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Castejón-Griñán M, Cerdido S, Sánchez-Beltrán J, Lambertos A, Abrisqueta M, Herraiz C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. Melanoma-associated melanocortin 1 receptor variants confer redox signaling-dependent protection against oxidative DNA damage. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103135. [PMID: 38565069 PMCID: PMC11002308 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma, a lethal skin cancer, arises from malignant transformation of melanocytes. Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major environmental risk factor for melanoma since its interaction with the skin generates DNA damage, either directly or indirectly via oxidative stress. Pheomelanin pigments exacerbate oxidative stress in melanocytes by UVR-dependent and independent mechanisms. Thus, oxidative stress is considered to contribute to melanomagenesis, particularly in people with pheomelanic pigmentation. The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) is a major melanoma susceptibility gene. Frequent MC1R variants (varMC1R) associated with fair skin and red or yellow hair color display hypomorphic signaling to the cAMP pathway and are associated with higher melanoma risk. This association is thought to be due to production of photosensitizing pheomelanins as well as deficient induction of DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. However, the data on modulation of oxidative DNA damage repair by MC1R remain scarce. We recently demonstrated that varMC1R accelerates clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA strand breaks in an AKT-dependent manner. Here we show that varMC1R also protects against ROS-dependent formation of 8-oxodG, the most frequent oxidative DNA lesion. Since the base excision repair (BER) pathway mediates clearance of these DNA lesions, we analyzed induction of BER enzymes in human melanoma cells of varMC1R genotype. Agonist-mediated activation of both wildtype (wtMC1R) and varMC1R significantly induced OGG and APE-1/Ref1, the rate-limiting BER enzymes responsible for repair of 8-oxodG. Moreover, we found that NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent generation of ROS was responsible for AKT activation and oxidative DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. These observations provide a better understanding of the functional properties of melanoma-associated MC1R alleles and may be useful for the rational development of strategies to correct defective varMC1R responses for efficient photoprotection and melanoma prevention in fair-skinned individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castejón-Griñán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Sonia Cerdido
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Sánchez-Beltrán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Marta Abrisqueta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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Cerdido S, Sánchez-Beltrán J, Lambertos A, Abrisqueta M, Padilla L, Herraiz C, Olivares C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. A Side-by-Side Comparison of Wildtype and Variant Melanocortin 1 Receptor Signaling with Emphasis on Protection against Oxidative Damage to DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14381. [PMID: 37762683 PMCID: PMC10532403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variants of the MC1R gene coding the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor are associated with light skin, poor tanning, blond or red hair, and increased melanoma risk, due to pigment-dependent and -independent effects. This complex phenotype is usually attributed to impaired activation of cAMP signaling. However, several MC1R variants show significant residual coupling to cAMP and efficiently activate mitogenic extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Yet, residual signaling and the key actions of wildtype and variant MC1R have never been assessed under strictly comparable conditions in melanocytic cells of identical genetic background. We devised a strategy based on CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of endogenous MC1R in a human melanoma cell line wildtype for BRAF, NRAS and NF1, followed by reconstitution with epitope-labeled MC1R constructs, and functional analysis of clones expressing comparable levels of wildtype, R151C or D294H MC1R. The proliferation rate, shape, adhesion, motility and sensitivity to oxidative DNA damage were compared. The R151C and D294H RHC variants displayed impaired cAMP signaling, intracellular stability similar to the wildtype, triggered ERK1/2 activation as effectively as the wildtype, and afforded partial protection against oxidative DNA damage, although less efficiently than the wildtype. Therefore, common melanoma-associated MC1R variants display biased signaling and significant genoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Cerdido
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (L.P.); (C.H.); (C.O.); (C.J.-C.)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-LAIB, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Sánchez-Beltrán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (L.P.); (C.H.); (C.O.); (C.J.-C.)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-LAIB, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (L.P.); (C.H.); (C.O.); (C.J.-C.)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-LAIB, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Abrisqueta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (L.P.); (C.H.); (C.O.); (C.J.-C.)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-LAIB, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lidia Padilla
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (L.P.); (C.H.); (C.O.); (C.J.-C.)
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (L.P.); (C.H.); (C.O.); (C.J.-C.)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-LAIB, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (L.P.); (C.H.); (C.O.); (C.J.-C.)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-LAIB, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (L.P.); (C.H.); (C.O.); (C.J.-C.)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-LAIB, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José C. García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (A.L.); (M.A.); (L.P.); (C.H.); (C.O.); (C.J.-C.)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-LAIB, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Chelakkot VS, Thomas K, Romigh T, Fong A, Li L, Ronen S, Chen S, Funchain P, Ni Y, Arbesman J. MC1R signaling through the cAMP-CREB/ATF-1 and ERK-NFκB pathways accelerates G1/S transition promoting breast cancer progression. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:85. [PMID: 37679505 PMCID: PMC10485002 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MC1R, a G-protein coupled receptor, triggers ultraviolet light-induced melanin synthesis and DNA repair in melanocytes and is implicated in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Although widely expressed in different tissue types, its function in non-cutaneous tissue is relatively unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that disruptive MC1R variants associated with melanomagenesis are less frequently found in patients with several cancers. Further exploration revealed that breast cancer tissue shows a significantly higher MC1R expression than normal breast tissue, and knocking down MC1R significantly reduced cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MC1R signaling through the MC1R-cAMP-CREB/ATF-1 and MC1R-ERK-NFκB axes accelerated the G1-S transition in breast cancer cells. Our results revealed a new association between MC1R and breast cancer, which could be potentially targeted therapeutically. Moreover, our results suggest that MC1R-enhancing/activating therapies should be used cautiously, as they might be pro-tumorigenic in certain contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Shankar Chelakkot
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kiara Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Todd Romigh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Fong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shira Ronen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shuyang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pauline Funchain
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ying Ni
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Joshua Arbesman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Abrisqueta M, Cerdido S, Sánchez-Beltrán J, Martínez-Vicente I, Herraiz C, Lambertos A, Olivares C, Sevilla A, Alonso S, Boyano MD, García-Borrón JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C. MGRN1 as a Phenotypic Determinant of Human Melanoma Cells and a Potential Biomarker. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081118. [PMID: 35892921 PMCID: PMC9331370 DOI: 10.3390/life12081118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 (MGRN1), a ubiquitin ligase expressed in melanocytes, interacts with the α melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor, a well-known melanoma susceptibility gene. Previous studies showed that MGRN1 modulates the phenotype of mouse melanocytes and melanoma cells, with effects on pigmentation, shape, and motility. Moreover, MGRN1 knockdown augmented the burden of DNA breaks in mouse cells, indicating that loss of MGRN1 promoted genomic instability. However, data concerning the roles of MGRN1 in human melanoma cells remain scarce. We analyzed MGRN1 knockdown in human melanoma cells. Transient MGRN1 depletion with siRNA or permanent knockdown in human melanoma cells by CRISPR/Cas9 caused an apparently MITF-independent switch to a more dendritic phenotype. Lack of MGRN1 also increased the fraction of human cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and the burden of DNA breaks but did not significantly impair proliferation. Moreover, in silico analysis of publicly available melanoma datasets and estimation of MGRN1 in a cohort of clinical specimens provided preliminary evidence that MGRN1 expression is higher in human melanomas than in normal skin or nevi and pointed to an inverse correlation of MGRN1 expression in human melanoma with patient survival, thus suggesting potential use of MGRN1 as a melanoma biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Abrisqueta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Room 1.53, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (I.M.-V.); (C.H.); (A.L.); (C.O.); (J.C.G.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Sonia Cerdido
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Room 1.53, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (I.M.-V.); (C.H.); (A.L.); (C.O.); (J.C.G.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Sánchez-Beltrán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Room 1.53, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (I.M.-V.); (C.H.); (A.L.); (C.O.); (J.C.G.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Idoya Martínez-Vicente
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Room 1.53, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (I.M.-V.); (C.H.); (A.L.); (C.O.); (J.C.G.-B.)
