1
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Lin HY, Dong J, Dong J, Yang WC, Yang GF. Insights into 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibitor interactions from comparative structural biology. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:568-584. [PMID: 36959016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) plays a key role in tyrosine metabolism and has been identified as a promising target for herbicide and drug discovery. The structures of HPPD complexed with different types of inhibitors have been determined previously. We summarize the structures of HPPD complexed with structurally diverse molecules, including inhibitors, natural products, substrates, and catalytic intermediates; from these structures, the detailed inhibitory mechanisms of different inhibitors were analyzed and compared, and the key structural factors determining the slow-binding behavior of inhibitors were identified. Further, we propose four subpockets that accommodate different inhibitor substructures. We believe that these analyses will facilitate in-depth understanding of the enzymatic reaction mechanism and enable the design of new inhibitors with higher potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jin Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jiangqing Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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2
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Banh RS, Kim ES, Spillier Q, Biancur DE, Yamamoto K, Sohn ASW, Shi G, Jones DR, Kimmelman AC, Pacold ME. The polar oxy-metabolome reveals the 4-hydroxymandelate CoQ10 synthesis pathway. Nature 2021; 597:420-425. [PMID: 34471290 PMCID: PMC8538427 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is critical for a multitude of metabolic processes that are essential for human life. Biological processes can be identified by treating cells with 18O2 or other isotopically labelled gases and systematically identifying biomolecules incorporating labeled atoms. Here we labelled cell lines of distinct tissue origins with 18O2 to identify the polar oxy-metabolome, defined as polar metabolites labelled with 18O under different physiological O2 tensions. The most highly 18O-labelled feature was 4-hydroxymandelate (4-HMA). We demonstrate that 4-HMA is produced by hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-like (HPDL), a protein of previously unknown function in human cells. We identify 4-HMA as an intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of the coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) headgroup in human cells. The connection of HPDL to CoQ10 biosynthesis provides crucial insights into the mechanisms underlying recently described neurological diseases related to HPDL deficiencies1-4 and cancers with HPDL overexpression5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Banh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esther S Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Quentin Spillier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas E Biancur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Albert S W Sohn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guangbin Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Drew R Jones
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael E Pacold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Ndikuryayo F, Moosavi B, Yang WC, Yang GF. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Inhibitors: From Chemical Biology to Agrochemicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8523-8537. [PMID: 28903556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of new herbicides is receiving considerable attention to control weed biotypes resistant to current herbicides. Consequently, new enzymes are always desired as targets for herbicide discovery. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, EC 1.13.11.27) is an enzyme engaged in photosynthetic activity and catalyzes the transformation of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (HPPA) into homogentisic acid (HGA). HPPD inhibitors constitute a promising area of discovery and development of innovative herbicides with some advantages, including excellent crop selectivity, low application rates, and broad-spectrum weed control. HPPD inhibitors have been investigated for agrochemical interests, and some of them have already been commercialized as herbicides. In this review, we mainly focus on the chemical biology of HPPD, discovery of new potential inhibitors, and strategies for engineering transgenic crops resistant to current HPPD-inhibiting herbicides. The conclusion raises some relevant gaps for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Ndikuryayo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Behrooz Moosavi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 30071, P. R. China
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4
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Peek J, Roman J, Moran GR, Christendat D. Structurally diverse dehydroshikimate dehydratase variants participate in microbial quinate catabolism. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:39-54. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Peek
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks StreetToronto, Ontario CanadaM5S 3B2
| | - Joseph Roman
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee3210 North Cramer StreetMilwaukee WI53211‐3209 USA
| | - Graham R. Moran
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee3210 North Cramer StreetMilwaukee WI53211‐3209 USA
| | - Dinesh Christendat
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks StreetToronto, Ontario CanadaM5S 3B2
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and FunctionUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario CanadaM5S 3B2
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5
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Peck SC, van der Donk WA. Go it alone: four-electron oxidations by mononuclear non-heme iron enzymes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 22:381-394. [PMID: 27783267 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the current mechanistic understanding of a group of mononuclear non-heme iron-dependent enzymes that catalyze four-electron oxidation of their organic substrates without the use of any cofactors or cosubstrates. One set of enzymes acts on α-ketoacid-containing substrates, coupling decarboxylation to oxygen activation. This group includes 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, 4-hydroxymandelate synthase, and CloR involved in clorobiocin biosynthesis. A second set of enzymes acts on substrates containing a thiol group that coordinates to the iron. This group is comprised of isopenicillin N synthase, thiol dioxygenases, and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of ergothioneine and ovothiol. The final group of enzymes includes HEPD and MPnS that both carry out the oxidative cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond of 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate but generate different products. Commonalities amongst many of these enzymes are discussed and include the initial substrate oxidation by a ferric-superoxo-intermediate and a second oxidation by a ferryl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C Peck
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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6
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Goncharenko KV, Seebeck FP. Conversion of a non-heme iron-dependent sulfoxide synthase into a thiol dioxygenase by a single point mutation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1945-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EgtB from Mycobacterium thermoresistibile catalyzes O2-dependent sulfur–carbon bond formation between the side chains of Nα-trimethyl histidine and γ-glutamyl cysteine as a central step in ergothioneine biosynthesis.
