1
|
Roy M, Rawat A, Kaushik S, Jyoti A, Srivastava VK. Endogenous cysteine protease inhibitors in upmost pathogenic parasitic protozoa. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
2
|
Flores-Solis D, Mendoza A, Rentería-González I, Casados-Vazquez LE, Trasviña-Arenas CH, Jiménez-Sandoval P, Benítez-Cardoza CG, Del Río-Portilla F, Brieba LG. Solution structure of the inhibitor of cysteine proteases 1 from Entamoeba histolytica reveals a possible auto regulatory mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140512. [PMID: 32731033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Entamoeba histolytica encodes approximately 50 Cysteine Proteases (CPs) whose activity is regulated by two Inhibitors of Cysteine Proteases (ICPs), EhICP1 and EhICP2. The main difference between both EhICPs is the acquisition of a 17 N-terminal targeting signal in EhICP2 and three exposed cysteine residues in EhICP1. The three exposed cysteines in EhICP1 potentiate the formation of cross-linking species that drive heterogeneity. Here we solved the NMR structure of EhICP1 using a mutant protein without accessible cysteines. Our structural data shows that EhICP1 adopts an immunoglobulin fold composed of seven β-strands, and three solvent exposed loops that resemble the structures of EhICP2 and chagasin. EhICP1 and EhICP2 are able to inhibit the archetypical cysteine protease papain by intercalating their BC loops into the protease active site independently of the character of the residue (serine or threonine) responsible to interact with the active site of papain. EhICP1 and EhICP2 present signals of functional divergence as they clustered in different clades. Two of the three exposed cysteines in EhICP1 are located at the DE loop that intercalates into the CP substrate-binding cleft. We propose that the solvent exposed cysteines of EhICP1 play a role in regulating its inhibitory activity and that in oxidative conditions, the cysteines of EhICP1 react to form intra and intermolecular disulfide bonds that render an inactive inhibitor. EhICP2 is not subject to redox regulation, as this inhibitor does not contain a single cysteine residue. This proposed redox regulation may be related to the differential cellular localization between EhICP1 and EhICP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Flores-Solis
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Angeles Mendoza
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Itzel Rentería-González
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luz E Casados-Vazquez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Carlos H Trasviña-Arenas
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Claudia G Benítez-Cardoza
- Laboratorio de Investigación Bioquímica, Programa Institucional en Biomedicina Molecular ENMyH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera No. 239, La Escalera Ticoman, 07320, D.F, Mexico
| | - Federico Del Río-Portilla
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico.
| | - Luis G Brieba
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Toman NP, Kamenik AS, Santos LH, Hofer F, Liedl KR, Ferreira RS. Profiling selectivity of chagasin mutants towards cysteine proteases cruzain or cathepsin L through molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5940-5952. [PMID: 32715978 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chagasin, an endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor from Trypanosoma cruzi, can control the activity of the parasitic cruzain and its homologous human cathepsin L. While chagasin inhibits both enzymes with similar potency, mutations have different effects on binding to these enzymes. Mutants T31A and T31A/T32A bind well to cathepsin L, but their affinity for cruzain drops ∼40 to 140-fold. On the other hand, the mutant W93A binds well to cruzain, but it loses potency against cathepsin L. Here, we employed molecular dynamics simulations to understand the selectivity in inhibition of cruzain or cathepsin L by chagasin mutants W93A, T31A, and T31A/T32A. Our results allowed profiling the nonbonded interactions in the interfaces of each mutant with these cysteine proteases. Additionally, we observed differences in the binding conformation of the chagasin loops L2 and L6 of the W93A mutant, favoring interactions with cruzain and reducing interactions with cathepsin L. These differences are associated with a partial dissociation of the W93A-cathepsin L complex, providing a likely cause for the selectivity of the mutant W93A towards cruzain.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núbia Prates Toman
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anna Sophia Kamenik
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lucianna Helene Santos
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Florian Hofer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rafaela Salgado Ferreira
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reyes-Espinosa F, Juárez-Saldivar A, Palos I, Herrera-Mayorga V, García-Pérez C, Rivera G. In Silico Analysis of Homologous Heterodimers of Cruzipain-Chagasin from Structural Models Built by Homology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061320. [PMID: 30875920 PMCID: PMC6470822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study gives an overview of the binding energetics of the homologous heterodimers of cruzipain−chagasin based on the binding energy (ΔGb) prediction obtained with FoldX. This analysis involves a total of 70 homologous models of the cruzipain−chagasin complex which were constructed by homology from the combinatory variation of nine papain-like cysteine peptidase structures and seven cysteine protease inhibitor structures (as chagasin-like and cystatin-like inhibitors). Only 32 systems have been evaluated experimentally, ΔGbexperimental values previously reported. Therefore, the result of the multiple analysis in terms of the thermodynamic parameters, are shown as relative energy |ΔΔG| = |ΔGbfromFoldX − ΔGbexperimental|. Nine models were identified that recorded |ΔΔG| < 1.3, five models to 2.8 > |ΔΔG| > 1.3 and the other 18 models, values of |ΔΔG| > 2.8. The energetic analysis of the contribution of ΔH and ΔS to ΔGb to the 14-molecular model presents a ΔGb mostly ΔH-driven at neutral pH and at an ionic strength (I) of 0.15 M. The dependence of ΔGb(I,pH) at 298 K to the cruzipain−chagasin complex predicts a linear dependence of ΔGb(I). The computational protocol allowed the identification and prediction of thermodynamics binding energy parameters for cruzipain−chagasin-like heterodimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Reyes-Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro s/n esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Juárez-Saldivar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro s/n esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico.
