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Fishman-Jacob T, Youdim MBH. A sporadic Parkinson's disease model via silencing of the ubiquitin-proteasome/E3 ligase component, SKP1A. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:675-707. [PMID: 37644186 PMCID: PMC11192832 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Our and other's laboratory microarray-derived transcriptomic studies in human PD substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) samples have opened an avenue to concentrate on potential gene intersections or cross-talks along the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegenerative cascade in sporadic PD (SPD). One emerging gene candidate identified was SKP1A (p19, S-phase kinase-associated protein 1A), found significantly decreased in the SNpc as confirmed later at the protein level. SKP1 is part of the Skp1, Cullin 1, F-box protein (SCF) complex, the largest known class of sophisticated ubiquitin-proteasome/E3-ligases and was found to directly interact with FBXO7, a gene defective in PARK15-linked PD. This finding has led us to the hypothesis that a targeted site-specific reduction of Skp1 levels in DAergic neuronal cell culture and animal systems may result in a progressive loss of DAergic neurons and hopefully recreate motor disabilities in animals. The second premise considers the possibility that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g., manipulation of selected genes and mitochondria impairing toxins), alleged to play central roles in DAergic neurodegeneration in PD, may act in concert as modifiers of Skp1 deficiency-induced phenotype alterations ('dual-hit' hypothesis of neurodegeneration). To examine a possible role of Skp1 in DAergic phenotype, we have initially knocked down the expression of SKP1A gene in an embryonic mouse SN-derived cell line (SN4741) with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviruses (LVs). The deficiency of SKP1A closely recapitulated cardinal features of the DAergic pathology of human PD, such as decreased expression of DAergic phenotypic markers and cell cycle aberrations. Furthermore, the knocked down cells displayed a lethal phenotype when induced to differentiate exhibiting proteinaceous round inclusion structures, which were almost identical in composition to human Lewy bodies, a hallmark of PD. These findings support a role for Skp1 in neuronal phenotype, survival, and differentiation. The identification of Skp1 as a key player in DAergic neuron function suggested that a targeted site-specific reduction of Skp1 levels in mice SNpc may result in a progressive loss of DAergic neurons and terminal projections in the striatum. The injected LV SKP1shRNA to mouse SN resulted in decreased expression of Skp1 protein levels within DAergic neurons and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR) in both SNpc and striatum that was accompanied by time-dependent motor disabilities. The reduction of the vertical movements, that is rearing, may be reminiscent of the early occurrence of hypokinesia and axial, postural instability in PD. According to the 'dual-hit' hypothesis of neurodegenerative diseases, it is predicted that gene-gene and/or gene-environmental factors would act in concert or sequentially to propagate the pathological process of PD. Our findings are compatible with this conjecture showing that the genetic vulnerability caused by knock down of SKP1A renders DAergic SN4741 cells especially sensitive to genetic reduction of Aldh1 and exposure to the external stressors MPP+ and DA, which have been implicated in PD pathology. Future consideration should be given in manipulation SKP1A expression as therapeutic window, via its induction genetically or pharmacological, to prevent degeneration of the nigra striatal dopamine neurons, since UPS is defective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Fishman-Jacob
- Youdim Pharmaceutical Ltd, New Northern Industrial Park, 1 Ha- Tsmikha St, Stern Building, Fl-3, P. O. Box 72, 2069207, Yokneam, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Youdim Pharmaceutical Ltd, New Northern Industrial Park, 1 Ha- Tsmikha St, Stern Building, Fl-3, P. O. Box 72, 2069207, Yokneam, Israel.
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McIntyre KL, Waters SA, Zhong L, Hart-Smith G, Raftery M, Chew ZA, Patel HR, Graves JAM, Waters PD. Identification of the RSX interactome in a marsupial shows functional coherence with the Xist interactome during X inactivation. Genome Biol 2024; 25:134. [PMID: 38783307 PMCID: PMC11112854 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The marsupial specific RSX lncRNA is the functional analogue of the eutherian specific XIST, which coordinates X chromosome inactivation. We characterized the RSX interactome in a marsupial representative (the opossum Monodelphis domestica), identifying 135 proteins, of which 54 had orthologues in the XIST interactome. Both interactomes were enriched for biological pathways related to RNA processing, regulation of translation, and epigenetic transcriptional silencing. This represents a remarkable example showcasing the functional coherence of independently evolved lncRNAs in distantly related mammalian lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L McIntyre
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shafagh A Waters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gene Hart-Smith
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zahra A Chew
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | - Paul D Waters
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Traber GM, Yu AM. RNAi-Based Therapeutics and Novel RNA Bioengineering Technologies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:133-154. [PMID: 35680378 PMCID: PMC9827509 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) provides researchers with a versatile means to modulate target gene expression. The major forms of RNAi molecules, genome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) and exogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), converge into RNA-induced silencing complexes to achieve posttranscriptional gene regulation. RNAi has proven to be an adaptable and powerful therapeutic strategy where advancements in chemistry and pharmaceutics continue to bring RNAi-based drugs into the clinic. With four siRNA medications already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), several RNAi-based therapeutics continue to advance to clinical trials with functions that closely resemble their endogenous counterparts. Although intended to enhance stability and improve efficacy, chemical modifications may increase risk of off-target effects by altering RNA structure, folding, and biologic activity away from their natural equivalents. Novel technologies in development today seek to use intact cells to yield true biologic RNAi agents that better represent the structures, stabilities, activities, and safety profiles of natural RNA molecules. In this review, we provide an examination of the mechanisms of action of endogenous miRNAs and exogenous siRNAs, the physiologic and pharmacokinetic barriers to therapeutic RNA delivery, and a summary of the chemical modifications and delivery platforms in use. We overview the pharmacology of the four FDA-approved siRNA medications (patisiran, givosiran, lumasiran, and inclisiran) as well as five siRNAs and several miRNA-based therapeutics currently in clinical trials. Furthermore, we discuss the direct expression and stable carrier-based, in vivo production of novel biologic RNAi agents for research and development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In our review, we summarize the major concepts of RNA interference (RNAi), molecular mechanisms, and current state and challenges of RNAi drug development. We focus our discussion on the pharmacology of US Food and Drug Administration-approved RNAi medications and those siRNAs and miRNA-based therapeutics that entered the clinical investigations. Novel approaches to producing new true biological RNAi molecules for research and development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California (UC) Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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Nwokeoji AO, Nwokeoji EA, Chou T, Togola A. A novel sustainable platform for scaled manufacturing of double-stranded RNA biopesticides. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:107. [PMID: 38647833 PMCID: PMC10992233 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) represents one of the most conserved pathways evolved by eukaryotic cells for regulating gene expression. RNAi utilises non-translatable double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules to sequester or degrade mRNA molecules gene. In RNAi, specifically designed exogenous dsRNA delivered to the cell can silence a target gene, a phenomenon that has been exploited in many functional studies and explored in biopesticide applications. The search for safe and sustainable crop pest management options drives the need to offset the effect of inorganic pesticides on biodiversity. The prospect of replacing inorganic pesticides with dsRNA crop spray is gaining popularity, enhanced by its high-target specificity and low environmental impact. However, for dsRNA to reach the pesticide market, it must be produced cost-effectively and sustainably. In this paper, we develop a high-yield expression media that generates up to 15-fold dsRNA yield compared to existing expression media utilising 1 mM IPTG. We also optimise a low-cost purification method that generates high-quality and purified dsRNA. The developed method circumvents the need for hazardous chemical reagents often found in commercial kits or commercial nucleases to eliminate contaminating DNA or single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) species. We also demonstrate that the production platform is scalable, generating 6.29 mg dsRNA from 259 mg wet E. coli cell pellet. The results also provide structural insights into the heterogeneous dsRNA species within the microbial-derived dsRNA pool. Finally, we also show that the purified 'naked' dsRNA, without prior formulation, can induce insect toxicity under field conditions. This study provides a novel, complete, low-cost process dsRNA platform with potential for application in industrial dsRNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tachung Chou