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Room 1.53, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (I.M.-V.); (C.H.); (A.L.); (C.O.); (J.C.G.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Room 1.53, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (I.M.-V.); (C.H.); (A.L.); (C.O.); (J.C.G.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Room 1.53, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (I.M.-V.); (C.H.); (A.L.); (C.O.); (J.C.G.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Arrate Sevilla
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (A.S.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Santos Alonso
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Boyano
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (A.S.); (M.D.B.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - José Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Room 1.53, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (I.M.-V.); (C.H.); (A.L.); (C.O.); (J.C.G.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Room 1.53, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (S.C.); (J.S.-B.); (I.M.-V.); (C.H.); (A.L.); (C.O.); (J.C.G.-B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Ji RL, Tao YX. Melanocortin-1 receptor mutations and pigmentation: Insights from large animals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:179-213. [PMID: 35595349 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in cutaneous and hair follicle melanocytes, and plays a central role in coat color determination in vertebrates. Numerous MC1R variants have been identified in diverse species. Some of these variants have been associated with specific hair and skin color phenotypes in humans as well as coat color in animals. Gain-of-function mutations of the MC1R gene cause dominant or partially dominant black/dark coat color, and loss-of-function mutations of the MC1R gene cause recessive or partially recessive red/yellow/pale coat color phenotypes. These have been well documented in a large number of mammals, including human, dog, cattle, horse, sheep, pig, and fox. Higher similarities between large mammals and humans makes them better models to understand pathogenesis of human diseases caused by MC1R mutations. High identities in MC1Rs and similar variants identified in both humans and large mammals also provide an opportunity for receptor structure and function study. In this review, we aim to summarize the naturally occurring mutations of MC1R in humans and large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Lei Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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Translational advances of melanocortin drugs: Integrating biology, chemistry and genetics. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101603. [PMID: 35341670 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin receptors have emerged as important targets with a very unusual versatility, as their widespread distribution on multiple tissues (e.g. skin, adrenal glands, brain, immune cells, exocrine glands) together with the variety of physiological processes they control (pigmentation, cortisol release, satiety mechanism, inflammation, secretions), place this family of receptors as genuine therapeutic targets for many disorders. This review focuses in the journey of the development of melanocortin receptors as therapeutic targets from the discovery of their existence in the early 1990 s to the approval of the first few drugs of this class. Two major areas of development characterise the current state of melanocortin drug development: their role in obesity, recently culminated with the approval of setmelanotide, and their potential for the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or fibrosis. The pro-resolving nature of these drugs offers the advantage of acting by mimicking the way our body naturally resolves inflammation, expecting fewer side effects and a more balanced (i.e. non-immunosuppressive) response from them. Here we also review the approaches followed for the design and development of novel compounds, the importance of the GPCR nature of these receptors in the process of drug development, therapeutic value, current challenges and successes, and the potential for the implementation of precision medicine approaches through the incorporation of genetics advances.
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Guida S, Guida G, Goding CR. MC1R Functions, Expression, and Implications for Targeted Therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:293-302.e1. [PMID: 34362555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled MC1R is expressed in melanocytes and has a pivotal role in human skin pigmentation, with reduced function in human genetic variants exhibiting a red hair phenotype and increased melanoma predisposition. Beyond its role in pigmentation, MC1R is increasingly recognized as promoting UV-induced DNA damage repair. Consequently, there is mounting interest in targeting MC1R for therapeutic benefit. However, whether MC1R expression is restricted to melanocytes or is more widely expressed remains a matter of debate. In this paper, we review MC1R function and highlight that unbiased analysis suggests that its expression is restricted to melanocytes, granulocytes, and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Colin Ronald Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Herraiz C, Martínez-Vicente I, Maresca V. The α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/melanocortin-1 receptor interaction: A driver of pleiotropic effects beyond pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:748-761. [PMID: 33884776 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R), when stimulated by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), is a driver of eumelanogenesis. Brown/black eumelanin is an effective filter against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and is a scavenger of free radicals. Several polymorphic variants of MC1R are frequent in red-head people. These polymorphisms reduce the ability of MC1R to promote eumelanogenesis after its activation and spontaneous pheomelanogenesis take place. Since pheomelanin can act as an endogenous photosensitizer, people carrying MC1R polymorphisms are more susceptible to skin cancer. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the biology of MC1R beyond its ability to drive eumelanogenesis. We analyze its capacity to cope with oxidative insult and consequent DNA damage. We describe its ability to transduce through different pathways. We start from the canonical pathway, the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway mainly involved in promoting eumelanogenesis, and protection from oxidative damage, and we then move on to describe more recent knowledge concerning ERK pathways, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway/AKT, and α-MSH/Peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) connection. We describe MC1R polymorphic variants associated with melanoma risk which represent an open window of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Idoya Martínez-Vicente
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Yang LK, Hou ZS, Tao YX. Biased signaling in naturally occurring mutations of G protein-coupled receptors associated with diverse human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:165973. [PMID: 32949766 PMCID: PMC7722056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in transmitting a variety of extracellular signals into the cells and regulate diverse physiological functions. Naturally occurring mutations that result in dysfunctions of GPCRs have been known as the causes of numerous diseases. Significant progresses have been made in elucidating the pathophysiology of diseases caused by mutations. The multiple intracellular signaling pathways, such as G protein-dependent and β-arrestin-dependent signaling, in conjunction with recent advances on biased agonism, have broadened the view on the molecular mechanism of disease pathogenesis. This review aims to briefly discuss biased agonism of GPCRs (biased ligands and biased receptors), summarize the naturally occurring GPCR mutations that cause biased signaling, and propose the potential pathophysiological relevance of biased mutant GPCRs associated with various endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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Liu X, Li H, Cong X, Huo D, Cong L, Wu G. α-MSH-PE38KDEL Kills Melanoma Cells via Modulating Erk1/2/MITF/TYR Signaling in an MC1R-Dependent Manner. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12457-12469. [PMID: 33299329 PMCID: PMC7721307 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s268554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective The immunotoxin α-MSH-PE38KDEL consisting of α-MSH and PE38KDEL showed high cytotoxicity on MSH receptor-positive melanoma cells, suggesting that α-MSH-PE38KDEL might be a potent drug for the treatment of melanoma. Herein, we explored whether the Erk1/2/MITF/TYR signaling, a verified target of α-MSH/MC1R, was involved in α-MSH-PE38KDEL-mediated cytotoxicity. Methods Human melanoma cell line A375, mouse melanoma cell line B16-F10, human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and human primary epidermal melanocytes (HEMa) with different expression levels of MC1R were used in this study. Cell apoptosis and viability were determined by using flow cytometry and MTT assays. Protein expressions were tested by Western blotting. Results The expression levels of MC1R in A375 and B16-F10 cells were significantly higher than that of MDA-MB-231 and HEMa. α-MSH-PE38KDEL treatment induced a significant inhibition in cell viability in A375 and B16-F10 cells, while showed no obvious influence in the viability of MDA-MB-231 and HEMa cells. However, knockdown of MC1R abolished α-MSH-PE38KDEL role in promoting cell apoptosis in A375 and B16-F10 cells, and upregulation of MC1R endowed α-MSH-PE38KDEL function to promote cell apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and HEMa cells. Additionally, α-MSH-PE38KDEL treatment increased the phosphorylation levels of Erk1/2 and MITF (S73), and decreased MITF and TYR expressions in an MC1R-dependent manner. All of the treatments, including inhibition of Erk1/2 with PD98059, MC1R downregulation and MITF overexpression weakened the anti-tumor role of α-MSH-PE38KDEL in melanoma. Conclusion Collectively, this study indicates that α-MSH-PE38KDEL promotes melanoma cell apoptosis via modulating Erk1/2/MITF/TYR signaling in an MC1R-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Emergency Medical Department, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianling Cong
- Tissue Bank, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Huo
- Department of Hand Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
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11
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Caini S, Gandini S, Botta F, Tagliabue E, Raimondi S, Nagore E, Zanna I, Maisonneuve P, Newton-Bishop J, Polsky D, Lazovich D, Kumar R, Kanetsky PA, Hoiom V, Ghiorzo P, Landi MT, Ribas G, Menin C, Stratigos AJ, Palmieri G, Guida G, García-Borrón JC, Nan H, Little J, Sera F, Puig S, Fargnoli MC. MC1R variants and cutaneous melanoma risk according to histological type, body site, and Breslow thickness: a pooled analysis from the M-SKIP project. Melanoma Res 2020; 30:500-510. [PMID: 32898390 PMCID: PMC7479262 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Little is known on whether melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) associated cutaneous melanoma (CM) risk varies depending on histological subtype and body site, and whether tumour thickness at diagnosis (the most important prognostic factor for CM patients) differs between MC1R variant carriers and wild-type individuals. We studied the association between MC1R variants and CM risk by histological subtype, body site, and Breslow thickness, using the database of the M-SKIP project. We pooled individual data from 15 case-control studies conducted during 2005-2015 in Europe and the USA. Study-specific, multi-adjusted odds ratios were pooled into summary odds ratios (SOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects models. Six thousand eight hundred ninety-one CM cases and 5555 controls were included. CM risk was increased among MC1R variant carriers vs. wild-type individuals. The increase in risk was comparable across histological subtypes (SOR for any variant vs. wild-type ranged between 1.57 and 1.70, always statistical significant) except acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM), for which no association emerged; and slightly greater on chronically (1.74, 95% CI 1.47-2.07) than intermittently (1.55, 95% CI 1.34-1.78) sun-exposed skin. CM risk was greater for those carrying 'R' vs. 'r' variants; correlated with the number of variants; and was more evident among individuals not showing the red hair colour phenotype. Breslow thickness was not associated with MC1R status. MC1R variants were associated with an increased risk of CM of any histological subtype (except ALM) and occurring on both chronically and intermittently sun-exposed skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Caini
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Molecular and Pharmaco-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Molecular Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Botta
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sara Raimondi
- Molecular and Pharmaco-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Molecular Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ines Zanna