| | - Isidro Palos
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Rodhe, Universidad Autónoma Tamaulipas, Carr. Reynosa-San Fernando, Reynosa 88779, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Herrera-Mayorga
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro s/n esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico.
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Mante, Universidad Autónoma Tamaulipas, Blvd. Enrique Cárdenas González 1201, Mante 89840, Mexico.
| | - Carlos García-Pérez
- Scientific Computing Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro s/n esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Helf MJ, Freeman MF, Piel J. Investigations into PoyH, a promiscuous protease from polytheonamide biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:551-563. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-02129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polytheonamides are the most extensively modified ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide natural products (RiPPs) currently known. In RiPP biosynthesis, the processed peptide is usually released from a larger precursor by proteolytic cleavage to generate the bioactive terminal product of the pathway. For polytheonamides, which are members of a new RiPP family termed proteusins, we have recently shown that such cleavage is catalyzed by the cysteine protease PoyH acting on the precursor PoyA, both encoded in the polytheonamide biosynthetic gene cluster. We now report activity for PoyH under a variety of reaction conditions for different maturation states of PoyA and demonstrate a potential use of PoyH as a promiscuous protease to liberate and characterize RiPPs from other pathways. As a proof of concept, the identified recognition motif was introduced into precursors of the thiopeptide thiocillin and the lanthipeptide lichenicidin VK1, allowing for their site-specific cleavage with PoyH. Additionally, we show that PoyH cleavage is inhibited by PoyG, a previously uncharacterized chagasin-like protease inhibitor encoded in the polytheonamide gene cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Helf
- 0000 0001 2156 2780 grid.5801.c Institute of Microbiology Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- 000000041936877X grid.5386.8 Boyce Thompson Institute Cornell University 533 Tower Road 14853 Ithaca USA
| | - Michael F Freeman
- 0000 0001 2156 2780 grid.5801.c Institute of Microbiology Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- 0000000419368657 grid.17635.36 Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 55108 St. Paul MN USA
| | - Jörn Piel
- 0000 0001 2156 2780 grid.5801.c Institute of Microbiology Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shindo T, Kaschani F, Yang F, Kovács J, Tian F, Kourelis J, Hong TN, Colby T, Shabab M, Chawla R, Kumari S, Ilyas M, Hörger AC, Alfano JR, van der Hoorn RAL. Screen of Non-annotated Small Secreted Proteins of Pseudomonas syringae Reveals a Virulence Factor That Inhibits Tomato Immune Proteases. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005874. [PMID: 27603016 PMCID: PMC5014320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PtoDC3000) is an extracellular model plant pathogen, yet its potential to produce secreted effectors that manipulate the apoplast has been under investigated. Here we identified 131 candidate small, secreted, non-annotated proteins from the PtoDC3000 genome, most of which are common to Pseudomonas species and potentially expressed during apoplastic colonization. We produced 43 of these proteins through a custom-made gateway-compatible expression system for extracellular bacterial proteins, and screened them for their ability to inhibit the secreted immune protease C14 of tomato using competitive activity-based protein profiling. This screen revealed C14-inhibiting protein-1 (Cip1), which contains motifs of the chagasin-like protease inhibitors. Cip1 mutants are less virulent on tomato, demonstrating the importance of this effector in apoplastic immunity. Cip1 also inhibits immune protease Pip1, which is known to suppress PtoDC3000 infection, but has a lower affinity for its close homolog Rcr3, explaining why this protein is not recognized in tomato plants carrying the Cf-2 resistance gene, which uses Rcr3 as a co-receptor to detect pathogen-derived protease inhibitors. Thus, this approach uncovered a protease inhibitor of P. syringae, indicating that also P. syringae secretes effectors that selectively target apoplastic host proteases of tomato, similar to tomato pathogenic fungi, oomycetes and nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shindo
- Plant Chemetics lab, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Plant Chemetics lab, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Judit Kovács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fang Tian
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- Plant Chemetics lab, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tram Ngoc Hong
- Plant Chemetics lab, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Plant Chemetics lab, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Colby