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- All First Technologies Co. Ltd, No.208, Longnan Rd, Pingzhen Dist, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Abou Togola
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Kano Station, PMB 3112, Sabo Bakin Zuwo road, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
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Abdullah A, Pazai AMM, Ridzuan MSM, Sudirwan F, Hashim S, Abas A, Murni M, Roli Z, Ramly R, Firdaus-Nawi M. Persistent detection of Tilapia lake virus in wild tilapia and tinfoil barbs. Vet World 2022; 15:1097-1106. [PMID: 35698523 PMCID: PMC9178594 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1097-1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: One of the emerging viral diseases in freshwater fish is Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), which infects all stages of fish and results in mass mortalities. Previously, a TiLV case was detected in the wild environment in Malaysia that involved tilapia and tinfoil barb. Hence, this study aimed to determine the presence of TiLV in wild tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as tinfoil barbs (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii) at the similar lake after the initial outbreak in year 2017. Materials and Methods: Both fish species were sampled from this lake at a month interval for two years and subjected to TiLV detection using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and cell culture isolation. Concurrently, bacterial isolation and water quality measurements were performed to deduce their correlation with TiLV occurrence. Other wild fish species and mollusk were also occasionally sampled during the fish inventory activity at this lake. The fish’s weight, length, and associated clinical signs were noted throughout the entire study period. Results: Mortality was not observed throughout the whole study period, and results indicated a moderate to high prevalence of TiLV infection in both tilapia and tinfoil barbs. There was no correlation between TiLV infection with the isolation rate of opportunistic bacteria such as Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas spp., and Edwardsiella spp. in the study site. At the same time, the Pearson correlation test revealed a moderate negative correlation between the water pH with the presence of TiLV (R=−0.4472; p<0.05) and a moderate positive correlation between the water iron content with the monthly detection of Aeromonas spp. in wild tilapia. This is contrary to tinfoil barbs, where there was a moderate negative correlation between the water iron content with the monthly isolation of Aeromonas spp. (R=−0.5190; p<0.05). Furthermore, isolation of TiLV on cell culture-induced viral invasion was resulted in the cytopathic effects. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the wild fish may harbor TiLV for an extended period following a massive die-off event in 2017 without any obvious clinical signs and mortality. The persistency of viruses in the wild may need continuous and effective control as well as prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azila Abdullah
- National Fish Health Research Division (NaFisH), Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia,11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Afzan Muntaziana Mohd Pazai
- Freshwater Aquaculture Fisheries Research Division, Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Glami Lemi, Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 71650 Titi Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Syafiq Mohammad Ridzuan
- National Fish Health Research Division (NaFisH), Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia,11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fahmi Sudirwan
- National Fish Health Research Division (NaFisH), Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia,11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Shahidan Hashim
- National Fish Health Research Division (NaFisH), Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia,11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Adnan Abas
- Perlis State Fisheries Department, Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Lot 636 Kuala Perlis Road, 02000 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Munira Murni
- National Fish Health Research Division (NaFisH), Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia,11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zuraidah Roli
- National Fish Health Research Division (NaFisH), Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia,11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rimatulhana Ramly
- National Fish Health Research Division (NaFisH), Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia,11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Nawi
- Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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6
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Feng R, Patil S, Zhao X, Miao Z, Qian A. RNA Therapeutics - Research and Clinical Advancements. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:710738. [PMID: 34631795 PMCID: PMC8492966 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.710738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA therapeutics involve the use of coding RNA such as mRNA as well as non-coding RNAs such as small interfering RNAs (siRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to target mRNA, aptamers, ribozymes, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated (CRISPR/Cas) endonuclease to target proteins and DNA. Due to their diverse targeting ability and research in RNA modification and delivery systems, RNA-based formulations have emerged as suitable treatment options for many diseases. Therefore, in this article, we have summarized different RNA therapeutics, their targeting strategies, and clinical progress for various diseases as well as limitations; so that it might help researchers formulate new and advanced RNA therapeutics for various diseases. Additionally, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)-approved RNA-based therapeutics have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rundong Feng
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, China
| | - Suryaji Patil
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiping Miao
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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7
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Pierce JB, Feinberg MW. Long Noncoding RNAs in Atherosclerosis and Vascular Injury: Pathobiology, Biomarkers, and Targets for Therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2002-2017. [PMID: 32698685 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis and its risk factors, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a major clinical and financial burden on individuals and health systems worldwide. In addition, neointima formation and proliferation due to mechanical trauma to the vessel wall during percutaneous coronary interventions can lead to vascular restenosis and limit the longevity and effectiveness of coronary revascularization. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a novel class of epigenetic regulators with critical roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis following vascular injury. Here, we provide an in-depth review of lncRNAs that regulate the development of atherosclerosis or contribute to the pathogenesis of restenosis following mechanical vascular injury. We describe the diverse array of intracellular mechanisms by which lncRNAs exert their regulatory effects. We highlight the utility and challenges of lncRNAs as biomarkers. Finally, we discuss the immense translational potential of lncRNAs and strategies for targeting them therapeutically using oligonucleotide-based therapeutics and novel gene therapy platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Pierce
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.P., M.W.F.).,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (J.B.P.)
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.P., M.W.F.)