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7
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Quesne MG, Borowski T, de Visser SP. Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Modeling of Enzymatic Processes: Caveats and Breakthroughs. Chemistry 2015; 22:2562-81. [PMID: 26696271 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nature has developed large groups of enzymatic catalysts with the aim to transfer substrates into useful products, which enables biosystems to perform all their natural functions. As such, all biochemical processes in our body (we drink, we eat, we breath, we sleep, etc.) are governed by enzymes. One of the problems associated with research on biocatalysts is that they react so fast that details of their reaction mechanisms cannot be obtained with experimental work. In recent years, major advances in computational hardware and software have been made and now large (bio)chemical systems can be studied using accurate computational techniques. One such technique is the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) technique, which has gained major momentum in recent years. Unfortunately, it is not a black-box method that is easily applied, but requires careful set-up procedures. In this work we give an overview on the technical difficulties and caveats of QM/MM and discuss work-protocols developed in our groups for running successful QM/MM calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Quesne
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry of the, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Krakow, Poland. .,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Tomasz Borowski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry of the, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sam P de Visser
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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8
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Shah DD, Moran GR. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase and Hydroxymandelate Synthase: 2-Oxo Acid-Dependent Oxygenases of Importance to Agriculture and Medicine. 2-OXOGLUTARATE-DEPENDENT OXYGENASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782621959-00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite a separate evolutionary lineage, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) and hydroxymandelate synthase (HMS) are appropriately grouped with the 2-oxo acid-dependent oxygenase (2OADO) family of enzymes. HPPD and HMS accomplish highly similar overall chemistry to that observed in the majority of 2OADOs but require only two substrates rather than three. 2OADOs typically use the 2-oxo acid of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) as a source of electrons to reduce and activate dioxygen in order to oxidize a third specific substrate. HPPD and HMS use instead the pyruvate substituent of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to activate dioxygen and then proceed to also hydroxylate this substrate, each yielding a distinctly different aromatic product. HPPD catalyses the second and committed step of tyrosine catabolism, a pathway common to nearly all aerobes. Plants require the HPPD reaction to biosynthesize plastoquinones and therefore HPPD inhibitors can have potent herbicidal activity. The ubiquity of the HPPD reaction, however, has meant that HPPD-specific molecules developed as herbicides have other uses in different forms of life. In humans herbicidal HPPD inhibitors can be used therapeutically to alleviate specific inborn defects and also to retard the progress of certain bacterial and fungal infections. This review is intended as a concise overview of the contextual and catalytic chemistries of HPPD and HMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara D. Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 3210 N. Cramer St Milwaukee WI 53211-3209 USA
| | - Graham R. Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 3210 N. Cramer St Milwaukee WI 53211-3209 USA
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9
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Wójcik A, Broclawik E, Siegbahn PEM, Lundberg M, Moran G, Borowski T. Role of Substrate Positioning in the Catalytic Reaction of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase—A QM/MM Study. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14472-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506378u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wójcik
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
- Department
of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Broclawik
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
| | - Per E. M. Siegbahn
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Ångstrom
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 518, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Graham Moran
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Tomasz Borowski
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
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10
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Structural and functional characterization of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Picrophilus torridus. Extremophiles 2014; 18:641-51. [PMID: 24794033 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (Hpd, EC 1.13.11.27) catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate in the second step of oxidative tyrosine catabolism. This pathway is known from bacteria and eukaryotes, but so far no archaeal Hpd has been described. Here, we report the biochemical characterization of an Hpd from the extremophilic archaeon Picrophilus torridus (Pt_Hpd), together with its three-dimensional structure at a resolution of 2.6 Å. Two pH optima were observed at 50 °C: pH 4.0 (close to native conditions) and pH 7.0. The enzyme showed only moderate thermostability and was inactivated with a half-life of ~1.5 h even under optimal reaction conditions. At the ideal physiological growth conditions of P. torridus, Pt_Hpd was inactive after 1 h, showing that the enzyme is protected in vivo from denaturation and/or is only partially adapted to the harsh environmental conditions in the cytosol of P. torridus. The influence of different additives on the activity was investigated. Pt_Hpd exhibited a turnover number k(cat) of 9.9 ± 0.6 s(-1) and a substrate binding affinity K(m) of 142 ± 23 µM. In addition, substrate inhibition with a binding affinity K(i) of 1.9 ± 0.3 mM was observed. Pt_Hpd is compared with isoenzymes from other species and the putative bacterial origin of the gene is discussed.
