and azaphthalocyanines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|