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8
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Park MG, Kim WJ, Choi JY, Kim JH, Park DH, Kim JY, Wang M, Je YH. Development of a Bacillus thuringiensis based dsRNA production platform to control sacbrood virus in Apis cerana. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1699-1704. [PMID: 31758591 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sacbrood virus (SBV) is a fatal viruses that infects the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana in Korea. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) has been suggested as a promising strategy for the suppression of honey bee viruses. For the efficient control of SBV infection using RNAi, simple and cost-effective methods to produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are needed. RESULTS To develop a dsRNA production platform using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), pBTdsSBV-VP1 vector was constructed in which the SBV vp1 gene was located between two oppositely oriented cyt promoters. Both strands of the vp1 gene were bidirectionally transcribed under the control of the sporulation-dependent cyt promoter in Bt cells transformed with pBTdsSBV-VP1, and the resulting dsRNA was easily extracted from the Bt transformant, Bt 4Q7/pBTdsSBV-VP1, by inducing its autolysis. The replication of SBV was dramatically suppressed in A. cerana workers who ingested the dsRNA produced from the Bt 4Q7/pBTdsSBV-VP1. CONCLUSION In this study, we successfully silenced SBV in its host, A. cerana, by the application of exogenous dsRNA produced from an entomopathogenic bacteria, Bt. These results suggested that Bt could be a useful dsRNA production platform to control viral pathogens in their host insects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min G Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo J Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Y Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong H Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong H Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Y Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon H Je
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Anderson MAE, Purcell J, Verkuijl SAN, Norman VC, Leftwich PT, Harvey-Samuel T, Alphey LS. Expanding the CRISPR Toolbox in Culicine Mosquitoes: In Vitro Validation of Pol III Promoters. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:678-681. [PMID: 32129976 PMCID: PMC7093051 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9-based "gene drive" technologies have been proposed as a novel and effective means of controlling human diseases vectored by mosquitoes. However, more complex designs than those demonstrated to date-and an expanded molecular toolbox with which to build them-will be required to overcome the issues of resistance formation/evolution and drive spatial/temporal limitation. Foreseeing this need, we assessed the sgRNA transcriptional activities of 33 phylogenetically diverse insect Polymerase III promoters using three disease-relevant Culicine mosquito cell lines (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus). We show that U6 promoters work across species with a range of transcriptional activity levels and find 7SK promoters to be especially promising because of their broad phylogenetic activity. We further show that U6 promoters can be substantially truncated without affecting transcriptional levels. These results will be of great utility to researchers involved in developing the next generation of gene drives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Purcell
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, U.K
| | - Sebald A. N. Verkuijl
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, U.K
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Victoria C. Norman
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, U.K
| | - Philip T. Leftwich
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, U.K
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Tim Harvey-Samuel
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, U.K
| | - Luke S. Alphey
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, U.K
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Sano M, Nakasu A, Ohtaka M, Nakanishi M. A Sendai Virus-Based Cytoplasmic RNA Vector as a Novel Platform for Long-Term Expression of MicroRNAs. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:371-382. [PMID: 31828179 PMCID: PMC6889074 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic RNA virus-derived vectors have emerged as attractive vehicles for microRNA (miRNA) delivery as they possess no potential risk of chromosomal insertion. However, their relatively short-term expression limits their use in biological applications that require long-term miRNA manipulation, such as somatic cell reprogramming. Here, we show that a cytoplasmic RNA virus vector based on a replication-defective and persistent Sendai virus (SeVdp) serves as an effective platform for long-term production of miRNAs capable of inducing sequence-specific target suppression. The SeVdp vector was able to simultaneously deliver embryonic stem cell-enriched miRNAs, as well as multiple transcription factors, into fibroblasts, resulting in effective reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, we report that the murine miR-367 hairpin produced elevated levels of mature miRNA when it was incorporated into the SeVdp vector and served as an effective backbone for production of artificial miRNAs. These SeVdp vector-derived artificial miRNAs efficiently inhibited expression of target genes. Our findings provide novel insights into a powerful tool for long-term and targeted gene silencing in areas such as regenerative medicine, gene therapy, and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sano
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Asako Nakasu
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Manami Ohtaka
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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11
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Yang X, Wu X, Yang Y, Gu T, Hong L, Zheng E, Xu Z, Zeng F, Shi J, Zhou R, Cai G, Wu Z, Li Z. Improvement of developmental competence of cloned male pig embryos by short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) vector-based but not small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) of Xist expression. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:533-539. [PMID: 31631092 PMCID: PMC6923154 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Xist is an X-linked ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene responsible for the cis induction of X chromosome inactivation (XCI). In cloned mammalian embryos, Xist is
ectopically activated at the morula to blastocyst stage on the X chromosome that is supposed to be active, thus resulting in abnormal XCI. Suppression of erroneous Xist
expression by injecting small interfering RNA (siRNA) remarkably increased the developmental efficiency of cloned male mouse embryos by approximately 10-fold. However, injection of
anti-Xist siRNA resulted in only a slight increase in the developmental ability of injected cloned male pig embryos because the blocking effect of the injected siRNA was
not maintained beyond the morula stage, which is 5 days post-activation. To develop a more effective approach for suppressing the ectopic expression of Xist in cloned pig
embryos, we compared the silencing effect of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and siRNA on Xist expression and the effects of these two Xist knockdown methods on
the developmental competence of cloned male pig embryos. Results indicated that an shRNA-based RNA interference (RNAi) has a longer blocking effect on Xist expression than
an siRNA-mediated RNAi. Injection of anti-Xist shRNA plasmid into two-cell-stage cloned male pig embryos effectively suppressed Xist expression, rescued XCI
at the blastocyst stage, and improved the in vitro developmental ability of injected cloned embryos. These positive effects, however, were not observed in cloned male pig
embryos injected with anti-Xist siRNA. This study demonstrates that vector-based rather than siRNA-mediated RNAi of Xist expression can be employed to
improve pig cloning efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiong Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Linjun Hong
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Junsong Shi
- Guangdong Wens Pig Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Guangdong Wens Pig Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
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12
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Kwak SY, Han HD, Ahn HJ. A T7 autogene-based hybrid mRNA/DNA system for long-term shRNA expression in cytoplasm without inefficient nuclear entry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2993. [PMID: 30816180 PMCID: PMC6395690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient silencing effects currently demonstrated by nonviral siRNA delivery systems limit the therapeutic utility of RNAi, but it remains a technical challenge to prolong duration of gene silencing. We have developed a T7 autogene-based hybrid mRNA/DNA system to enable long-term expression of shRNA in cytoplasm in vitro and in vivo. This hybrid mRNA/DNA system consists of T7 polymerase (T7pol) mRNA, pT7/shRNA-encoding DNA fragment and T7 autogene plasmid, and it can generate higher levels of T7pol proteins, compared to pCMV-triggering T7 autogene system, especially without the need of nuclear entry of any gene. A large amount of T7pol proteins produced are used to induce pT7-driven expression of shRNA in cytoplasm, and through cellular processing of RNA hairpins, mature siRNAs are generated for more than 13 days. We here demonstrate that a single liposomal delivery of this hybrid system leads to the long-term silencing effects in vitro and in vivo, in contrast to the conventional siRNA methods relying on the repeated administrations every 2 or 3 days. These sustainable shRNA expression properties in cytoplasm can provide an efficient strategy to address the limitations caused by shRNA-encoding plasmid DNA systems such as low nuclear entry efficiency and short-term silencing effect. The development of long-term shRNA expression system in vivo could scale down administration frequency of RNAi therapeutics in the treatment of chronic diseases, thereby increasing its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Kwak
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Ahn
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.
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13
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Colombo S, Harmankaya N, Water JJ, Bohr A. Exploring the potential for rosacea therapeutics of siRNA dispersion in topical emulsions. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:261-269. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Necati Harmankaya
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Adam Bohr
- Umbed Pharmaceuticals; Frederiksberg Denmark
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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14
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Abstract
With the recent explosion of genomic information on the root causes of disease, there is an increased interest in nucleic acid therapeutics, including siRNA and gene therapy, all of which require delivery of highly charged nucleic acids from siRNA with a molecular weight of about 1.4 × 104 to plasmids with an approximate molecular weight of 2.0-3.0 × 106. This chapter describes the delivery of shRNA via plasmid or siRNA with a peptide-based carrier. We focus on the histidine-lysine peptide which serves as an example for other peptides and polymeric carrier systems. When the HK peptide and nucleic acids are mixed together and interact with one another through ionic and nonionic interactions, nanoplexes are formed. These nanoplexes, carrying either shRNA or siRNA that target oncogenes, provide promising options for the treatment of cancer. We describe methods of preparation and characterization of these nanoplexes using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and gel retardation assays. We also provide protocols for transfection in vitro and in vivo for these nanoplexes.