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11
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4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and hydroxymandelate synthase: exemplars of the α-keto acid dependent oxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 544:58-68. [PMID: 24211436 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) and hydroxymandelate synthase (HMS) are outliers within the α-keto acid dependent oxygenase (αKAO) family. HPPD and HMS catalyze the chemistry of the majority of enzymes within the αKAO family but are clearly mechanistically convergent, having a grossly different structural topology. Some of the unique characteristics of HPPD and HMS have elucidated select parts of the catalytic cycle that are obscured in other family members. Moreover, the inhibitory chemistry of HPPD is a phenomenon with ever-expanding relevance across all kingdoms of life. This review is a synopsis of the literature pertaining to HPPD and HMS. It is not intended as an exhaustive compilation of all observations made for these enzymes but rather a condensed narrative that connects those studies that have advanced the understanding of the chemistry of both enzymes.
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12
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Shah DD, Conrad JA, Moran GR. Intermediate Partitioning Kinetic Isotope Effects for the NIH Shift of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase and the Hydroxylation Reaction of Hydroxymandelate Synthase Reveal Mechanistic Complexity. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6097-107. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400534q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhara D. Shah
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United
States
| | - John A. Conrad
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Omaha,
6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0109, United States
| | - Graham R. Moran
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United
States
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13
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Di Giuro CML, Konstantinovics C, Rinner U, Nowikow C, Leitner E, Straganz GD. Chiral hydroxylation at the mononuclear nonheme Fe(II) center of 4-(S) hydroxymandelate synthase--a structure-activity relationship analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68932. [PMID: 23935907 PMCID: PMC3720870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
(S)-Hydroxymandelate synthase (Hms) is a nonheme Fe(II) dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to (S)-4-hydroxymandelate by molecular oxygen. In this work, the substrate promiscuity of Hms is characterized in order to assess its potential for the biosynthesis of chiral α-hydroxy acids. Enzyme kinetic analyses, the characterization of product spectra, quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analyses and in silico docking studies are used to characterize the impact of substrate properties on particular steps of catalysis. Hms is found to accept a range of α-oxo acids, whereby the presence of an aromatic substituent is crucial for efficient substrate turnover. A hydrophobic substrate binding pocket is identified as the likely determinant of substrate specificity. Upon introduction of a steric barrier, which is suspected to obstruct the accommodation of the aromatic ring in the hydrophobic pocket during the final hydroxylation step, the racemization of product is obtained. A steady state kinetic analysis reveals that the turnover number of Hms strongly correlates with substrate hydrophobicity. The analysis of product spectra demonstrates high regioselectivity of oxygenation and a strong coupling efficiency of C-C bond cleavage and subsequent hydroxylation for the tested substrates. Based on these findings the structural basis of enantioselectivity and enzymatic activity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana M. L. Di Giuro
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Cornelia Konstantinovics
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Uwe Rinner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Nowikow
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Grit D. Straganz
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wójcik A, Broclawik E, Siegbahn PEM, Borowski T. Mechanism of benzylic hydroxylation by 4-hydroxymandelate synthase. A computational study. Biochemistry 2012; 51:9570-80. [PMID: 23126679 DOI: 10.1021/bi3010957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxymandelate synthase (HMS) and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) are highly related enzymes using the same substrates but catalyzing hydroxylation reactions yielding different products. The first steps of the HMS and HPPD catalytic reactions are believed to proceed in the same way and lead to an Fe(IV)═O-hydroxyphenylacetate (HPA) intermediate. Further down the catalytic cycles, HMS uses Fe(IV)═O to perform hydroxylation of the benzylic carbon, whereas in HPPD, the reactive oxoferryl intermediate attacks the aromatic ring of HPA. This study focuses on this part of the HMS catalytic cycle that starts from the oxoferryl intermediate and aims to identify interactions within the active site that are responsible for enzyme specificity. To this end, a HMS-Fe(IV)═O-HPA complex was modeled with molecular dynamics simulations. On the basis of the molecular dynamics-equilibrated structure, an active site model suitable for quantum chemical investigations was constructed and used for density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations of the mechanism of the native reaction of HMS, i.e., benzylic hydroxylation, and the alternative electrophilic attack on the ring, which is a step of the HPPD catalytic cycle. The most important result of this study is the finding that the conformation of the Ser201 side chain in the second coordination shell has a key role in directing the reaction of Fe(IV)═O into either the HMS or the HPPD channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wójcik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