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammed Shabab
- Plant Chemetics lab, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rohini Chawla
- Plant Chemetics lab, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Selva Kumari
- Plant Chemetics lab, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Plant Chemetics lab, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja C. Hörger
- Plant Chemetics lab, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - James R. Alfano
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics lab, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Plant Chemetics lab, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Costa TF, Lima APC. Natural cysteine protease inhibitors in protozoa: Fifteen years of the chagasin family. Biochimie 2016; 122:197-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
8
|
Ponce NE, Carrera-Silva EA, Pellegrini AV, Cazorla SI, Malchiodi EL, Lima AP, Gea S, Aoki MP. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, modulates interleukin-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation via gp130 cleavage in different host cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:485-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
9
|
Cryptostatin, a chagasin-family cysteine protease inhibitor of Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasitology 2012; 139:1029-37. [PMID: 22444160 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases of pathogenic protozoan parasites play pivotal roles in the life cycle of parasites, but strict regulation of their activities is also essential for maintenance of parasite physiology and interaction with hosts. In this study, we identified and characterized cryptostatin, a novel inhibitor of cysteine protease (ICP) of Cryptosporidium parvum. Cryptostatin showed low sequence identity to other chagasin-family ICPs, but 3 motifs (NPTTG, GXGG, and RPW/F motifs), which are evolutionarily conserved in chagasin-family ICPs, were found in the sequence. The overall structure of cryptostatin consisted of 8 β-strands that progressed in parallel and closely resembled the immunoglobulin fold. Recombinant cryptostatin inhibited various cysteine proteases, including papain, human cathepsin B, human cathepsin L, and cryptopain-1, with K i's in the picomolar range. Cryptostatin was active over a wide pH range and was highly stable under physiological conditions. The protein was thermostable and retained its inhibitory activity even after incubation at 95°C. Cryptostatin formed tight complexes with cysteine proteases, so the complexes remained intact in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol, but they were disassembled by boiling. An immunogold electron microscopy analysis demonstrated diffused localization of cryptostatin within oocystes and meronts, but not within trophozoites, which suggests a possible role for cryptostatin in host cell invasion by C. parvum.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hansen G, Heitmann A, Witt T, Li H, Jiang H, Shen X, Heussler VT, Rennenberg A, Hilgenfeld R. Structural basis for the regulation of cysteine-protease activity by a new class of protease inhibitors in Plasmodium. Structure 2011; 19:919-29. [PMID: 21742259 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium cysteine proteases are essential for host-cell invasion and egress, hemoglobin degradation, and intracellular development of the parasite. The temporal, site-specific regulation of cysteine-protease activity is a prerequisite for survival and propagation of Plasmodium. Recently, a new family of inhibitors of cysteine proteases (ICPs) with homologs in at least eight Plasmodium species has been identified. Here, we report the 2.6 Å X-ray crystal structure of the C-terminal, inhibitory domain of ICP from P. berghei (PbICP-C) in a 1:1 complex with falcipain-2, an important hemoglobinase of Plasmodium. The structure establishes Plasmodium ICP as a member of the I42 class of chagasin-like protease inhibitors but with large insertions and differences in the binding mode relative to other family members. Furthermore, the PbICP-C structure explains why host-cell cathepsin B-like proteases and, most likely, also the protease-like domain of Plasmodium SERA5 (serine-repeat antigen 5) are no targets for ICP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Hansen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Teixeira ARL, Hecht MM, Guimaro MC, Sousa AO, Nitz N. Pathogenesis of chagas' disease: parasite persistence and autoimmunity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:592-630. [PMID: 21734249 PMCID: PMC3131057 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00063-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Trypanosoma cruzi infections can be asymptomatic, but chronically infected individuals can die of Chagas' disease. The transfer of the parasite mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircle to the genome of chagasic patients can explain the pathogenesis of the disease; in