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Bjørnestad V, Lund R. Pathways of Membrane Solubilization: A Structural Study of Model Lipid Vesicles Exposed to Classical Detergents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3914-3933. [PMID: 36893452 PMCID: PMC10035035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pathways of solubilization of lipid membranes is of high importance for their use in biotechnology and industrial applications. Although lipid vesicle solubilization by classical detergents has been widely investigated, there are few systematic structural and kinetic studies where different detergents are compared under varying conditions. This study used small-angle X-ray scattering to determine the structures of lipid/detergent aggregates at different ratios and temperatures and studied the solubilization in time using the stopped-flow technique. Membranes composed of either of two zwitterionic lipids, DMPC or DPPC, and their interactions with three different detergents, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), n-dodecyl-beta-maltoside (DDM), and Triton X-100 (TX-100), were tested. The detergent TX-100 can cause the formation of collapsed vesicles with a rippled bilayer structure that is highly resistant to TX-100 insertion at low temperatures, while at higher temperatures, it partitions and leads to the restructuring of vesicles. DDM also causes this restructuring into multilamellar structures at subsolubilizing concentrations. In contrast, partitioning of SDS does not alter the vesicle structure below the saturation limit. Solubilization is more efficient in the gel phase for TX-100 but only if the cohesive energy of the bilayer does not prevent sufficient partitioning of the detergent. DDM and SDS show less temperature dependence compared to TX-100. Kinetic measurements reveal that solubilization of DPPC largely occurs through a slow extraction of lipids, whereas DMPC solubilization is dominated by fast and burst-like solubilization of the vesicles. The final structures obtained seem to preferentially be discoidal micelles where the detergent can distribute in excess along the rim of the disc, although we do observe the formation of worm- and rodlike micelles in the case of solubilization of DDM. Our results are in line with the suggested theory that bilayer rigidity is the main factor influencing which aggregate is formed.
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2
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Bjørnestad VA, Soto-Bustamante F, Tria G, Laurati M, Lund R. Beyond the standard model of solubilization: Non-ionic surfactants induce collapse of lipid vesicles into rippled bilamellar nanodiscs. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:553-567. [PMID: 36958276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Although solubilization of lipid membranes has been studied extensively, questions remain regarding the structural pathways and metastable structures involved. This study investigated whether the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 follows the classical solubilization pathway or if intermediate nanostructures are formed. EXPERIMENTS Small angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) was used in combination with transmission electron cryo-microscopy and cryo-tomography to deduce the structure of mixtures of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) vesicles and Triton X-100. Time-resolved SAXS and dynamic light scattering were used to investigate the kinetics of the process. FINDINGS Upon addition of moderate detergent amounts at low temperatures, the lipid vesicles implode into ordered rippled bilamellar disc structures. The bilayers arrange in a ripple phase to accommodate packing constraints caused by inserted TX-100 molecules. The collapse is suggested to occur through a combination of water structure destabilization by detergents flipping across the membrane and osmotic pressure causing interbilayer attraction internally. The subsequently induced ripples then stabilize the aggregates and prevent solubilization, supported by the observation that negatively charged vesicles undergo a different pathway upon TX-100 addition, forming large bicelles. The findings demonstrate the richness in assembly pathways of simple lipids and detergents and stimulate considerations for the use of certain detergents in membrane solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giancarlo Tria
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Laurati
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Sem Sælandsvei 26, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Dalgarno PA, Juan-Colás J, Hedley GJ, Piñeiro L, Novo M, Perez-Gonzalez C, Samuel IDW, Leake MC, Johnson S, Al-Soufi W, Penedo JC, Quinn SD. Unveiling the multi-step solubilization mechanism of sub-micron size vesicles by detergents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12897. [PMID: 31501469 PMCID: PMC6733941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The solubilization of membranes by detergents is critical for many technological applications and has become widely used in biochemistry research to induce cell rupture, extract cell constituents, and to purify, reconstitute and crystallize membrane proteins. The thermodynamic details of solubilization have been extensively investigated, but the kinetic aspects remain poorly understood. Here we used a combination of single-vesicle Förster resonance energy transfer (svFRET), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring to access the real-time kinetics and elementary solubilization steps of sub-micron sized vesicles, which are inaccessible by conventional diffraction-limited optical methods. Real-time injection of a non-ionic detergent, Triton X, induced biphasic solubilization kinetics of surface-immobilized vesicles labelled with the Dil/DiD FRET pair. The nanoscale sensitivity accessible by svFRET allowed us to unambiguously assign each kinetic step to distortions of the vesicle structure comprising an initial fast vesicle-swelling event followed by slow lipid loss and micellization. We expect the svFRET platform to be applicable beyond the sub-micron sizes studied here and become a unique tool to unravel the complex kinetics of detergent-lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dalgarno