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Patrick Maisonneuve
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Polsky
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - DeAnn Lazovich
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter A. Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Veronica Hoiom
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Dptd. Oncologia medica y hematologia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Chiara Menin
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs; University of Bari “A. Moro”, Italy
| | - Jose Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Francesco Sera
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Spain & CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Concetta Fargnoli
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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12
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Martínez-Vicente I, Abrisqueta M, Herraiz C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC, Olivares C. Functional characterization of a C-terminal splice variant of the human melanocortin 1 receptor. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:610-615. [PMID: 32474972 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a major determinant of skin pigmentation and sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. When stimulated by its natural agonists, it promotes the switch from synthesis of poorly photoprotective and lightly colored pheomelanins to production of photoprotective and darker eumelanins. In addition to an unusually high number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, the MC1R is expressed as 3 protein-coding splice variants. Two transcripts display different 5' untranslated sequences but yield the same open reading frame corresponding to the canonical 317 aminoacids protein (termed MC1R). An alternative transcript named MC1R-203 encodes for a 382 amino acids protein of poorly characterized functional properties containing an additional 65 aminoacids C-terminal extension. Given the known roles of the MC1R C-terminal extension in forward trafficking, coupling to intracellular effectors and desensitization, the different structure of this domain in MC1R and MC1R-203 may lead to significant functional alteration(s). We have assessed the functional properties of MC1R-203, as compared with the canonical MC1R form. We show that unstimulated HBL human melanoma cells express the MC1R-203 spliceoform, although at much lower levels than canonical MC1R. When expressed in heterologous HEK293 cells, the presence of the 65 aminoacid-long cytosolic extension immediately after Cys316 in MC1R-203 did not impair the intracellular stability of the protein, but it interfered with functional coupling to the cAMP cascade and with the ubiquitylation of ARRB2 associated with MC1R desensitization. Conversely, MC1R-203 retained full capacity to activate ERK1/2 signaling. Accordingly, MC1R-203 displays biased signaling when expressed in HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoya Martínez-Vicente
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Abrisqueta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Concepción Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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13
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Guida S, Ciardo S, De Pace B, De Carvalho N, Peccerillo F, Manfredini M, Farnetani F, Chester J, Kaleci S, Manganelli M, Guida G, Pellacani G. The influence of MC1R on dermal morphological features of photo-exposed skin in women revealed by reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1321-1327. [PMID: 31520496 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene is one of the major determinants of skin pigmentation. It is a highly polymorphic gene and some of its polymorphisms have been related to specific skin phenotypes, increased risk of skin cancers and skin photoageing. Currently, its contribution to changes in dermal features in photo-exposed skin is unknown. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential correlation between MC1R status and specific healthy photo-exposed skin characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Skin facial features were estimated by evaluation with standard digital photography with automated features count, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 100 healthy women. Skin of the forearms was used as a control. RESULTS The study found an association between RHC MC1R polymorphisms and dermal features in photo-exposed areas being represented by increased vessel density and pixel density in OCT (P = .025 and P = .001, respectively) and increased coarse collagen in RCM (P = .034), as compared to non-RHC subjects. To our knowledge this is previously unreported. Additionally, previously reported correlations between light hair colour and pigmented spots with MC1R RHC polymorphisms have been confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the role of RHC MC1R variants in dermal variations of facial skin, as compared to non-RHC variants. To our knowledge this is previously unreported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvana Ciardo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Barbara De Pace
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nathalie De Carvalho
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Peccerillo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Manfredini
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Farnetani
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Chester
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Shaniko Kaleci
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Manganelli
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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14
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Maida I, Zanna P, Guida S, Ferretta A, Cocco T, Palese LL, Londei P, Benelli D, Azzariti A, Tommasi S, Guida M, Pellacani G, Guida G. Translational control mechanisms in cutaneous malignant melanoma: the role of eIF2α. J Transl Med 2019; 17:20. [PMID: 30634982 PMCID: PMC6329103 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma cells develop adaptive responses in order to cope with particular conditions of tumor microenvironment, characterized by stress conditions and deregulated proliferation. Recently, the interplay between the stress response and the gene expression programs leading to metastatic spread has been reported. METHODS We evaluated levels and localization of eIF2α/peIF2α in V600BRAF and wtBRAF metastatic melanoma cell lines by means of western blot and confocal microscopy analyses. Furthermore, we performed a sequence analyses and structure and dynamics studies of eIF2α protein to reveal the role of eIF2α and its correlations in different pathways involved in the invasive phase of melanoma. RESULTS We found peIF2α both in cytoplasm and nucleus. Nuclear localization was more represented in V600BRAF melanoma cell lines. Our studies on eIF2α protein sequence indicated the presence of a predicted bipartite NLS as well as a nuclear export signal NES and an S1 domain, typical of RNA interacting proteins. Furthermore, we found high levels of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a component of the MiT/TFE family, and low β-catenin levels in V600BRAF cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, we suggest that peIF2α nuclear localization can be crucial in ER stress response and in driving the metastatic spread of melanoma, through lysosomal signaling and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In conclusion, this is the first evidence of nuclear localization of peIF2α, representing a possible target for future therapeutic approaches for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Maida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Zanna
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Ferretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cocco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Leonardo Palese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Londei
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology BCE, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Benelli
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology BCE, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- National Cancer Research Centre “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Tommasi
- National Cancer Research Centre “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Guida
- National Cancer Research Centre “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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15
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Castejón-Griñán M, Herraiz C, Olivares C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. cAMP-independent non-pigmentary actions of variant melanocortin 1 receptor: AKT-mediated activation of protective responses to oxidative DNA damage. Oncogene 2018; 37:3631-3646. [PMID: 29622793 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R), a well-established melanoma susceptibility gene, regulates the amount and type of melanin pigments formed within epidermal melanocytes. MC1R variants associated with increased melanoma risk promote the production of photosensitizing pheomelanins as opposed to photoprotective eumelanins. Wild-type (WT) MC1R activates DNA repair and antioxidant defenses in a cAMP-dependent fashion. Since melanoma-associated MC1R variants are hypomorphic in cAMP signaling, these non-pigmentary actions are thought to be defective in MC1R-variant human melanoma cells and epidermal melanocytes, consistent with a higher mutation load in MC1R-variant melanomas. We compared induction of antioxidant enzymes and DNA damage responses in melanocytic cells of defined MC1R genotype. Increased expression of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes following MC1R activation was cAMP-dependent and required a WT MC1R genotype. Conversely, pretreatment of melanocytic cells with an MC1R agonist before an oxidative challenge with Luperox decreased (i) accumulation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine, a major product of oxidative DNA damage, (ii) phosphorylation of histone H2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, and (iii) formation of DNA breaks. These responses were comparable in cells WT for MC1R or harboring hypomorphic MC1R variants without detectable cAMP signaling. In MC1R-variant melanocytic cells, the DNA-protective responses were mediated by AKT. Conversely, in MC1R-WT melanocytic cells, high cAMP production downstream of MC1R blocked AKT activation and was responsible for inducing DNA repair. Accordingly, MC1R activation could promote repair of oxidative DNA damage by a cAMP-dependent pathway downstream of WT receptor, or via AKT in cells of variant MC1R genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castejón-Griñán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigacion Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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16
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Seaton ME, Parent BA, Sood RF, Wurfel MM, Muffley LA, O'Keefe GE, Gibran NS. Melanocortin-1 Receptor Polymorphisms and the Risk of Complicated Sepsis After Trauma: A Candidate Gene Association Study. Shock 2018; 47:79-85. [PMID: 27488084 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine if melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with complicated sepsis after trauma. BACKGROUND Nosocomial infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality after trauma. Several SNPs in inflammation-related genes have been associated with sepsis. MC1R is an anti-inflammatory mediator that may be involved in the immune response after trauma. PATIENTS AND METHODS We genotyped eight common MC1R SNPs in genomic DNA from subjects enrolled in a previously reported prospective cohort study. Subjects were adult trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit at a Level 1 trauma center (2003-2005). RESULTS A total of 1,246 subjects were included in the analysis. The majority were male (70%), severely injured (81%), and injured by a blunt mechanism (89%). Forty percent developed sepsis, and 23% developed complicated sepsis, which was defined as sepsis with organ dysfunction. In logistic regression analysis, with adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, injury severity score, red blood cell transfusion requirement, and mechanism of injury, the MC1RR163Q variant (rs885479) was associated with a lower risk of developing complicated sepsis (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28-0.81, P = 0.006). In a subgroup of 511 subjects with genome-wide SNP data, the association between the MC1RR163Q variant and complicated sepsis remained significant after adjusting for genetic substructure (by principal components) and the above clinical factors (ORadj = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.13-0.70, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS MC1RR163Q is associated with a lower risk of complicated sepsis after trauma. Therapeutic targeting of MC1R may be beneficial for trauma patients at risk for complicated sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Seaton
- *Harborview Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington†Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland‡Harborview Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
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17