cases of Chagas' disease with evident cardiomyopathy, the kDNA minicircles integrate mainly into retrotransposons at several chromosomes, but the minicircles are also detected in coding regions of genes that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses. An accurate evaluation of the role played by the genotype alterations in the autoimmune rejection of self-tissues in Chagas' disease is achieved with the cross-kingdom chicken model system, which is refractory to T. cruzi infections. The inoculation of T. cruzi into embryonated eggs prior to incubation generates parasite-free chicks, which retain the kDNA minicircle sequence mainly in the macrochromosome coding genes. Crossbreeding transfers the kDNA mutations to the chicken progeny. The kDNA-mutated chickens develop severe cardiomyopathy in adult life and die of heart failure. The phenotyping of the lesions revealed that cytotoxic CD45, CD8(+) γδ, and CD8α(+) T lymphocytes carry out the rejection of the chicken heart. These results suggest that the inflammatory cardiomyopathy of Chagas' disease is a genetically driven autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R L Teixeira
- Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Teixeira ARL, Gomes C, Nitz N, Sousa AO, Alves RM, Guimaro MC, Cordeiro C, Bernal FM, Rosa AC, Hejnar J, Leonardecz E, Hecht MM. Trypanosoma cruzi in the chicken model: Chagas-like heart disease in the absence of parasitism. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1000. [PMID: 21468314 PMCID: PMC3066158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of anti-trypanosome nitroderivatives curtails Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Chagas disease patients, but does not prevent destructive lesions in the heart. This observation suggests that an effective treatment for the disease requires understanding its pathogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To understand the origin of clinical manifestations of the heart disease we used a chicken model system in which infection can be initiated in the egg, but parasite persistence is precluded. T. cruzi inoculation into the air chamber of embryonated chicken eggs generated chicks that retained only the parasite mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA minicircle in their genome after eight days of gestation. Crossbreeding showed that minicircles were transferred vertically via the germ line to chicken progeny. Minicircle integration in coding regions was shown by targeted-primer thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR, and detected by direct genomic analysis. The kDNA-mutated chickens died with arrhythmias, shortness of breath, cyanosis and heart failure. These chickens with cardiomyopathy had rupture of the dystrophin and other genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Tissue pathology revealed inflammatory dilated cardiomegaly whereby immune system mononuclear cells lyse parasite-free target heart fibers. The heart cell destruction implicated a thymus-dependent, autoimmune; self-tissue rejection carried out by CD45(+), CD8γδ(+), and CD8α lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that genetic alterations resulting from kDNA integration in the host genome lead to autoimmune-mediated destruction of heart tissue in the absence of T. cruzi parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R L Teixeira
- Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Crystal structure of the cysteine protease inhibitor 2 from Entamoeba histolytica: functional convergence of a common protein fold. Gene 2010; 471:45-52. [PMID: 20951777 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases (CP) are key pathogenesis and virulence determinants of protozoan parasites. Entamoeba histolytica contains at least 50 cysteine proteases; however, only three (EhCP1, EhCP2 and EhCP5) are responsible for approximately 90% of the cysteine protease activity in this parasite. CPs are expressed as inactive zymogens. Because the processed proteases are potentially cytotoxic, protozoan parasites have developed mechanisms to regulate their activity. Inhibitors of cysteine proteases (ICP) of the chagasin-like inhibitor family (MEROPS family I42) were recently identified in bacteria and protozoan parasites. E. histolytica contains two ICP-encoding genes of the chagasin-like inhibitor family. EhICP1 localizes to the cytosol, whereas EhICP2 is targeted to phagosomes. Herein, we report two crystal structures of EhICP2. The overall structure of EhICP2 consists of eight β-strands and closely resembles the immunoglobulin fold. A comparison between the two crystal forms of EhICP2 indicates that the conserved BC, DE and FG loops form a flexible wedge that may block the active site of CPs. The positively charged surface of the wedge-forming loops in EhICP2 contrasts with the neutral surface of the wedge-forming loops in chagasin. We postulate that the flexibility and positive charge observed in the DE and FG loops of EhICP2 may be important to facilitate the initial binding of this inhibitor to the battery of CPs present in E. histolytica.