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.,Institute of Biological Physics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - José Juan-Colás
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gordon J Hedley
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Piñeiro
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, E-27002, Spain
| | - Mercedes Novo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, E-27002, Spain
| | - Cibran Perez-Gonzalez
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Mark C Leake
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, England, YO10 5DD, UK.,Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Steven Johnson
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Wajih Al-Soufi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, E-27002, Spain
| | - J Carlos Penedo
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK. .,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Steven D Quinn
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK. .,Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, England, YO10 5DD, UK. .,Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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4
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Lete MG, Monasterio BG, Collado MI, Medina M, Sot J, Alonso A, Goñi FM. Fast and slow biomembrane solubilizing detergents: Insights into their mechanism of action. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110430. [PMID: 31419637 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Detergents are water-soluble amphiphiles. Above a critical concentration they self-organize in micelles and in the presence of phospholipids mixed micelles are formed. Much information is available on the structure of these self-assemblies and on the thermodynamics of their formation. The aim of this study was to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of solubilization. Solubilization of lipid vesicles made of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) by twenty one commercially available, structurally heterogeneous detergents, has been assessed by a decrease in turbidity of the vesicle suspension. Both steady-state and time-resolved measurements have been performed. The results show that the detergents under study fall into one of two categories, namely fast-solubilizing and slow-solubilizing detergents. This categorization is independent of detergent concentration, i.e. a "slow" cannot be converted into a "fast" surfactant by increasing its bulk concentration. 31P-NMR spectra indicate that slow-acting detergents cause either a gradual, monotonic micellization of bilayers (sodium dodecyl sulphate), or formation of more complex, perhaps non-lamellar, non-micellar intermediates (dodecylmaltoside). In contrast, fast detergents (e.g. Triton X-100) cause lysis and reassembly of vesicles before bulk solubilization takes place. These results support the idea that membrane solubilization by detergents is rapid only when surfactant transbilayer (flipping) motion is easy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Lete
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Bingen G Monasterio
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - M Isabel Collado
- SGIKER, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Milagros Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Unidades Asociadas BIFI-IQFR and CBsC-CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Sot
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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5
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Mamode Cassim A, Gouguet P, Gronnier J, Laurent N, Germain V, Grison M, Boutté Y, Gerbeau-Pissot P, Simon-Plas F, Mongrand S. Plant lipids: Key players of plasma membrane organization and function. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:1-27. [PMID: 30465788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is the biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside. The PM is constituted of a huge diversity of proteins and lipids. In this review, we will update the diversity of molecular species of lipids found in plant PM. We will further discuss how lipids govern global properties of the plant PM, explaining that plant lipids are unevenly distributed and are able to organize PM in domains. From that observation, it emerges a complex picture showing a spatial and multiscale segregation of PM components. Finally, we will discuss how lipids are key players in the function of PM in plants, with a particular focus on plant-microbe interaction, transport and hormone signaling, abiotic stress responses, plasmodesmata function. The last chapter is dedicated to the methods that the plant membrane biology community needs to develop to get a comprehensive understanding of membrane organization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiilah Mamode Cassim
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Paul Gouguet
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Gronnier
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nelson Laurent
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Magali Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patricia Gerbeau-Pissot
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France.