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15
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Serviss JT, Andrews N, Van den Eynden J, Richter FC, Houtman M, Vesterlund M, Schwarzmueller L, Johnsson P, Larsson E, Grandér D, Pokrovskaja Tamm K. An antisense RNA capable of modulating the expression of the tumor suppressor microRNA-34a. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:736. [PMID: 29970884 PMCID: PMC6030072 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The microRNA-34a is a well-studied tumor suppressor microRNA (miRNA) and a direct downstream target of TP53 with roles in several pathways associated with oncogenesis, such as proliferation, cellular growth, and differentiation. Due to its broad tumor suppressive activity, it is not surprising that miR34a expression is altered in a wide variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. However, the mechanisms by which miR34a is regulated in these cancers is largely unknown. In this study, we find that a long noncoding RNA transcribed antisense to the miR34a host gene, is critical for miR34a expression and mediation of its cellular functions in multiple types of human cancer. We name this long noncoding RNA lncTAM34a, and characterize its ability to facilitate miR34a expression under different types of cellular stress in both TP53-deficient and wild-type settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Serviss
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden.
| | - Nathanael Andrews
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Van den Eynden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Felix Clemens Richter
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Miranda Houtman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden.,Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Vesterlund
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Laura Schwarzmueller
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden.,Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Per Johnsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dan Grandér
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Katja Pokrovskaja Tamm
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
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16
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Che W, Bao Y, Tang F. Down-regulation of C35 decreased the cell viability and migration of breast ductal carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183941. [PMID: 28859163 PMCID: PMC5578656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-targeted therapies is common, and results in treatment failure and new tumor progression. C35 is over-expressed in many invasive breast cancer endogenously, and functions as an oncogene in breast cancer cell lines. Methods The current study aims to investigate effects of C35 on cell viability and migration of HER2-positive breast tumor cells and explore possible mechanisms. The protein expression of C35 in BT-474 breast ductal carcinoma cells was interfered by siRNAs. MTT assay was utilized to detect the viability of BT474 breast ductal carcinoma cells after transfection. The migration of BT474 breast ductal carcinoma cells was examined by cell wound scratch assay. Results In addition, the protein expression of C35, HER2, AKT and p-AKT in breast ductal carcinoma cells were detected by Western Blot. The protein expression of C35 was weaker in siRNA1 and siRNA2 groups compared with the control group. The relative expression ratio of C35 to β-actin decreased significantly in siRNA2 and siRNA1 groups. When C35 expression was interfered by siRNA1 and siRNA2 for 48 h, the viability of BT474 breast ductal carcinoma cells decreased compared with the control group. In addition, the migration of breast ductal carcinoma cells decreased when C35 expression was interfered by siRNA1 for 24 h, and interfered by siRNA1 and siRNA2 for 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Che
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Bao
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Shen YG, Feng W, Xu YJ, Jiao NN, Sun DQ, Qu WD, Tang Q, Xiong W, Tang Y, Xia Y, Cai QY, Liu DX, Zhang X, Xu G, Liang GY. Effects of RNA silencing of matrix metalloproteinase-2 on the growth of esophageal carcinoma cells in vivo. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:1119-1124. [PMID: 28454222 PMCID: PMC5403388 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies in China. Previous studies reported that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have important roles in the progression and invasion of numerous types of solid tumors. Among the MMPs, MMP-2 has been closely associated with tumor growth and invasion. In the present study, a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviral expression vector targeting the MMP-2 gene was constructed in order to observe the inhibitory effect of MMP-2 gene silencing on the growth of the KYSE150 esophageal carcinoma cell line in vivo. Three small hairpin RNA sequences targeting MMP-2 were designed and cloned into lentiviral vectors. Following transfection of the lentiviral vectors into KTSE150 cells, MMP-2 mRNA and protein expression levels were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, and the growth rate of cells was analyzed by MTT assays. Subsequently, tumor growth was assessed in nude mice. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference effectively inhibited the expression of MMP-2 mRNA and protein in KYSE150 esophageal carcinoma cells, and suppressed the growth of esophageal carcinoma cells in vivo. The results of the present study suggested that lentivirus-mediated gene therapy targeting MMP-2 may be an attractive strategy for the treatment of esophageal carcinoma and justifies the performance of further studies on the application of lentivirus vectors to cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guang Shen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Wen Feng
- Department of Pathology, Henan Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Xu
- Thoracic Department, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, P.R. China
| | - Na-Na Jiao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Da-Qiang Sun
- Thoracic Department, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Dong Qu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Quan Tang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yong Cai
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Da-Xing Liu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Thoracic Department, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Gui-You Liang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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18
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Saayman SM, Ackley A, Burdach J, Clemson M, Gruenert DC, Tachikawa K, Chivukula P, Weinberg MS, Morris KV. Long Non-coding RNA BGas Regulates the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1351-7. [PMID: 27434588 PMCID: PMC5023374 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening genetic disease. The root cause of CF is heritable recessive mutations that affect the cystic fibrosis transmembrance conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and the subsequent expression and activity of encoded ion channels at the cell surface. We show that CFTR is regulated transcriptionally by the actions of a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), designated as BGas, that emanates from intron 11 of the CFTR gene and is expressed in the antisense orientation relative to the protein coding sense strand. We find that BGas functions in concert with several proteins including HMGA1, HMGB1, and WIBG to modulate the local chromatin and DNA architecture of intron 11 of the CFTR gene and thereby affects transcription. Suppression of BGas or its associated proteins results in a gain of both CFTR expression and chloride ion function. The observations described here highlight a previously underappreciated mechanism of transcriptional control and suggest that BGas may serve as a therapeutic target for specifically activating expression of CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena M Saayman
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amanda Ackley
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jon Burdach
- Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Clemson
- Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dieter C Gruenert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Human Genetics, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Marc S Weinberg
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, South Africa
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- City of Hope – Beckman Research Institute, Center for Gene Therapy, Duarte, California, USA
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19
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Bofill-De Ros X, Gu S. Guidelines for the optimal design of miRNA-based shRNAs. Methods 2016; 103:157-66. [PMID: 27083402 PMCID: PMC4921303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an extremely useful tool for inhibiting gene expression. It can be triggered by transfected synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) or by expressed small hairpin RNA (shRNA). The cellular machinery processes the latter into siRNA in vivo. shRNA is preferred or required in genetic screens and specific RNAi approaches in gene therapy settings. Despite its many successes, the field of shRNAs faces many challenges. Insufficient knockdowns and off-target effects become obstacles for shRNA usage in many applications. Numerous failures are triggered by pitfalls in shRNA design that is often associated with impoverished biogenesis. Here, based on current understanding of the miRNA maturation pathway, we discuss the principles of different shRNA design (pre-miRNA-like, pri-miRNA-like and Ago-shRNA) with an emphasis on the RNA structure. We also provide detailed instructions for an optimal design of pre-miRNA-like shRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bofill-De Ros
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Shuo Gu
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States.