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Guida M, Strippoli S, Ferretta A, Bartolomeo N, Porcelli L, Maida I, Azzariti A, Tommasi S, Grieco C, Guida S, Albano A, Lorusso V, Guida G. Detrimental effects of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) variants on the clinical outcomes of BRAF V600 metastatic melanoma patients treated with BRAF inhibitors. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 29:679-687. [PMID: 27540956 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) plays a key role in skin pigmentation, and its variants are linked with a higher melanoma risk. The influence of MC1R variants on the outcomes of patients with metastatic melanoma (MM) treated with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) is unknown. We studied the MC1R status in a cohort of 53 consecutive BRAF-mutated patients with MM treated with BRAFi. We also evaluated the effect of vemurafenib in four V600 BRAF melanoma cell lines with/without MC1R variants. We found a significant correlation between the presence of MC1R variants and worse outcomes in terms of both overall response rate (ORR; 59% versus 95%, P = 0.011 univariate, P = 0.028 multivariate analysis) and progression-free survival (PFS) shorter than 6 months (72% versus 33%, P = 0.012 univariate, P = 0.027 multivariate analysis). No difference in overall survival (OS) was reported, probably due to subsequent treatments. Data in vitro showed a significant different phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK during treatment, associated with a greater increase in vemurafenib IC50 in MC1R variant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Guida
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Sabino Strippoli
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Ferretta
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Bartolomeo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Immacolata Maida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Tommasi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory and Radiology, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Grieco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Albano
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Lorusso
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Research Centre 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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18
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Torrens-Mas M, González-Hedström D, Abrisqueta M, Roca P, Oliver J, Sastre-Serra J. PGC-1α in Melanoma: A Key Factor for Antioxidant Response and Mitochondrial Function. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4404-4413. [PMID: 28452072 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and BRAF are common mutations in melanoma. Through different pathways, they each regulate the expression of PGC-1α, which is a key factor in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and the antioxidant response. Our aim was to study the importance of the different regulatory characteristics of MC1R and BRAF on the pathways they regulate in melanoma. For this purpose, ROS production, levels of gene expression and enzymatic activities were analyzed in HBL and MeWo, with wild-type MC1R and BRAF, and A375 cells with mutant MC1R and BRAF. HBL cells showed a functional MC1R-PGC-1α pathway and exhibited the lowest ROS production, probably because of a better mitochondrial pool and the presence of UCP2. On the other hand, MeWo cells showed elevated levels of PGC-1α but also high ROS production, similar to the A375 cells, along with an activated antioxidant response and significantly low levels of UCP2. Finally, A375 cells are mutant for BRAF, and thus showed low levels of PGC-1α. Consequently, A375 cells exhibited poor mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and no antioxidant response. These results show the importance of the activation of the MC1R-PGC-1α pathway for mitochondrial biogenesis and function in melanoma development, as well as BRAF for the antioxidant response regulated by PGC-1α. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4404-4413, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Torrens-Mas
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Illes Balears, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S. E-07120 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Hedström
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Marta Abrisqueta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Universidad de Murcia e IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, El Palmar, Murcia
| | - Pilar Roca
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Illes Balears, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S. E-07120 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jordi Oliver
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Illes Balears, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S. E-07120 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jorge Sastre-Serra
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Illes Balears, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S. E-07120 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
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19
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Herraiz C, Garcia-Borron JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Olivares C. MC1R signaling. Intracellular partners and pathophysiological implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2448-2461. [PMID: 28259754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) preferentially expressed in melanocytes is best known as a key regulator of the synthesis of epidermal melanin pigments. Its paracrine stimulation by keratinocyte-derived melanocortins also activates DNA repair pathways and antioxidant defenses to build a complex, multifaceted photoprotective response. Many MC1R actions rely on cAMP-dependent activation of two transcription factors, MITF and PGC1α, but pleiotropic MC1R signaling also involves activation of mitogen-activated kinases and AKT. MC1R partners such as β-arrestins, PTEN and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MGRN1 differentially regulate these pathways. The MC1R gene is complex and polymorphic, with frequent variants associated with skin phenotypes and increased cancer risk. We review current knowledge of signaling from canonical MC1R, its splice isoforms and natural polymorphic variants. Recently discovered intracellular targets and partners are also discussed, to highlight the diversity of mechanisms that may contribute to normal and pathological variation of pigmentation and sensitivity to solar radiation-induced damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose C Garcia-Borron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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20
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Xiong Q, Chai J, Chen M, Tao YX. Identification and pharmacological analyses of eight naturally occurring caprine melanocortin-1 receptor mutations in three different goat breeds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 235:1-10. [PMID: 27229376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) belongs to the family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors and plays a central role in animal coat color. We have sequenced the full coding region of 954bp of the MC1R gene in 72 goats of three breeds with different coat colors and identified five missense mutations (K226E, F250V, G255D, V265I, and C267W) and one silent mutation (A61A), among which two haplotypes with complete linkage disequilibrium (A61A and F250V, G255D and V265I) were found. We performed detailed functional studies on the six single and two double mutations in transiently transfected HEK293T cells. We found that none of the mutants had decreased cell surface expression. However, all the mutants except A61A had decreased constitutive activities in the cAMP pathway. Five mutations (F250V, G255D, G267W, A61A/F250V, G255D/V265I) exhibited significant defects in ligand binding and consequent agonist-induced cAMP signaling and ERK1/2 activation. Additionally, K226E, with normal ligand binding affinity and cAMP signaling, showed a significant defect in ERK1/2 activation, exhibiting biased signaling. Co-expression studies showed that the five defective mutants did not affect wild-type MC1R signaling, hence they were not dominant negative. In summary, we provided detailed data of these goat MC1R mutations leading to a better understanding of the role of MC1R mutation and coat color in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5519, United States
| | - Jin Chai
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5519, United States; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mingxin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5519, United States.
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21
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Qiao Y, Berg AL, Wang P, Ge Y, Quan S, Zhou S, Wang H, Liu Z, Gong R. MC1R is dispensable for the proteinuria reducing and glomerular protective effect of melanocortin therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27589. [PMID: 27270328 PMCID: PMC4897792 DOI: 10.1038/srep27589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin therapy by using adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or non-steroidogenic melanocortin peptides attenuates proteinuria and glomerular injury in experimental glomerular diseases and induces remission of nephrotic syndrome in patients with diverse glomerulopathies, even those resistant to steroids. The underlying mechanism remains elusive, but the role of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) has been implicated and was examined here. Four patients with congenital red hair color and nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis were confirmed by gene sequencing to bear dominant-negative MC1R mutations. Despite prior corticosteroid resistance, all patients responded to ACTH monotherapy and ultimately achieved clinical remission, inferring a steroidogenic-independent and MC1R-dispensable anti-proteinuric effect of melanocortin signaling. In confirmatory animal studies, the protective effect of [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (NDP-MSH), a potent non-steroidogenic pan-melanocortin receptor agonist, on the lipopolysaccharide elicited podocytopathy was completely preserved in MC1R-null mice, marked by reduced albuminuria and diminished histologic signs of podocyte injury. Moreover, in complementary in vitro studies, NDP-MSH attenuated the lipopolysaccharide elicited apoptosis, hypermotility and impairment of filtration barrier function equally in primary podocytes derived from MC1R-null and wild-type mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that melanocortin therapy confers a proteinuria reducing and podoprotective effect in proteinuric glomerulopathies via MC1R-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjin Qiao
- Institute of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Anna-Lena Berg
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pei Wang
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yan Ge
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Songxia Quan
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sijie Zhou
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rujun Gong
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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22
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Functional Characterization of MC1R-TUBB3 Intergenic Splice Variants of the Human Melanocortin 1 Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144757. [PMID: 26657157 PMCID: PMC4676704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) expressed in melanocytes is a major determinant of skin pigmentation. It encodes a Gs protein-coupled receptor activated by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH). Human MC1R has an inefficient poly(A) site allowing intergenic splicing with its downstream neighbour Tubulin-β-III (TUBB3). Intergenic splicing produces two MC1R isoforms, designated Iso1 and Iso2, bearing the complete seven transmembrane helices from MC1R fused to TUBB3-derived C-terminal extensions, in-frame for Iso1 and out-of-frame for Iso2. It has been reported that exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) might promote an isoform switch from canonical MC1R (MC1R-001) to the MC1R-TUBB3 chimeras, which might lead to novel phenotypes required for tanning. We expressed the Flag epitope-tagged intergenic isoforms in heterologous HEK293T cells and human melanoma cells, for functional characterization. Iso1 was expressed with the expected size. Iso2 yielded a doublet of Mr significantly lower than predicted, and impaired intracellular stability. Although Iso1- and Iso2 bound radiolabelled agonist with the same affinity as MC1R-001, their plasma membrane expression was strongly reduced. Decreased surface expression mostly resulted from aberrant forward trafficking, rather than high rates of endocytosis. Functional coupling of both isoforms to cAMP was lower than wild-type, but ERK activation upon binding of αMSH was unimpaired, suggesting imbalanced signaling from the splice variants. Heterodimerization of differentially labelled MC1R-001 with the splicing isoforms analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation was efficient and caused decreased surface expression of binding sites. Thus, UVR-induced MC1R isoforms might contribute to fine-tune the tanning response by modulating MC1R-001 availability and functional parameters.