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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6
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Riske KA, Domingues CC, Casadei BR, Mattei B, Caritá AC, Lira RB, Preté PSC, de Paula E. Biophysical approaches in the study of biomembrane solubilization: quantitative assessment and the role of lateral inhomogeneity. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:649-667. [PMID: 28836235 PMCID: PMC5662047 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Detergents are amphiphilic molecules widely used to solubilize biological membranes and/or extract their components. Nevertheless, because of the complex composition of biomembranes, their solubilization by detergents has not been systematically studied. In this review, we address the solubilization of erythrocytes, which provide a relatively simple, robust and easy to handle biomembrane, and of biomimetic models, to stress the role of the lipid composition on the solubilization process. First, results of a systematic study on the solubilization of human erythrocyte membranes by different series of non-ionic (Triton, CxEy, Brij, Renex, Tween), anionic (bile salts) and zwitterionic (ASB, CHAPS) detergents are shown. Such quantitative approach allowed us to propose Resat-the effective detergent/lipid molar ratio in the membrane for the onset of hemolysis as a new parameter to classify the solubilization efficiency of detergents. Second, detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) obtained as a result of the partial solubilization of erythrocytes by TX-100, C12E8 and Brij detergents are examined. DRMs were characterized by their cholesterol, sphingolipid and specific proteins content, as well as lipid packing. Finally, lipid bilayers of tuned lipid composition forming liposomes were used to investigate the solubilization process of membranes of different compositions/phases induced by Triton X-100. Optical microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles revealed that pure phospholipid membranes are fully solubilized, whereas the presence of cholesterol renders the mixture partially or even fully insoluble, depending on the composition. Additionally, Triton X-100 induced phase separation in raft-like mixtures, and selective solubilization of the fluid phase only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Cleyton C Domingues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 200037, USA
| | - Bruna R Casadei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mattei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Caritá
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Lira
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Paulo S C Preté
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil.
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7
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Pizzirusso A, De Nicola A, Sevink GJA, Correa A, Cascella M, Kawakatsu T, Rocco M, Zhao Y, Celino M, Milano G. Biomembrane solubilization mechanism by Triton X-100: a computational study of the three stage model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29780-29794. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03871b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization mechanism of lipid membranes in the presence of Triton X-100 (TX-100) is investigated at molecular resolution using hybrid particle field–self consistence field simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia
- Università di Salerno
- Fisciano
- Italy
| | - G. J. Agur Sevink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Correa
- Department of Chemical Science
- Federico II University of Naples
- 80126 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Michele Cascella
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences
- University of Oslo
- 0371 Oslo
- Norway
| | | | - Mattia Rocco
- Biopolimeri e Proteomica
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino
- Genova
- Italy
| | - Ying Zhao
- Institute of Nano-Photonics
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering
- Dalian Minzu University
- Dalian 116600
- China
| | | | - Giuseppe Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia
- Università di Salerno
- Fisciano
- Italy
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8
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Nematollahi MH, Pardakhty A, Torkzadeh-Mahanai M, Mehrabani M, Asadikaram G. Changes in physical and chemical properties of niosome membrane induced by cholesterol: a promising approach for niosome bilayer intervention. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07834j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the self-assembly property of nonionic surfactants has been utilized to create vesicles as alternatives to liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center
- Institute of Neuropharmacology
- Kerman University of Medical Science
- Kerman
- Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center
- Institute of Neuropharmacology
- Kerman University of Medical Science