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20
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Gandhi NS, España-Serrano L, Chougule MB. Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 2: Nanocarrier-based Delivery Systems. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2016; 34:44-69. [PMID: 28392618 PMCID: PMC5381822 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2017005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, applications of engineered nanoparticles containing siRNA for inhalation delivery are reviewed and discussed. Diseases with identified protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of well-designed siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics to the lungs for various pulmonary diseases. A siRNA delivery system can be used to overcome the barriers of pulmonary delivery, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, cough clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems include those of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. These delivery systems can achieve pulmonary delivery through the generation of an aerosol via an inhaler or nebulizer. The preparation methodologies for these siRNA nanocarrier systems will be discussed herein. The use of inhalable nanocarrier siRNA delivery systems have barriers to their effective delivery, but overcoming these constraints while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. Youngren-Ortiz
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Nishant S. Gandhi
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Mahavir B. Chougule
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
- Natural Products and Experimental Therapeutics Program, The Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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21
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Sequential protein expression and selective labeling for in-cell NMR in human cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:527-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Gandhi NS, España-Serrano L, Chougule MB. Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 1: Rationale for Gene Delivery Systems. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2016; 33:63-85. [PMID: 27081214 PMCID: PMC4829385 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2016014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the pulmonary route of administration, aerosol delivery devices, characterization of pulmonary drug delivery systems, and discusses the rationale for inhaled delivery of siRNA. Diseases with known protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics for the treatment of various pulmonary diseases, however barriers to pulmonary delivery and intracellular delivery of siRNA exists. siRNA loaded nanocarriers can be used to overcome the barriers associated with the pulmonary route, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems comprise of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. Such siRNA delivery systems formulated as aerosols can be successfully delivered via an inhaler or nebulizer to the pulmonary region. Preclinical animal investigations of inhaled siRNA therapeutics rely on intratracheal and intranasal siRNA and siRNA nanocarrier delivery. Aerosolized siRNA delivery systems may be characterized using in vitro techniques, such as dissolution test, inertial cascade impaction, delivered dose uniformity assay, laser diffraction, and laser Doppler velocimetry. The ex vivo techniques used to characterize pulmonary administered formulations include the isolated perfused lung model. In vivo techniques like gamma scintigraphy, 3D SPECT, PET, MRI, fluorescence imaging and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics analysis may be used for evaluation of aerosolized siRNA delivery systems. The use of inhalable siRNA delivery systems encounters barriers to their delivery, however overcoming the barriers while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. Youngren-Ortiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Nishant S. Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Mahavir B. Chougule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
- Natural Products and Experimental Therapeutics Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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23
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Wang Z, Xia D, Li G, You Y, Huang D, Bo H, Hu B, Tang J. Inhibitory effects of shRNA on expression of JNK1 and migration and invasion in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines mediated by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 78:1-7. [PMID: 26898418 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The inhibitory effects on expression of JNK1 in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and cell migration and invasion were mediated by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD). MATERIALS AND METHODS The best shRNA vector was built and screened. The hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines were cultured in vitro and divided into five groups: the group of normal Hca-F cells, the group of shRNA plasmid (already selected from the above procedure), the group of Lipofectamine, the group of UTMD (ultrasound microbubbles combined with ultrasound exposure) and the group of Lipofectamine and UTMD. The transfection rate was observed by inverted fluorescence microscope. The expression levels of JNK1 mRNA and protein were evaluated by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western Blot respectively. The cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8. The ability of migration and invasion in vitro was detected by transwell assay. RESULTS The best shRNA vector was established. The comparison of the transfection rate: The group of Lipofectamine and UTMD was larger than that of the groups of shRNA plasmid, Lipofectamine lipofection and UTMD (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the group of Lipofectamine and the group of UTMD (P>0.05). The comparison of the expression levels of JNK1 mRNA and protein: Both of the mRNA and protein expression levels were lowest in the group of Lipofectamine and UTMD (all P<0.05). CCK-8 showed that cell viability decreased most in the group of Lipofectamine and UTMD (all P<0.05); Transwell assay showed that the abilities of migration and invasion decreased most in the group of Lipofectamine and UTMD (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION The transfection rate of JNK1 shRNA can be improved through the combination of lipofection and UTMD in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, therefore enhancing the inhibitory effects of gene expression. The inhibitory effects of cell proliferation, migration and invasion can also be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Dignostic Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023 Dalian, PR China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Dignostic Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023 Dalian, PR China
| | - Zihang Wang
- Department of Dignostic Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023 Dalian, PR China
| | - Daozi Xia
- Department of Dignostic Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023 Dalian, PR China
| | - Guangsen Li
- Department of Dignostic Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023 Dalian, PR China
| | - Yue You
- Department of Dignostic Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023 Dalian, PR China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Department of Dignostic Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023 Dalian, PR China
| | - Huaying Bo
- Department of Dignostic Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023 Dalian, PR China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Dignostic Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023 Dalian, PR China
| | - Jianwu Tang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian, PR China
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Xu H, Gong X, Zhang HH, Zhang Q, Zhao D, Peng JX. Targeting Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase by a Simple siRNA Expression Cassette in HepG2 Cells. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e24343. [PMID: 25861317 PMCID: PMC4385270 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) has become an ideal target for development of anticancer therapy. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are very powerful reagents for gene silencing and show promise for cancer gene therapy. However, only a small number of siRNAs have been demonstrated to be effective. For gene therapy targeting hTERT, it is essential to develop a robust system to fully explore the power of siRNAs. OBJECTIVES We explored a siRNA expression cassette (SEC) to screen highly effective RNAi-targeted sequences for gene therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS An SEC was developed by flanking H1 and U6 promoters in opposite directions at the siRNA-encoding sequence. Eight SECs specific to hTERT were designed by overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and transfected into HepG2 cells with calcium phosphate. The telomerase activity was determined by telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) silver staining and TRAP real-time PCR analysis. The mRNA and protein expression levels of hTERT were determined by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and western blot, respectively. Cell viability was determined by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell apoptosis was measured by the annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) assay coupled with flow cytometry. RESULTS Eight hTERT-specific SECs (SEC-1-8) were successfully constructed. In comparison to that of the negative control SEC, the hTERT-specific SECs, especially, SEC-4, SEC-5, SEC-7 and SEC-8 significantly reduced the activity of hTERT in HepG2 cells at 48 hours after transfection. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of hTERT as well as the cell viability were significantly reduced by SECs. Knockdown of hTERT by SECs in HepG2 cells led to cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our developed simple SEC was a powerful strategy for screening highly effective RNAi-targeted sequences and showed promise for gene therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Xiangya Medial School, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Xia Gong
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Xiangya Medial School, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Hui Hui Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Xiangya Medial School, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Xiangya Medial School, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Xiangya Medial School, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Jian Xiong Peng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Xiangya Medial School, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
- Corresponding Author: Jian Xiong Peng, Department of Medical Laboratory, Xiangya Medial School, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China. Tel: +88-60731-82650279, E-mail:
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Yang C, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Zhu T, Yang B. Fighting against kidney diseases with small interfering RNA: opportunities and challenges. J Transl Med 2015; 13:39. [PMID: 25637948 PMCID: PMC4354745 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant improvements in siRNA therapy have been achieved, which have great potential applications in humans. The kidney is a comparatively easy target organ of siRNA therapy due to its unique structural and functional characteristics. Here, we reviewed recent achievements in siRNA design, delivery and application with focuses on kidney diseases, in particular kidney transplant-related injuries. In addition, the strategy for increasing serum stability and immune tolerance of siRNA was also discussed. At last, the future challenges of siRNA therapy including organ/tissue/cell-specific delivery and time-controlled silence, as well as selecting therapeutic targets, were addressed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zitong Zhao
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Transplant Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University Hospitals of Leicester, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. .,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China. .,Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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26
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Inhibition of monocyte adhesion to brain-derived endothelial cells by dual functional RNA chimeras. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e209. [PMID: 25368913 PMCID: PMC4459546 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells is the first step of vascular-neuronal inflammation, inhibition of adhesion and recruitment of leukocytes to vascular endothelial cells will have a beneficial effect on neuroinflammatory diseases. In this study, we used the pRNA of bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor to construct a novel RNA nanoparticle for specific targeting to transferrin receptor (TfR) on the murine brain-derived endothelial cells (bEND5) to deliver ICAM-1 siRNA. This RNA nanoparticle (FRS-NPs) contained a FB4 aptamer targeting to TfR and a siRNA moiety for silencing the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Our data indicated that this RNA nanoparticle was delivered into murine brain-derived endothelial cells. Furthermore, the siRNA was released from the FRS-NPs in the cells and knocked down ICAM-1 expression in the TNF-α–stimulated cells and in the cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) condition. The functional end points of the study indicated that FRS-NPs significantly inhibited monocyte adhesion to the bEND5 cells induced by TNF-α and OGD/R. In conclusion, our approach using RNA nanotechnology for siRNA delivery could be potentially applied for inhibition of inflammation in ischemic stroke and other neuroinflammatory diseases, or diseases affecting endothelium of vasculature.