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15
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Kastner S, Müller S, Natesan L, König GM, Guthke R, Nett M. 4-Hydroxyphenylglycine biosynthesis in Herpetosiphon aurantiacus: a case of gene duplication and catalytic divergence. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:557-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Shah DD, Conrad JA, Heinz B, Brownlee JM, Moran GR. Evidence for the Mechanism of Hydroxylation by 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase and Hydroxymandelate Synthase from Intermediate Partitioning in Active Site Variants. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7694-704. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2009344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhara D. Shah
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer
St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - John A. Conrad
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer
St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - Brian Heinz
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer
St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - June M. Brownlee
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer
St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - Graham R. Moran
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer
St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
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17
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Brownlee JM, Heinz B, Bates J, Moran GR. Product Analysis and Inhibition Studies of a Causative Asn to Ser Variant of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Suggest a Simple Route to the Treatment of Hawkinsinuria. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7218-26. [DOI: 10.1021/bi1008112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- June M. Brownlee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| | - Brian Heinz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| | - Judith Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
| | - Graham R. Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
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Widboom PF, Bruner SD. Complex Oxidation Chemistry in the Biosynthetic Pathways to Vancomycin/Teicoplanin Antibiotics. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1757-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Leadlay P. Obituary: Jonathan B. Spencer (1960-2008). CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2008; 15:424-426. [PMID: 18551814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Conrad JA, Moran GR. The Interaction of Hydroxymandelate Synthase with the 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Inhibitor: NTBC. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008; 361:1197-1201. [PMID: 18496607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymandelate synthase (HMS) catalyzes the committed step in the formation of para-hydroxyphenylglycine, a recurrent substructure of polycyclic non-ribosomal peptide antibiotics such as vancomycin. HMS uses the same substrates as 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) and O(2), and also conducts a dioxygenation reaction. The difference between the two lies in the insertion of the second oxygen atom, HMS directing this atom onto the benzylic carbon of the substrate while HPPD hydroxylates the aromatic C1 carbon. We have shown that HMS will bind NTBC, a herbicide/therapeutic whose mode of action is based on the inhibition of HPPD. This occurs despite the difference in residues at the active site of HMS from those known to contact the inhibitor in HPPD. Moreover, the minimal kinetic mechanism for association of NTBC to HMS differs only slightly from that observed with HPPD. The primary difference is that three charge-transfer species are observed to accumulate during association. The first reversible complex forms with a weak dissociation constant of 520 microM, the subsequent two charge-transfer complexes form with rate constants of 2.7 s(-1) and 0.67 s(-1). As was the case for HPPD, the final complex has the most intense charge-transfer, is not observed to dissociate, and is unreactive towards dioxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Conrad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029
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Toscano MD, Woycechowsky KJ, Hilvert D. Minimalist active-site redesign: teaching old enzymes new tricks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3212-36. [PMID: 17450624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although nature evolves its catalysts over millions of years, enzyme engineers try to do it a bit faster. Enzyme active sites provide highly optimized microenvironments for the catalysis of biologically useful chemical transformations. Consequently, changes at these centers can have large effects on enzyme activity. The prediction and control of these effects provides a promising way to access new functions. The development of methods and strategies to explore the untapped catalytic potential of natural enzyme scaffolds has been pushed by the increasing demand for industrial biocatalysts. This Review describes the use of minimal modifications at enzyme active sites to expand their catalytic repertoires, including targeted mutagenesis and the addition of new reactive functionalities. Often, a novel activity can be obtained with only a single point mutation. The many successful examples of active-site engineering through minimal mutations give useful insights into enzyme evolution and open new avenues in biocatalyst research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel D Toscano
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, Switzerland
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Toscano M, Woycechowsky K, Hilvert D. Minimale Umgestaltung aktiver Enzymtaschen – wie man alten Enzymen neue Kunststücke beibringt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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