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23
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Shahzad M, Sires Campos J, Tariq N, Herraiz Serrano C, Yousaf R, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Yousaf S, Waryah YM, Dad HA, Blue EM, Sobreira N, López-Giráldez F, Kausar T, Ali M, Waryah AM, Riazuddin S, Shaikh RS, García-Borrón JC, Ahmed ZM. Identification and functional characterization of natural human melanocortin 1 receptor mutant alleles in Pakistani population. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015. [PMID: 26197705 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a Gs protein-coupled receptor of the melanocyte's plasma membrane, is a major determinant of skin pigmentation and phototype. Upon activation by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, MC1R triggers the cAMP cascade to stimulate eumelanogenesis. We used whole-exome sequencing to identify causative alleles in Pakistani families with skin and hair hypopigmentation. Six MC1R mutations segregated with the phenotype in seven families, including a p.Val174del in-frame deletion and a p.Tyr298* nonsense mutation, that were analyzed for function in heterologous HEK293 cells. p.Tyr298* MC1R showed no agonist-induced signaling to the cAMP or ERK pathways, nor detectable agonist binding. Conversely, signaling was comparable for p.Val174del and wild-type in HEK cells overexpressing the proteins, but binding analysis suggested impaired cell surface expression. Flow cytometry and confocal imaging studies revealed reduced plasma membrane expression of p.Val174del and p.Tyr298*. Therefore, p.Tyr298* was a total loss-of-function (LOF) allele, while p.Val174del displayed a partial LOF attribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Shahzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia Sires Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nabeela Tariq
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Cecilia Herraiz Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rizwan Yousaf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sairah Yousaf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Yar M Waryah
- Molecular Biology & Genetics Department, Medical Research Center, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb A Dad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Elizabeth M Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nara Sobreira
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Tasleem Kausar
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ali M Waryah
- Molecular Biology & Genetics Department, Medical Research Center, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rehan S Shaikh
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - José C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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24
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Maresca V, Flori E, Picardo M. Skin phototype: a new perspective. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:378-89. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
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25
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Simamura E, Arikawa T, Ikeda T, Shimada H, Shoji H, Masuta H, Nakajima Y, Otani H, Yonekura H, Hatta T. Melanocortins contribute to sequential differentiation and enucleation of human erythroblasts via melanocortin receptors 1, 2 and 5. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123232. [PMID: 25860801 PMCID: PMC4393082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we showed that adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) promoted erythroblast differentiation and increased the enucleation ratio of erythroblasts. Because ACTH was contained in hematopoietic medium as contamination, the ratio decreased by the addition of anti-ACTH antibody (Ab). Addition of neutralizing Abs (nAbs) for melanocortin receptors (MCRs) caused erythroblast accumulation at specific stages, i.e., the addition of anti-MC2R nAb led to erythroblast accumulation at the basophilic stage (baso-E), the addition of anti-MC1R nAb caused accumulation at the polychromatic stage (poly-E), and the addition of anti-MC5R nAb caused accumulation at the orthochromatic stage (ortho-E). During erythroblast differentiation, ERK, STAT5, and AKT were consecutively phosphorylated by erythropoietin (EPO). ERK, STAT5, and AKT phosphorylation was inhibited by blocking MC2R, MC1R, and MC5R, respectively. Finally, the phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2, which is essential for the formation of contractile actomyosin rings, was inhibited by anti-MC5R nAb. Taken together, our study suggests that MC2R and MC1R signals are consecutively required for the regulation of EPO signal transduction in erythroblast differentiation, and that MC5R signal transduction is required to induce enucleation. Thus, melanocortin induces proliferation and differentiation at baso-E, and polarization and formation of an actomyosin contractile ring at ortho-E are required for enucleation.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Erythroblasts/cytology
- Erythroblasts/metabolism
- Erythropoiesis/physiology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Humans
- Melanocortins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Melanocortin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Melanocortin/genetics
- Receptors, Melanocortin/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Simamura
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arikawa
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Hiroko Masuta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Yuriko Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693–8601, Japan
| | - Hideto Yonekura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920–0293, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Rodrigues AR, Almeida H, Gouveia AM. Intracellular signaling mechanisms of the melanocortin receptors: current state of the art. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1331-45. [PMID: 25504085 PMCID: PMC11113477 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is composed by the agonists adrenocorticotropic hormone and α, β and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and two naturally occurring antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein. These ligands act by interaction with a family of five melanocortin receptors (MCRs), assisted by MCRs accessory proteins (MRAPs). MCRs stimulation activates different signaling pathways that mediate a diverse array of physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy metabolism, inflammation and exocrine secretion. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of MCRs signaling, highlighting the differences among the five receptors. MCRs signal through G-dependent and independent mechanisms and their functional coupling to agonists at the cell surface is regulated by interacting proteins, namely MRAPs and β-arrestins. The knowledge of the distinct modulation pattern of MCRs signaling and function may be helpful for the future design of novel drugs able to combine specificity, safety and effectiveness in the course of their therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal,
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Montero-Melendez T, Gobbetti T, Cooray SN, Jonassen TEN, Perretti M. Biased agonism as a novel strategy to harness the proresolving properties of melanocortin receptors without eliciting melanogenic effects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3381-8. [PMID: 25725103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for novel approaches to control pathologies with overexuberant inflammatory reactions. Targeting melanocortin (MC) receptors represents a promising therapy for obesity and chronic inflammation, but lack of selectivity and safety concerns limit development. A new way to increase selectivity of biological effects entails the identification of biased agonists. In this study, we characterize the small molecule AP1189 as a biased agonist at receptors MC1 and MC3. Although not provoking canonical cAMP generation, AP1189 addition to MC1 or MC3, but not empty vector, transfected HEK293 cells caused ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a signaling responsible for the proefferocytic effect evoked in mouse primary macrophages. Added to macrophage cultures, AP1189 reduced cytokine release, an effect reliant on both MC1 and MC3 as evident from the use of Mc1r(-/-) and Mc3r(-/-) macrophages. No melanogenesis was induced by AP1189 in B16-F10 melanocytes. In vivo, oral AP1189 elicited anti-inflammatory actions in peritonitis and, upon administration at the peak of inflammation, accelerated the resolution phase by ∼3-fold. Finally, given the clinical efficacy of adrenocorticotropin in joint diseases, AP1189 was tested in experimental inflammatory arthritis, where this biased agonist afforded significant reduction of macroscopic and histological parameters of joint disruption. These proof-of-concept analyses with AP1189, an active oral anti-inflammatory and resolution-promoting compound, indicate that biased agonism at MC receptors is an innovative, viable approach to yield novel anti-inflammatory molecules endowed with a more favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Gobbetti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sadani N Cooray
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas E N Jonassen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; and
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Abstract
Although anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most common class of marketed drugs, chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or inflammatory bowel disease still represent unmet needs. New first-in-class drugs might be discovered in the future but the repurpose and further development of old drugs also offers promise for these conditions. This is the case of the melanocortin adrenocorticotropin hormone, ACTH, used in patients since 1952 but regarded as the last therapeutic option when other medications, such as glucocorticoids, cannot be used. Better understanding on its physiological and pharmacological mechanisms of actions and new insights on melanocortin receptors biology have revived the interest on rescuing this old and effective drug. ACTH does not only induce cortisol production, as previously assumed, but it also exerts anti-inflammatory actions by targeting melanocortin receptors present on immune cells. The endogenous agonists for these receptors (ACTH, α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte stimulating hormones), are also produced locally by immune cells, indicating the existence of an endogenous anti-inflammatory tissue-protective circuit involving the melanocortin system. These findings suggested that new ACTH-like melanocortin drugs devoid of steroidogenic actions, and hence side effects, could be developed. This review summarizes the actions of ACTH and melanocortin drugs, their role as endogenous pro-resolving mediators, their current clinical use and provides an overview on how recent advances on GPCR functioning may lead to a novel class of drugs.