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Xu S, Xiao Y, Li L, Yu L, Jiang H, Yu A, Zeng S. Three new shRNA expression vectors targeting the CYP3A4 coding sequence to inhibit its expression. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:350-7. [PMID: 26579404 PMCID: PMC4629097 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is useful for selective gene silencing. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which metabolizes approximately 50% of drugs in clinical use, plays an important role in drug metabolism. In this study, we aimed to develop a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to modulate CYP3A4 expression. Three new shRNAs (S1, S2 and S3) were designed to target the coding sequence (CDS) of CYP3A4, cloned into a shRNA expression vector, and tested in different cells. The mixture of three shRNAs produced optimal reduction (55%) in CYP3A4 CDS-luciferase activity in both CHL and HEK293 cells. Endogenous CYP3A4 expression in HepG2 cells was decreased about 50% at both mRNA and protein level after transfection of the mixture of three shRNAs. In contrast, CYP3A5 gene expression was not altered by the shRNAs, supporting the selectivity of CYP3A4 shRNAs. In addition, HepG2 cells transfected with CYP3A4 shRNAs were less sensitive to Ginkgolic acids, whose toxic metabolites are produced by CYP3A4. These results demonstrate that vector-based shRNAs could modulate CYP3A4 expression in cells through their actions on CYP3A4 CDS, and CYP3A4 shRNAs may be utilized to define the role of CYP3A4 in drug metabolism and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongsheng Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Aiming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Su Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 571 88208407.
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28
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Rosenblum D, Peer D. Omics-based nanomedicine: The future of personalized oncology. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:126-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Škulj M, Pezdirec D, Gaser D, Kreft M, Zorec R. Reduction in C-terminal amidated species of recombinant monoclonal antibodies by genetic modification of CHO cells. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:76. [PMID: 25123359 PMCID: PMC4146454 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During development of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, C-terminal amidated species are observed. C-terminal amidation is catalysed by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an enzyme known to be expressed in CHO cells. The significant variations between clones during clone selection, and the relatively high content of amidated species (up to 15%) in comparison to reference material (4%), led us to develop a cell line with reduced production of C-terminal amidated monoclonal antibodies using genetic manipulation. RESULTS Initial target validation was performed using the RNA interference approach against PAM, which resulted in a CHO cell line with C-terminal amidation decreased to 3%. Due to the transient effects of small-interfering RNAs, and possible stability problems using short-hairpin RNAs, we knocked-down the PAM gene using zinc finger nucleases. Plasmid DNA and mRNA for zinc finger nucleases were used to generate a PAM knock-out, which resulted in two CHO cell lines with C-terminal amidation decreased to 6%, in CHO Der2 and CHO Der3 cells. CONCLUSION Two genetically modified cell lines were generated using a zinc finger nuclease approach to decrease C-terminal amidation on recombinant monoclonal antibodies. These two cell lines now represent a pool from which the candidate clone with the highest comparability to the reference molecule can be selected, for production of high-quality and safe therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Škulj
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmacetucals d,d, Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia.
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics appear to offer substantial opportunities for future therapy. However, post-administration RNAi effectors are typically unable to reach disease target cells in vivo without the assistance of a delivery system or vector. The main focus of this review is on lipid-based nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems in current research and development that have at least been shown to act as effective delivery systems for functional delivery of RNAi effectors to disease target cells in vivo. The potential utility of these LNP delivery systems is growing rapidly, and LNPs are emerging as the preferred synthetic delivery systems in preclinical studies and current nonviral RNAi effector clinical trials. Moreover, studies on LNP-mediated delivery in vivo are leading to the emergence of useful biophysical parameters and physical organic chemistry rules that provide a framework for understanding in vivo delivery behaviors and outcomes. These same parameters and rules should also suggest ways and means to develop next generations of LNPs with genuine utility and long-term clinical viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Miller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH , UK and GlobalAcorn Limited , London , UK
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31
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Identification and characterization of buffalo 7SK and U6 pol III promoters and application for expression of short hairpin RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2596-607. [PMID: 24534805 PMCID: PMC3958870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (pol III) type 3 promoters, such as 7SK and U6, are routinely used to induce short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to knockdown gene expression by RNA interference (RNAi). To extend the application of RNAi to studies of buffalo, an shRNAs expressing system using the buffalo pol III promoters was developed. Buffalo 7SK promoter (bu7SK) and U6 promoter (buU6) sequences upstream of the full-length 7SK and U6 small nuclear RNA sequence in the buffalo genome were identified and characterized, respectively. To determine the functionality of these promoters in constructs driving shRNA expression, anti-EGFP shRNAs (shEGFP) cassettes under the direction of bu7SK and buU6 were constructed. We further compared the EGFP knockdown efficiency of constructs using bu7SK and buU6 with that of promoters of human and bovine origins in BFF cells and mouse PT67 cells by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR assays. We found that the bu7SK and buU6 promoters induced the greatest level of suppression in homologous and heterologous cells relative to promoters derived from other species. Taken together, functional bu7SK and buU6 promoters were identified and characterized, thus laying the groundwork for future development of RNAi therapeutics and gene modification in buffalo species.