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang R, Que X, Hirata K, Brinen LS, Lee JH, Hansell E, Engel J, Sajid M, Reed S. The cathepsin L of Toxoplasma gondii (TgCPL) and its endogenous macromolecular inhibitor, toxostatin. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 164:86-94. [PMID: 19111576 PMCID: PMC2663568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite of all vertebrates, including man. Successful invasion and replication requires the synchronized release of parasite proteins, many of which require proteolytic processing. Unlike most parasites, T. gondii has a limited number of Clan CA, family C1 cysteine proteinases with one cathepsin B (TgCPB), one cathepsin L (TgCPL) and three cathepsin Cs (TgCPC1, 2, 3). Previously, we characterized toxopain, the only cathepsin B enzyme, which localizes to the rhoptry organelle. Two cathepsin Cs are trafficked through dense granules to the parasitophorous vacuole where they degrade peptides. We now report the cloning, expression, and modeling of the sole cathepsin L gene and the identification of two new endogenous inhibitors. TgCPL differs from human cathepsin L with a pH optimum of 6.5 and its substrate preference for leucine (vs. phenylalanine) in the P2 position. This distinct preference is explained by homology modeling, which reveals a non-canonical aspartic acid (Asp 216) at the base of the predicted active site S2 pocket, which limits substrate access. To further our understanding of the regulation of cathepsins in T. gondii, we identified two genes encoding endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors (ICPs or toxostatins), which are active against both TgCPB and TgCPL in the nanomolar range. Over expression of toxostatin-1 significantly decreased overall cysteine proteinase activity in parasite lysates, but had no detectable effect on invasion or intracellular multiplication. These findings provide important insights into the proteolytic cascades of T. gondii and their endogenous control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
| | - Ken Hirata
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
| | - Linda S. Brinen
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Elizabeth Hansell
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Juan Engel
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mohammed Sajid
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Sharon Reed
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92103
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Redzynia I, Ljunggren A, Bujacz A, Abrahamson M, Jaskolski M, Bujacz G. Crystal structure of the parasite inhibitor chagasin in complex with papain allows identification of structural requirements for broad reactivity and specificity determinants for target proteases. FEBS J 2009; 276:793-806. [PMID: 19143838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A complex of chagasin, a protein inhibitor from Trypanosoma cruzi, and papain, a classic family C1 cysteine protease, has been crystallized. Kinetic studies revealed that inactivation of papain by chagasin is very fast (k(on) = 1.5 x 10(6) M(-1) x s(-1)), and results in the formation of a very tight, reversible complex (K(i) = 36 pM), with similar or better rate and equilibrium constants than those for cathepsins L and B. The high-resolution crystal structure shows an inhibitory wedge comprising three loops, which forms a number of contacts responsible for the high-affinity binding. Comparison with the structure of papain in complex with human cystatin B reveals that, despite entirely different folding, the two inhibitors utilize very similar atomic interactions, leading to essentially identical affinities for the enzyme. Comparisons of the chagasin-papain complex with high-resolution structures of chagasin in complexes with cathepsin L, cathepsin B and falcipain allowed the creation of a consensus map of the structural features that are important for efficient inhibition of papain-like enzymes. The comparisons also revealed a number of unique interactions that can be used to design enzyme-specific inhibitors. As papain exhibits high structural similarity to the catalytic domain of the T. cruzi enzyme cruzipain, the present chagasin-papain complex provides a reliable model of chagasin-cruzipain interactions. Such information, coupled with our identification of specificity-conferring interactions, should be important for the development of drugs for treatment of the devastating Chagas disease caused by this parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Redzynia
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Technical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Redzynia I, Ljunggren A, Abrahamson M, Mort JS, Krupa JC, Jaskolski M, Bujacz G. Displacement of the occluding loop by the parasite protein, chagasin, results in efficient inhibition of human cathepsin B. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:22815-25. [PMID: 18515357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802064200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a papain-like cysteine protease showing both endo- and exopeptidase activity, the latter due to a unique occluding loop that restricts access to the active site cleft. To clarify the mode by which natural protein inhibitors manage to overcome this obstacle, we have analyzed the structure and function of cathepsin B in complexes with the Trypanosoma cruzi inhibitor, chagasin. Kinetic analysis revealed that substitution of His-110e, which anchors the loop in occluding position, results in 3-fold increased chagasin affinity (Ki for H110A cathepsin B, 0.35 nm) due to an improved association rate (kon, 5 x 10(5) m(-1)s(-1)). The structure of chagasin in complex with cathepsin B was solved in two crystal forms (1.8 and 2.67 angstroms resolution), demonstrating that the occluding loop is displaced to allow chagasin binding with its three loops, L4, L2, and L6, spanning the entire active site cleft. The occluding loop is differently displaced in the two structures, indicating a large range of movement and adoption of conformations forced by the inhibitor. The area of contact is slightly larger than in chagasin complexes with the endopeptidase, cathepsin L. However, residues important for high affinity to both enzymes are mainly found in the outer loops L4 and L6 of chagasin. The chagasin-cathepsin B complex provides a structural framework for modeling and design of inhibitors for cruzipain, the parasite cysteine protease and a virulence factor in Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Redzynia
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Technical University of Lodz, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|