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Yang F, Huang H, Tao YX. Biased signaling in naturally occurring mutations in human melanocortin-3 receptor gene. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:423-33. [PMID: 25798062 PMCID: PMC4366641 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) is primarily expressed in the hypothalamus and plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Recently, some studies demonstrated that MC3R also signals through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), especially extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). ERK1/2 signaling is known to alter gene expression, potentially contributing to the prolonged action of melanocortins on energy homeostasis regulation. In the present study, we performed detailed functional studies on 8 novel naturally occurring MC3R mutations recently reported, and the effects of endogenous MC3R agonist, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), on ERK1/2 signaling on all 22 naturally occurring MC3R mutations reported to date. We found that mutants D158Y and L299V were potential pathogenic causes to obesity. Four residues, F82, D158, L249 and L299, played critical roles in different aspects of MC3R function. α-MSH exhibited balanced activity in Gs-cAMP and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in 15 of the 22 mutant MC3Rs. The other 7 mutant MC3Rs were biased to either one of the signaling pathways. In summary, we provided novel data about the structure-function relationship of MC3R, identifying residues important for receptor function. We also demonstrated that some mutations exhibited biased signaling, preferentially activating one intracellular signaling pathway, adding a new layer of complexity to MC3R pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. ; 2. Current address: College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Hui Huang
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Haddadeen C, Lai C, Cho SY, Healy E. Variants of the melanocortin-1 receptor: do they matter clinically? Exp Dermatol 2014; 24:5-9. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Haddadeen
- Dermatopharmacology; Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- Dermatology; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust; Southampton UK
| | - Chester Lai
- Dermatopharmacology; Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- Dermatology; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust; Southampton UK
| | - Shin-Young Cho
- Dermatopharmacology; Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- Dermatology; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust; Southampton UK
| | - Eugene Healy
- Dermatopharmacology; Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- Dermatology; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust; Southampton UK
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He S, Tao YX. Defect in MAPK signaling as a cause for monogenic obesity caused by inactivating mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:1128-37. [PMID: 25332687 PMCID: PMC4202029 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a Family A G protein-coupled receptor that plays an essential role in regulating energy homeostasis, including both energy intake and expenditure. Mutations leading to a reduced MC4R function confer a major gene effect for obesity. More than 170 distinct mutations have been identified in humans. In addition to the conventional Gs-stimulated cAMP pathway, the MC4R also activates MAPKs, especially ERK1/2. We also showed there is biased signaling in the two signaling pathways, with inverse agonists in the Gs-cAMP pathway acting as agonists for the ERK1/2 pathway. In the current study, we sought to determine whether defects in basal or agonist-induced ERK1/2 activation in MC4R mutants might potentially contribute to obesity pathogenesis in patients carrying these mutations. The constitutive and ligand-stimulated ERK1/2 activation were measured in wild type and 73 naturally occurring MC4R mutations. We showed that nineteen mutants had significantly decreased basal pERK1/2 level, and five Class V variants (where no functional defects have been identified previously), C40R, V50M, T112M, A154D and S295P, had impaired ligand-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. Our studies demonstrated for the first time that decreased basal or ligand-stimulated ERK1/2 signaling might contribute to obesity pathogenesis caused by mutations in the MC4R gene. We also observed biased signaling in 25 naturally occurring mutations in the Gs-cAMP and ERK1/2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5519, USA. ; 2. Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Freshwater Aquaculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5519, USA
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Chung H, Jung H, Lee JH, Oh HY, Kim OB, Han IO, Oh ES. Keratinocyte-derived laminin-332 protein promotes melanin synthesis via regulation of tyrosine uptake. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21751-9. [PMID: 24951591 PMCID: PMC4118133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.541177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin, are known to be closely regulated by neighboring keratinocytes. However, how keratinocytes regulate melanin production is unclear. Here we report that melanin production in melanoma cells (B16F10 and MNT-1) was increased markedly on a keratinocyte-derived extracellular matrix compared with a melanoma cell-derived extracellular matrix. siRNA-mediated reduction of keratinocyte-derived laminin-332 expression decreased melanin synthesis in melanoma cells, and laminin-332, but not fibronectin, enhanced melanin content and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-regulated melanin production in melanoma cells. Similar effects were observed in human melanocytes. Interestingly, however, laminin-332 did not affect the expression or activity of tyrosinase. Instead, laminin-332 promoted the uptake of extracellular tyrosine and, subsequently, increased intracellular levels of tyrosine in both melanocytes and melanoma cells. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that keratinocyte-derived laminin-332 contributes to melanin production by regulating tyrosine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesung Chung
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis and
| | - Hyejung Jung
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis and
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis and
| | - Hye Yun Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea and
| | - Ok Bin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea and
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- the College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis and
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García-Borrón JC, Abdel-Malek Z, Jiménez-Cervantes C. MC1R, the cAMP pathway, and the response to solar UV: extending the horizon beyond pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:699-720. [PMID: 24807163 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor crucial for the regulation of melanocyte proliferation and function. Upon binding melanocortins, MC1R activates several signaling cascades, notably the cAMP pathway leading to synthesis of photoprotective eumelanin. Polymorphisms in the MC1R gene are a major source of normal variation of human hair color and skin pigmentation, response to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and skin cancer susceptibility. The identification of a surprisingly high number of MC1R natural variants strongly associated with pigmentary phenotypes and increased skin cancer risk has prompted research on the functional properties of the wild-type receptor and frequent mutant alleles. We summarize current knowledge on MC1R structural and functional properties, as well as on its intracellular trafficking and signaling. We also review the current knowledge about the function of MC1R as a skin cancer, particularly melanoma, susceptibility gene and how it modulates the response of melanocytes to UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica (IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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A large French case-control study emphasizes the role of rare Mc1R variants in melanoma risk. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925716. [PMID: 24982914 PMCID: PMC4003837 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MC1R gene implicated in melanogenesis and skin pigmentation is highly polymorphic. Several alleles are associated with red hair and fair skin phenotypes and contribute to melanoma risk. OBJECTIVE This work aims to assess the effect of different classes of MC1R variants, notably rare variants, on melanoma risk. Methods. MC1R coding region was sequenced in 1131 melanoma patients and 869 healthy controls. MC1R variants were classified as RHC (R) and non-RHC (r). Rare variants (frequency < 1%) were subdivided into two subgroups, predicted to be damaging (D) or not (nD). RESULTS Both R and r alleles were associated with melanoma (OR = 2.66 [2.20-3.23] and 1.51 [1.32-1.73]) and had similar population attributable risks (15.8% and 16.6%). We also identified 69 rare variants, of which 25 were novel. D variants were strongly associated with melanoma (OR = 2.38 [1.38-4.15]) and clustered in the same MC1R domains as R alleles (intracellular 2, transmembrane 2 and 7). CONCLUSION This work confirms the role of R and r alleles in melanoma risk in the French population and proposes a novel class of rare D variants as important melanoma risk factors. These findings may improve the definition of high-risk subjects that could be targeted for melanoma prevention and screening.