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32
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Peer D. Harnessing RNAi nanomedicine for precision therapy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:5. [PMID: 26056574 PMCID: PMC4452054 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing RNA interference as an innovative therapeutic strategy has an immense likelihood to generate novel concepts in precision medicine. Several clinical trials are on the way with some positive initial results. Yet, targeting of RNAi payloads such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNA (miR) mimetic or anti-miR (antagomirs) into specific cell types remains a challenge. Major attempts are done for developing nano-sized carriers that could overcome systemic, local and cellular barriers. This progress report will focus on the recent advances in the RNAi world, detailing strategies of systemic passive tissue targeting and active cellular targeting, which is often considered as the holy grail of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Peer
- Laboratory of NanoMedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel ; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
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33
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Peer D. Harnessing RNAi nanomedicine for precision therapy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:5. [PMID: 26056574 PMCID: PMC4452054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing RNA interference as an innovative therapeutic strategy has an immense likelihood to generate novel concepts in precision medicine. Several clinical trials are on the way with some positive initial results. Yet, targeting of RNAi payloads such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNA (miR) mimetic or anti-miR (antagomirs) into specific cell types remains a challenge. Major attempts are done for developing nano-sized carriers that could overcome systemic, local and cellular barriers. This progress report will focus on the recent advances in the RNAi world, detailing strategies of systemic passive tissue targeting and active cellular targeting, which is often considered as the holy grail of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Peer
- />Laboratory of NanoMedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
- />Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
- />Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
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34
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Adenovirus vectors lacking virus-associated RNA expression enhance shRNA activity to suppress hepatitis C virus replication. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3575. [PMID: 24356586 PMCID: PMC3868971 DOI: 10.1038/srep03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
First-generation adenovirus vectors (FG AdVs) expressing short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) effectively downregulate the expressions of target genes. However, this vector, in fact, expresses not only the transgene product, but also virus-associated RNAs (VA RNAs) that disturb cellular RNAi machinery. We have established a production method for VA-deleted AdVs lacking expression of VA RNAs. Here, we showed that the highest shRNA activity was obtained when the shRNA was inserted not at the popularly used E1 site, but at the E4 site. We then compared the activities of shRNAs against hepatitis C virus (HCV) expressed from VA-deleted AdVs or conventional AdVs. The VA-deleted AdVs inhibited HCV production much more efficiently. Therefore, VA-deleted AdVs were more effective than the currently used AdVs for shRNA downregulation, probably because of the lack of competition between VA RNAs and the shRNAs. These VA-deleted AdVs might enable more effective gene therapies for chronic hepatitis C.
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35
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Kubo T, Yanagihara K, Sato Y, Nishimura Y, Kondo S, Seyama T. Gene-Silencing Potency of Symmetric and Asymmetric Lipid-Conjugated siRNAs and Its Correlation with Dicer Recognition. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:2045-57. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400391n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kubo
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Division of Translational
Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nishimura
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kondo
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Toshio Seyama
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
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36
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Hemphill J, Chou C, Chin JW, Deiters A. Genetically encoded light-activated transcription for spatiotemporal control of gene expression and gene silencing in mammalian cells. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13433-9. [PMID: 23931657 DOI: 10.1021/ja4051026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photocaging provides a method to spatially and temporally control biological function and gene expression with high resolution. Proteins can be photochemically controlled through the site-specific installation of caging groups on amino acid side chains that are essential for protein function. The photocaging of a synthetic gene network using unnatural amino acid mutagenesis in mammalian cells was demonstrated with an engineered bacteriophage RNA polymerase. A caged T7 RNA polymerase was expressed in cells with an expanded genetic code and used in the photochemical activation of genes under control of an orthogonal T7 promoter, demonstrating tight spatial and temporal control. The synthetic gene expression system was validated with two reporter genes (luciferase and EGFP) and applied to the light-triggered transcription of short hairpin RNA constructs for the induction of RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hemphill
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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37
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Chen K, Wang W, Qu D, Zhao H, Xiong W, Luo C, Yin M, Zhang B. 2′-O-{[2,2-dimethyl-2-(2-nitrophenyl) acetyl] oxy} methyl protecting group for RNA synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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An Algorithm for Generating Small RNAs Capable of Epigenetically Modulating Transcriptional Gene Silencing and Activation in Human Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e104. [PMID: 23839098 PMCID: PMC3731886 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Small noncoding antisense RNAs (sasRNAs) guide epigenetic silencing complexes to target loci in human cells and modulate gene transcription. When these targeted loci are situated within a promoter, long-term, stable epigenetic silencing of transcription can occur. Recent studies suggest that there exists an endogenous form of such epigenetic regulation in human cells involving long noncoding RNAs. In this article, we present and validate an algorithm for the generation of highly effective sasRNAs that can mimic the endogenous noncoding RNAs involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. We validate this algorithm by targeting several oncogenes including AKT-1, c-MYC, K-RAS, and H-RAS. We also target a long antisense RNA that mediates the epigenetic repression of the tumor suppressor gene DUSP6, silenced in pancreatic cancer. An algorithm that can efficiently design small noncoding RNAs for the epigenetic transcriptional silencing or activation of specific genes has potential therapeutic and experimental applications.
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39
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Different strategies to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1397-407. [PMID: 23800690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The risk of acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy remains a major hurdle in the management of various types of cancer patients. Several cellular and noncellular mechanisms are involved in developing both intrinsic and acquired resistance in cancer cells toward chemotherapy. This review covers the various multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms observed in cancer cells as well as the various strategies developed to overcome these MDR mechanisms. Extensive studies have been conducted during the last several decades to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy by suppressing or evading these MDR mechanisms including the use of new anticancer drugs that could escape from the efflux reaction, MDR modulators or chemosensitizers, multifunctional nanocarriers, and RNA interference (RNAi) therapy.
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40
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Induction of differentiation by down-regulation of Nanog and Rex-1 in cord blood derived unrestricted somatic stem cells. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4429-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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41
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Diosa-Toro M, Urcuqui-Inchima S, Smit JM. Arthropod-borne flaviviruses and RNA interference: seeking new approaches for antiviral therapy. Adv Virus Res 2013; 85:91-111. [PMID: 23439025 PMCID: PMC7149629 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-408116-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are the most prevalent arthropod-borne viruses worldwide, and nearly half of the 70 Flavivirus members identified are human pathogens. Despite the huge clinical impact of flaviviruses, there is no specific human antiviral therapy available to treat infection with any of the flaviviruses. Therefore, there is a continued search for novel therapies, and this review describes the current knowledge on the usage of RNA interference (RNAi) in combating flavivirus infections. RNAi is a process of sequence-specific gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNA. Antiviral RNAi strategies against arthropod-borne flaviviruses have been reported and although several hurdles must be overcome to employ this technology in clinical applications, they potentially represent a new therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Diosa-Toro
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Johnsson P, Ackley A, Vidarsdottir L, Lui WO, Corcoran M, Grandér D, Morris KV. A pseudogene long-noncoding-RNA network regulates PTEN transcription and translation in human cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:440-6. [PMID: 23435381 PMCID: PMC3618526 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene that has been shown to be under the regulatory control of a PTEN pseudogene expressed noncoding RNA, PTENpg1. Here, we characterize a previously unidentified PTENpg1 encoded antisense RNA (asRNA), which regulates PTEN transcription and PTEN mRNA stability. We find two PTENpg1 asRNA isoforms, alpha and beta. The alpha isoform functions in trans, localizes to the PTEN promoter, and epigenetically modulates PTEN transcription by the recruitment of DNMT3a and EZH2. In contrast, the beta isoform interacts with PTENpg1 through an RNA:RNA pairing interaction, which affects PTEN protein output via changes of PTENpg1 stability and microRNA sponge activity. Disruption of this asRNA-regulated network induces cell cycle arrest and sensitizes cells to doxorubicin, suggesting a biological function for the respective PTENpg1 expressed asRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Johnsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Liang J, Xiong S, Savage-Dunn C. Using RNA-mediated interference feeding strategy to screen for genes involved in body size regulation in the nematode C. elegans. J Vis Exp 2013:4373. [PMID: 23425995 DOI: 10.3791/4373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression. It has been applied to many model systems including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. There are various methods to achieve RNAi in vivo. For example, the target gene may be transformed into an RNAi vector, and then either permanently or transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to achieve gene knockdown effects; alternatively synthesized double-strand oligonucleotides from specific target genes (RNAi oligos) may be transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to silence target genes; or synthesized double-strand RNA molecules may be microinjected into an organism. Since the nematode C. elegans uses bacteria as a food source, feeding the animals with bacteria expressing double-strand RNA against target genes provides a viable strategy. Here we present an RNAi feeding method to score body size phenotype. Body size in C. elegans is regulated primarily by the TGF- β-llike ligand DBL-1, so this assay is appropriate for identification of TGF-β signaling components. We used different strains including two RNAi hypersensitive strains to repeat the RNAi feeding experiments. Our results showed that rrf-3 strain gave us the best expected RNAi phenotype. The method is easy to perform, reproducible, and easily quantified. Furthermore, our protocol minimizes the use of specialized equipment, so it is suitable for smaller laboratories or those at predominantly undergraduate institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, NY, USA.