- Kerman
- Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahanai
- Biotechnology Department
- Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences
- Graduate University of Advanced Technology
- Kerman
- Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mehrabani
- Physiology Research Center
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences
- Kerman
- Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Medicine
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences
- Kerman
- Iran
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9
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Mattei B, Lira RB, Perez KR, Riske KA. Membrane permeabilization induced by Triton X-100: The role of membrane phase state and edge tension. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 202:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Sot J, Manni MM, Viguera AR, Castañeda V, Cano A, Alonso C, Gil D, Valle M, Alonso A, Goñi FM. High-melting lipid mixtures and the origin of detergent-resistant membranes studied with temperature-solubilization diagrams. Biophys J 2016; 107:2828-2837. [PMID: 25517149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of resistance to detergent solubilization in certain membranes, or membrane components, is not clearly understood. We have studied the solubilization by Triton X-100 of binary mixtures composed of egg sphingomyelin (SM) and either ceramide, diacylglycerol, or cholesterol. Solubilization has been assayed in the 4-50°C range, and the results are summarized in a novel, to our knowledge, form of plots, that we have called temperature-solubilization diagrams. Despite using a large detergent excess (lipid/detergent 1:20 mol ratio) and extended solubilization times (24-48 h) certain mixtures were not amenable to Triton X-100 solubilization at one or more temperatures. DSC of all the lipid mixtures, and of all the lipid + detergent mixtures revealed that detergent resistance was associated with the presence of gel domains at the assay temperature. Once the system melted down, solubilization could occur. In general adding high-melting lipids limited the solubilization, whereas the addition of low-melting lipids promoted it. Lipidomic analysis of Madin-Darby canine kidney cell membranes and of the corresponding detergent-resistant fraction indicated a large enrichment of the nonsolubilized components in saturated diacylglycerol and ceramide. SM-cholesterol mixtures were special in that detergent solubilization was accompanied, for certain temperatures and compositions, by an independent phenomenon of reassembly of the partially solubilized lipid bilayers. The temperature at which lysis and reassembly prevailed was ∼25°C, thus for some SM-cholesterol mixtures solubilization occurred both above and below 25°C, but not at that temperature. These observations can be at the origin of the detergent resistance effects observed with cell membranes, and they also mean that cholesterol-containing detergent-resistant membrane remnants cannot correspond to structures existing in the native membrane before detergent addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Sot
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marco M Manni
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana R Viguera
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Verónica Castañeda
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ainara Cano
- OWL, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso
- OWL, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Gil
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CICbiogune, Derio, Spain
| | - Mikel Valle
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CICbiogune, Derio, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain.
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11
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Manni MM, Cano A, Alonso C, Goñi FM. Lipids that determine detergent resistance of MDCK cell membrane fractions. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 191:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Mattei B, França ADC, Riske KA. Solubilization of binary lipid mixtures by the detergent Triton X-100: the role of cholesterol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 31:378-386. [PMID: 25474726 DOI: 10.1021/la504004r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization of lipid bilayers of different composition and phase by the detergent Triton X-100 (Triton X-100) was investigated using optical and fluorescence microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and light scattering of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). The compositions explored were 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), in the liquid-disordered (Ld) phase, sphingomyelin (SM), in the gel phase, and binary mixtures of these phospholipids with 30 mol % cholesterol (chol), resulting in bilayers in the Ld and liquid-ordered (Lo) phases, respectively. We show that the phospholipid bilayers are completely soluble in TX-100, but optical microscopy reveals