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Puig-Butille JA, Escámez MJ, Garcia-Garcia F, Tell-Marti G, Fabra À, Martínez-Santamaría L, Badenas C, Aguilera P, Pevida M, Dopazo J, del Río M, Puig S. Capturing the biological impact of CDKN2A and MC1R genes as an early predisposing event in melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 5:1439-51. [PMID: 24742402 PMCID: PMC4039222 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in CDKN2A and/or red hair color variants in MC1R genes are associated with an increased susceptibility to develop cutaneous melanoma or non melanoma skin cancer. We studied the impact of the CDKN2A germinal mutation p.G101W and MC1R variants on gene expression and transcription profiles associated with skin cancer. To this end we set-up primary skin cell co-cultures from siblings of melanoma prone-families that were later analyzed using the expression array approach. As a result, we found that 1535 transcripts were deregulated in CDKN2A mutated cells, with over-expression of immunity-related genes (HLA-DPB1, CLEC2B, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, IFIT1, IFIT2, SP110 and IFNK) and down-regulation of genes playing a role in the Notch signaling pathway. 3570 transcripts were deregulated in MC1R variant carriers. In particular, genes related to oxidative stress and DNA damage pathways were up-regulated as well as genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer and Huntington. Finally, we observed that the expression signatures indentified in phenotypically normal cells carrying CDKN2A mutations or MC1R variants are maintained in skin cancer tumors (melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma). These results indicate that transcriptome deregulation represents an early event critical for skin cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Escámez
- Regenerative Medicine Unit. Epithelial Biomedicine Division. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Bioengineering. Universidad Carlos III (UC3M), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Garcia
- Functional Genomics Node, National Institute of Bioinformatics, CIPF Valencia, Spain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gemma Tell-Marti
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Fabra
- Biological Clues of the Invasive and Metastatic Phenotype Group. Molecular Oncology Lab, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Martínez-Santamaría
- Regenerative Medicine Unit. Epithelial Biomedicine Division. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Bioengineering. Universidad Carlos III (UC3M), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Badenas
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Aguilera
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pevida
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Tissue Engineering Unit. Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos del Principado de Asturias (CCST), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Functional Genomics Node, National Institute of Bioinformatics, CIPF Valencia, Spain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcela del Río
- Regenerative Medicine Unit. Epithelial Biomedicine Division. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Bioengineering. Universidad Carlos III (UC3M), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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Steck MB. The role of melanocortin 1 receptor in cutaneous malignant melanoma: along the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Biol Res Nurs 2014; 16:421-8. [PMID: 24443365 DOI: 10.1177/1099800413519164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is an epidemic cancer in the United States. Survival rates for invasive CMM have not increased in past decades despite numerous clinical trials and the effective use of various combinations of chemotherapy agents to treat other cancers. Recent research has investigated the role of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a gene associated with red-hair phenotype in White individuals and with increased risk for developing CMM, in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This limited narrative review discusses the incidence, history, and risk factors for CMM. It explores familial CMM and provides a brief review of melanocyte development and melanogenesis. Histology of CMM and cytogenetic techniques used to identify CMM mutations is also discussed. The structure and function of MC1R is described, with particular attention to MC1R's role in the MAPK pathway. Finally, the review touches on individualized therapy for CMM using genetic biomarkers and explores the promise of genomic research for finding effective treatments.
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Rosenkranz AA, Slastnikova TA, Durymanov MO, Sobolev AS. Malignant melanoma and melanocortin 1 receptor. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2013; 78:1228-37. [PMID: 24460937 PMCID: PMC4064721 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The conventional chemotherapeutic treatment of malignant melanoma still remains poorly efficient in most cases. Thus the use of specific features of these tumors for development of new therapeutic modalities is highly needed. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) overexpression on the cell surface of the vast majority of human melanomas, making MC1R a valuable marker of these tumors, is one of these features. Naturally, MC1R plays a key role in skin protection against damaging ultraviolet radiation by regulating eumelanin production. MC1R activation is involved in regulation of melanocyte cell division. This article reviews the peculiarities of regulation and expression of MC1R, melanocytes, and melanoma cells, along with the possible connection of MC1R with signaling pathways regulating proliferation of tumor cells. MC1R is a cell surface endocytic receptor, thus considered perspective for diagnostics and targeted drug delivery. A number of new therapeutic approaches that utilize MC1R, including endoradiotherapy with Auger electron and α- and β-particle emitters, photodynamic therapy, and gene therapy are now being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Rosenkranz
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
- Targeted Delivery of Pharmaceuticals “Translek” LLC, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - T. A. Slastnikova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
| | - M. O. Durymanov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
| | - A. S. Sobolev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
- Targeted Delivery of Pharmaceuticals “Translek” LLC, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia;
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Abrisqueta M, Herraiz C, Pérez Oliva AB, Sanchez-Laorden BL, Olivares C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. Differential and competitive regulation of human melanocortin 1 receptor signaling by β-arrestin isoforms. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3724-37. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) crucial for the regulation of melanocyte proliferation and differentiation. MC1R activation by melanocortin hormones triggers the cAMP pathway and stimulates the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2 to promote synthesis of photoprotective eumelanin pigments among other effects. Signaling from most GPCRs is regulated by the β-arrestin (ARRB) family of cytosolic multifunctional adaptor proteins which mediate signal termination and endocytosis of GPCR-agonist complexes. The ubiquitously expressed non-visual β-arrestin1 (ARRB1) and β-arrestin2 (ARRB2) are highly homologous but not functionally equivalent. Their role in the regulation of MC1R is unknown. Using a combination of co-immunoprecipitation, gel filtration chromatography, confocal microscopy, siRNA-mediated knockdown and functional assays, we demonstrated agonist-independent competitive interactions of ARRB1 and ARRB2 with MC1R, which might also be independent of phosphorylation of MC1R C-terminal Ser/Thr residues. The effects of ARRBs were isoform-specific. ARRB2 inhibited MC1R agonist-dependent cAMP production but not ERK activation, stimulated internalization and showed prolonged co-localization with the receptor in endocytic vesicles. Conversely, ARRB1 had no effect on internalization or functional coupling, but competed with ARRB2 for binding MC1R, which might increase signaling by displacement of inhibitory ARRB2. These data suggest a novel mechanism of MC1R functional regulation based on the relative expression of ARRB isoforms, with possible activatory ARRB1-dependent effects arising from partial relief of inhibitory ARRB2-MC1R interactions. Thus, competitive displacement of inhibitory ARRBs by functionally neutral ARRB isoforms might exert a paradigm-shifting signal-promoting effect to fine-tune signaling downstream of certain GPCRs.
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Herraiz C, Journé F, Ghanem G, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. Functional status and relationships of melanocortin 1 receptor signaling to the cAMP and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 pathways in human melanoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2244-52. [PMID: 23000456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a major determinant of skin phototype frequently mutated in melanoma, is a Gs protein-coupled receptor that regulates pigment production in melanocytes. MC1R stimulation activates cAMP synthesis and the extracellular signal-regulated (ERK) ERK1 and ERK2. In human melanocytes, ERK activation by MC1R relies on cAMP-independent transactivation of the c-KIT receptor. Thus MC1R functional coupling to the cAMP and ERK pathways may involve different structural requirements giving raise to biased effects of skin cancer-associated mutations. We evaluated the impact of MC1R mutations on ERK activation, cAMP production and agonist binding. We found that MC1R mutations impair cAMP production much more often than ERK activation, suggesting less stringent requirements for functional coupling to the ERK pathway. We examined the crosstalk of the cAMP and ERK pathways in HBL human melanoma cells (wild-type for MC1R, NRAS and BRAF). ERK activation by constitutively active upstream effectors or pharmacological inhibition had little effect on MC1R-stimulated cAMP synthesis. High cAMP levels were compatible with normal ERK activation but, surprisingly, the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin abolished ERK activation by MC1R, most likely by a cAMP-independent mechanism. These results indicate little crosstalk of the cAMP and ERK pathways in HBL melanoma cells. Finally, we studied cAMP accumulation in a panel of 22 human melanoma cell lines stimulated with MC1R agonists or forskolin. cAMP synthesis was often inhibited, even in cells wild-type for MC1R and NRAS. Therefore, the cAMP pathway is more frequently impaired in melanoma than could be predicted by the MC1R or NRAS genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Doyle JR, Fortin JP, Beinborn M, Kopin AS. Selected melanocortin 1 receptor single-nucleotide polymorphisms differentially alter multiple signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:318-26. [PMID: 22547573 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a highly polymorphic G protein-coupled receptor, which is known to modulate pigmentation and inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the pharmacological effects of select single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (V60L, R163Q, and F196L). After transient expression of MC1Rs in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, basal and ligand-induced cAMP signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation were assessed by using luciferase reporter gene assays and Western blot analysis, respectively. All receptor variants showed decreased basal cAMP activity. With the V60L and F196L variants, the decrease in constitutive activity was attributable, at least in part, to a reduction in surface expression. The F196L variant also displayed a significant reduction in potency for both the peptide agonist α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and the small-molecule agonist 1-[1-(3-methyl-L-histidyl-O-methyl-D-tyrosyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinyl]-1-butanone (BMS-470539). In MAPK signaling assays, the F196L variant showed decreased phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase levels after stimulation with either α-MSH or BMS-470539. In contrast, the R163Q variant displayed a selective loss of α-MSH-induced MAPK activation; whereas responsiveness to the small-molecule agonist BMS-470539 was preserved. Further assessment of MC1R variants in A549 cells, an in vitro model of inflammation, revealed an enhanced inflammatory response resulting from expression of the F196L variant (versus the wild-type MC1R). This alteration in function was restored by treatment with BMS-470539. Overall, these studies illustrate novel signaling profiles linked to distinct MC1R SNPs. Furthermore, our investigations highlight the potential for small-molecule drugs to rescue the function of MC1R variants that show reduced basal and/or α-MSH stimulated activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Doyle