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Shao SL, Sun YY, Li XY, Zhang WW, Fu B, Yun DZ, Zuo MX. The reversion effect of the RNAi-silencing mdr1 gene on multidrug resistance of the leukemia cell HT9. Cell Biol Int 2013; 32:893-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by RNA interference targeting RANK. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:154. [PMID: 22913338 PMCID: PMC3475138 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoclasts and osteoblasts regulate bone resorption and formation to allow bone remodeling and homeostasis. The balance between bone resorption and formation is disturbed by abnormal recruitment of osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation is dependent on the receptor activator of nuclear factor NF-kappa B (RANK) ligand (RANKL) as well as the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The RANKL/RANK system and RANK signaling induce osteoclast formation mediated by various cytokines. The RANK/RANKL pathway has been primarily implicated in metabolic, degenerative and neoplastic bone disorders or osteolysis. The central role of RANK/RANKL interaction in osteoclastogenesis makes RANK an attractive target for potential therapies in treatment of osteolysis. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of inhibition of RANK expression in mouse bone marrow macrophages on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Methods Three pairs of short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) targeting RANK were designed and synthesized. The optimal shRNA was selected among three pairs of shRNAs by RANK expression analyzed by Western blot and Real-time PCR. We investigated suppression of osteoclastogenesis of mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) using the optimal shRNA by targeting RANK. Results Among the three shRANKs examined, shRANK-3 significantly suppressed [88.3%] the RANK expression (p < 0.01). shRANK-3 also brought about a marked inhibition of osteoclast formation and bone resorption as demonstrated by tartrate–resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and osteoclast resorption assay. The results of our study show that retrovirus-mediated shRANK-3 suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteolysis of BMMs. Conclusions These findings suggest that retrovirus-mediated shRNA targeting RANK inhibits osteoclast differentiation and osteolysis. It may appear an attractive target for preventing osteolysis in humans with a potential clinical application.
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La Fauce K, Owens L. RNA interference with special reference to combating viruses of crustacea. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:226-43. [PMID: 23997446 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference has evolved from being a nuisance biological phenomenon to a valuable research tool to determine gene function and as a therapeutic agent. Since pioneering observations regarding RNA interference were first reported in the 1990s from the nematode worm, plants and Drosophila, the RNAi phenomenon has since been reported in all eukaryotic organisms investigated from protozoans, plants, arthropods, fish and mammals. The design of RNAi therapeutics has progressed rapidly to designing dsRNA that can specifically and effectively silence disease related genes. Such technology has demonstrated the effective use of short interfering as therapeutics. In the absence of a B cell lineage in arthropods, and hence no long term vaccination strategy being available, the introduction of using RNA interference in crustacea may serve as an effective control and preventative measure for viral diseases for application in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy La Fauce
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
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Sindhu A, Arora P, Chaudhury A. Illuminating the gateway of gene silencing: perspective of RNA interference technology in clinical therapeutics. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 51:289-302. [PMID: 21947958 PMCID: PMC7091241 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel laboratory revolution for disease therapy, the RNA interference (RNAi) technology, has adopted a new era of molecular research as the next generation "Gene-targeted prophylaxis." In this review, we have focused on the chief technological challenges associated with the efforts to develop RNAi-based therapeutics that may guide the biomedical researchers. Many non-curable maladies, like neurodegenerative diseases and cancers have effectively been cured using this technology. Rapid advances are still in progress for the development of RNAi-based technologies that will be having a major impact on medical research. We have highlighted the recent discoveries associated with the phenomenon of RNAi, expression of silencing molecules in mammals along with the vector systems used for disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Sindhu
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
- Present Address: Crop Science Department, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA
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Zhao Z, Wu G, Zhu X, Yan X, Dou Y, Li J, Zhu H, Zhang Q, Cai X. RNA interference targeting virion core protein ORF095 inhibits Goatpox virus replication in Vero cells. Virol J 2012; 9:48. [PMID: 22340205 PMCID: PMC3298800 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Goatpox is an economically important disease in goat and sheep-producing areas of the world. Many vaccine strategies developed to control the disease are not yet completely successful. Hairpin expression vectors have been used to induce gene silencing in a large number of studies on viruses. However, none of these studies has been attempted to study GTPV. In the interest of exploiting improved methods to control goat pox, it is participated that RNAi may provide effective protection against GTPV. In this study we show the suppression of Goatpox virus (GTPV) replication via knockdown of virion core protein using RNA interference. RESULTS Four short interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences (siRNA-61, siRNA-70, siRNA-165 and siRNA-296) against a region of GTPV ORF095 were selected. Sense and antisense siRNA-encoding sequences separated by a hairpin loop sequence were designed as short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression cassettes under the control of a human U6 promoter. ORF095 amplicon was generated using PCR, and then cloned into pEGFP-N1 vector, named as p095/EGFP. p095/EGFP and each of the siRNA expression cassettes (p61, p70, p165 and p296) were co-transfected into BHK-21 cells. Fluorescence detection, flow cytometric analysis, retro transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and real time PCR were used to check the efficiency of RNAi. The results showed that the ORF095-specific siRNA-70 effectively down-regulated the expression of ORF095. When Vero cells were transfected with shRNA expression vectors (p61/GFP, p70/GFP, p165/GFP and p296/GFP) and then infected with GTPV, GTPV-ORF095-70 was found to be the most effective inhibition site in decreasing cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by GTPV. The results presented here indicated that DNA-based siRNA could effectively inhibit the replication of GTPV (approximately 463. 5-fold reduction of viral titers) on Vero cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that vector-based shRNA methodology can effectively inhibit GTPV replication on Vero cells. Simultaneously, this work represents a strategy for controlling goatpox, potentially facilitating new experimental approaches in the analysis of both viral and cellular gene functions during of GTPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal virology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Gansu, PR China
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