that whereas fluid POPC is gradually solubilized by TX-100, gel SM is first shattered in bilayer fragments. Incorporation of TX-100 in the membrane leads to increase in GUV area, which was quantified and expressed as bound detergent-to-lipid molar ratio. The partition of TX-100 in POPC is very high, decreases in POPC/chol, and is negligible in SM/chol. Fluorescence microscopy shows that TX-100 induces Lo/Ld phase separation in previously homogeneous POPC/chol GUVs, and insoluble bilayer fragments/vesicles are detected with optical microscopy and light scattering. Vesicles of SM/chol, in the Lo phase, are virtually insoluble in TX-100. Taken together, our results show that the presence of cholesterol is the origin of membrane resistance to solubilization, which depending on the specific lipid mixture can result in either partially (POPC/chol) or completely (SM/chol) insoluble mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mattei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
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Lichtenberg D, Ahyayauch H, Goñi FM. The mechanism of detergent solubilization of lipid bilayers. Biophys J 2014; 105:289-99. [PMID: 23870250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple data are available on the self-assembly of mixtures of bilayer-forming amphiphiles, particularly phospholipids and micelle-forming amphiphiles, commonly denoted detergents. The structure of such mixed assemblies has been thoroughly investigated, described in phase diagrams, and theoretically rationalized in terms of the balance between the large spontaneous curvature of the curvophilic detergent and the curvophobic phospholipids. In this critical review, we discuss the mechanism of this process and try to explain the actual mechanism involved in solubilization. Interestingly, membrane solubilization by some detergents is relatively slow and the common attribute of these detergents is that their trans-bilayer movement, commonly denoted flip-flop, is very slow. Only detergents that can flip into the inner monolayer cause relatively rapid solubilization of detergent-saturated bilayers. This occurs via the following sequence of events: 1), relatively rapid penetration of detergent monomers into the outer monolayer; 2), trans-membrane equilibration of detergent monomers between the two monolayers; 3), saturation of the bilayer by detergents and consequent permeabilization of the membrane; and 4), transition of the whole bilayer to thread-like mixed micelles. When the detergent cannot flip to the inner monolayer, the outer monolayer becomes unstable due to mass imbalance between the monolayers and inclusion of the curvophilic detergent molecules in a flat surface. Consequently, the outer monolayer forms mixed micellar structures within the outer monolayer. Shedding of these micelles into the aqueous solution results in partial solubilization. The consequent leakage of detergent into the liposome results in trans-membrane equilibration of detergent and subsequent micellization through the rapid bilayer-saturation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov Lichtenberg
- Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Comparative study of the interaction of CHAPS and Triton X-100 with the erythrocyte membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:859-66. [PMID: 24239862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The zwitterionic detergent CHAPS, a derivative of the bile salts, is widely used in membrane protein solubilization. It is a "facial" detergent, having a hydrophilic side and a hydrophobic back. The objective of this work is to characterize the interaction of CHAPS with a cell membrane. To this aim, erythrocytes were incubated with a wide range of detergent concentrations in order to determine CHAPS partition behavior, and its effects on membrane lipid order, hemolytic effects, and the solubilization of membrane phospholipids and cholesterol. The results were compared with those obtained with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. It was found that CHAPS has a low affinity for the erythrocyte membrane (partition coefficient K=0.06mM(-1)), and at sub-hemolytic concentrations it causes little effect on membrane lipid order. CHAPS hemolysis and phospholipid solubilization are closely correlated. On the other side, binding of Triton X-100 disorders the membrane at all levels, and has independent mechanisms for hemolysis and solubilization. Differential behavior was observed in the solubilization of phospholipids and cholesterol. Thus, the detergent resistant membranes (DRM) obtained with the two detergents will have different composition. The behaviors of the two detergents are related to the differences in their molecular structures, suggesting that CHAPS does not penetrate the lipid bilayer but binds in a flat position on the erythrocyte surface, both in intact and cholesterol depleted erythrocytes. A relevant result for Triton X-100 is that hemolysis is not directly correlated with the solubilization of membrane lipids, as it is usually assumed.
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Ahyayauch H, Arnulphi C, Sot J, Alonso A, Goñi FM. The onset of Triton X-100 solubilization of sphingomyelin/ceramide bilayers: effects of temperature and composition. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 167-168:57-61. [PMID: 23453949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The early stages of Triton X-100 solubilization of bilayers consisting of sphingomyelin/ceramide (SM/Cer) mixtures have been studied using a combination of calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques. Compositions based on sphingomyelin, containing up to 30 mol% Cer, at 4, 20 and 50°C have been examined. The presence of Cer does not modify the affinity (in terms of ΔG of binding per mol total lipid) of the SM-based bilayers for Triton X-100, although it does increase the amount of detergent required for the onset of solubilization. At 50°C more detergent was required to solubilize the SM/Cer bilayers than at 20°C. The data can be rationalized in terms of lipid and detergent geometries and interactions (Lichtenberg et al., 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Ahyayauch
- Unidad de Biofísica (Centro Mixto CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
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Lichtenberg D, Ahyayauch H, Alonso A, Goñi FM. Detergent solubilization of lipid bilayers: a balance of driving forces. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ahyayauch H, Collado MI, Alonso A, Goñi FM. Lipid bilayers in the gel phase become saturated by triton X-100 at lower surfactant concentrations than those in the fluid phase. Biophys J 2012; 102:2510-6. [PMID: 22713566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been repeatedly observed that lipid bilayers in the gel phase are solubilized by lower concentrations of Triton X-100, at least within certain temperature ranges, or other nonionic detergents than bilayers in the fluid phase. In a previous study, we showed that detergent partition coefficients into the lipid bilayer were the same for the gel and the fluid phases. In this contribution, turbidity, calorimetry, and 31P-NMR concur in showing that bilayers in the gel state (at least down to 13-20°C below the gel-fluid transition temperature) become saturated with detergent at lower detergent concentrations than those in the fluid state, irrespective of temperature. The different saturation may explain the observed differences in solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Ahyayauch
- Unidad de Biofísica (Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
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Cacas JL, Furt F, Le Guédard M, Schmitter JM, Buré C, Gerbeau-Pissot P, Moreau P, Bessoule JJ, Simon-Plas F, Mongrand S. Lipids of plant membrane rafts. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:272-99. [PMID: 22554527 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids tend to organize in mono or bilayer phases in a hydrophilic environment. While they have long been thought to be incapable of coherent lateral segregation, it is now clear that spontaneous assembly of these compounds can confer microdomain organization beyond spontaneous fluidity. Membrane raft microdomains have the ability to influence spatiotemporal organization of protein complexes, thereby allowing regulation of cellular processes. In this review, we aim at summarizing briefly: (i) the history of raft discovery in animals and plants, (ii) the main findings about structural and signalling plant lipids involved in raft segregation, (iii) imaging of plant membrane domains, and their biochemical purification through detergent-insoluble membranes, as well as the existing debate on the topic. We also discuss the potential involvement of rafts in the regulation of plant physiological processes, and further discuss the prospects of future research into plant membrane rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Cacas
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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Araújo ES, de Oliveira HP. Phase Inversions in Emulsions Probed by Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2010.528693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Velluto D, Gasbarri C, Angelini G, Fontana A. Use of simple kinetic and reaction-order measurements for the evaluation of the mechanism of surfactant-liposome interactions. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8130-7. [PMID: 21604798 DOI: 10.1021/jp2026187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant-liposome interactions have been previously studied through different methods and techniques. We present here a classical physical chemistry study on liposome solutions added to destabilizing agents at concentrations well above the solubilization concentration, which enable us to draw useful and interesting conclusions about the mechanism of surfactant-induced liposomal breakdown by simply exploiting the kinetics and the reaction order of the liposomal content release. In such excess of surfactant, the mechanism of surfactant-induced rupture of the liposomes has been demonstrated to be different from that proposed for low surfactant concentrations. Thus, depending on the surfactant concentration, two prevailing processes have been evidenced: (i) a cooperative mechanism that implies the assembly of a critical number of surfactant molecules to trigger the formation of a channel and therefore the release of the liposomal content and (ii) a mechanism driven by direct interaction of the surfactant molecules with the lipids that causes the complete solubilization of the liposomes. The former mechanism occurs at low surfactant concentrations, whereas the latter occurs at higher concentrations and above the CMC of the surfactants. The effect of different guests embedded into the liposomal bilayer on the mechanism of surfactant-induced liposomal breakdown has been compared by using the second-order rate constants measured for the liposome breakdown process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Velluto
- Institute for Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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