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Henri P, Beaumel S, Guezennec A, Poumès C, Stoebner PE, Stasia MJ, Guesnet J, Martinez J, Meunier L. MC1R expression in HaCaT keratinocytes inhibits UVA-induced ROS production via NADPH oxidase- and cAMP-dependent mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2578-85. [PMID: 21898403 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiations are responsible for deleterious effects, mainly due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) binds to melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) in melanocytes to stimulate pigmentation and modulate cutaneous inflammatory responses. MC1R may be induced in keratinocytes after UV exposure. To investigate the effect of MC1R signaling on UVA-induced ROS (UVA-ROS) production, we generated HaCaT cells that stably express human MC1R (HaCaT-MC1R) or the Arg151Cys (R(151)C) non-functional variant (HaCaT-R(151)C). We then assessed ROS production immediately after UVA exposure and found that: (1) UVA-ROS production was strongly reduced in HaCaT-MC1R but not in HaCaT-R(151)C cells compared to parental HaCaT cells; (2) this inhibitory effect was further amplified by incubation of HaCaT-MC1R cells with α-MSH before UVA exposure; (3) protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent NoxA1 phosphorylation was increased in HaCaT-MC1R compared to HaCaT and HaCaT-R(151)C cells. Inhibition of PKA in HaCaT-MC1R cells resulted in a marked increase of ROS production after UVA irradiation; (4) the ability of HaCaT-MC1R cells to produce UVA-ROS was restored by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) activity before UVA exposure. Our findings suggest that constitutive activity of MC1R in keratinocytes may reduce UVA-induced oxidative stress via EGFR and cAMP-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Henri
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University Montpellier I and II, UMR CNRS 5247, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Beaumont KA, Smit DJ, Liu YY, Chai E, Patel MP, Millhauser GL, Smith JJ, Alewood PF, Sturm RA. Melanocortin-1 receptor-mediated signalling pathways activated by NDP-MSH and HBD3 ligands. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:370-4. [PMID: 22364200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Binding of melanocortin peptide agonists to the melanocortin-1 receptor of melanocytes results in eumelanin production, whereas binding of the agouti signalling protein inverse agonist results in pheomelanin synthesis. Recently, a novel melanocortin-1 receptor ligand was reported. A β-defensin gene mutation was found to be responsible for black coat colour in domestic dogs. Notably, the human equivalent, β-defensin 3, was found to bind with high affinity to the melanocortin-1 receptor; however, the action of β-defensin as an agonist or antagonist was unknown. Here, we use in vitro assays to show that β-defensin 3 is able to act as a weak partial agonist for cAMP signalling in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells expressing human melanocortin-1 receptor. β-defensin 3 is also able to activate MAPK signalling in HEK cells stably expressing either wild type or variant melanocortin-1 receptors. We suggest that β-defensin 3 may be a novel melanocortin-1 receptor agonist involved in regulating melanocyte responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Beaumont
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Thingnes J, Lavelle TJ, Gjuvsland AB, Omholt SW, Hovig E. Towards a quantitative understanding of the MITF-PIAS3-STAT3 connection. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:11. [PMID: 22316093 PMCID: PMC3341200 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Expression of the two transcription factors microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are tightly connected to cell proliferation and survival, and are important for melanocyte development. The co-regulation of MITF and STAT3 via their binding to a common inhibitor Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT3 (PIAS3) is intriguing. A better quantitative understanding of this regulation is likely to be important for elucidation of the melanocyte biology. Results We present a mathematical model describing the MITF-PIAS3-STAT3 signalling network. A default parameter set was developed, partly informed by the literature and partly by constraining the model to mimic reported behavioural features of the system. In addition, a set of experiment-specific parameters was derived for each of 28 experiments reported in the literature. The model seems capable of accounting for most of these experiments in terms of observed temporal development of protein amounts and phosphorylation states. Further, the results also suggest that this system possesses some regulatory features yet to be elucidated. Conclusions We find that the experimentally observed crosstalk between MITF and STAT3 via PIAS3 in melanocytes is faithfully reproduced in our model, offering mechanistic explanations for this behaviour, as well as providing a scaffold for further studies of MITF signalling in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Thingnes
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway.
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44
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An J, Wan H, Zhou X, Hu DN, Wang L, Hao L, Yan D, Shi F, Zhou Z, Wang J, Hu S, Yu J, Qu J. A comparative transcriptomic analysis of uveal melanoma and normal uveal melanocyte. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16516. [PMID: 21305041 PMCID: PMC3030591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults in western countries. It is associated with very severe visual morbidity and may lead to distant metastases even after successful treatment of the primary tumor. In order to gain better insight into molecular mechanisms related to tumorigenesis and metastasis of uveal melanoma, we used next-generation sequencing technology (SOLiD, Life Technologies) to acquire global transcriptome alteration between posterior uveal melanoma cells and normal uveal melanocyte. Results From mRNAs of the cultured uveal melanoma cells and normal uveal melanocytes, we annotated more than 3.7×107 and 2.7×107 sequencing tags based on human Ensembl databases, respectively. For detailed analysis, we chose 5155 well-annotated genes mainly involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, cell cycle, cell adhesion junction, apoptosis, and P53 signaling pathways as well as melanogenesis. In an effort to confirm the authenticity of our sequencing results, we validated twenty-one identically differentially expressed genes by using quantitative real time PCR from cultured cell lines of other posterior uveal melanoma cells and normal uveal melanocytes. Conclusion We have identified a large number of potentially interesting genes for biological investigation of uveal melanoma. The expression profiling also provides useful resources for other functional genomic and transcriptome studies. These 21 potential genes could discriminate between uveal melanoma cells and normal uveal melanocyte, which may be indicative of tumorigenesis process. Our results further suggest that high-throughput sequencing technology provides a powerful tool to study mechanisms of tumogenesis in the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong An
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haolei Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dan-Ning Hu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- Tissue Culture Center, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ledan Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lili Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Yan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanjun Shi
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhonglou Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JY) (JY); (JQ) (JQ)
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JY) (JY); (JQ) (JQ)
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Herraiz C, Journé F, Abdel-Malek Z, Ghanem G, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. Signaling from the human melanocortin 1 receptor to ERK1 and ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinases involves transactivation of cKIT. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 25:138-56. [PMID: 21084381 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a Gs protein-coupled receptor expressed in melanocytes, is a major determinant of skin pigmentation, phototype and cancer risk. Upon stimulation by αMSH, MC1R triggers the cAMP and ERK1/ERK2 MAPK pathways. In mouse melanocytes, ERK activation by αMSH binding to Mc1r depends on cAMP, and melanocytes are considered a paradigm for cAMP-dependent ERK activation. However, human MC1R variants associated with red hair, fair skin [red hair color (RHC) phenotype], and increased skin cancer risk display reduced cAMP signaling but activate ERKs as efficiently as wild type in heterologous cells, suggesting independent signaling to ERKs and cAMP in human melanocytes. We show that MC1R signaling activated the ERK pathway in normal human melanocytes and melanoma cells expressing physiological levels of endogenous RHC variants. ERK activation was comparable for wild-type and mutant MC1R and was independent on cAMP because it was neither triggered by stimulation of cAMP synthesis with forskolin nor blocked by the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine. Stimulation of MC1R with αMSH did not lead to protein kinase C activation and ERK activation was unaffected by protein kinase C inhibitors. Conversely, pharmacological interference, small interfering RNA studies, expression profiles, and functional reconstitution experiments showed that αMSH-induced ERK activation resulted from Src tyrosine kinase-mediated transactivation of the stem cell factor receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase essential for proliferation, differentiation, and survival of melanocyte precursors, thus demonstrating a functional link between the stem cell factor receptor and MC1R. Moreover, this transactivation phenomenon is unique because it is unaffected by natural mutations impairing canonical MC1R signaling through the cAMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Schiaffino MV. Signaling pathways in melanosome biogenesis and pathology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1094-104. [PMID: 20381640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanosomes are the specialized intracellular organelles of pigment cells devoted to the synthesis, storage and transport of melanin pigments, which are responsible for most visible pigmentation in mammals and other vertebrates. As a direct consequence, any genetic mutation resulting in alteration of melanosomal function, either because affecting pigment cell survival, migration and differentiation, or because interfering with melanosome biogenesis, transport and transfer to keratinocytes, is immediately translated into color variations of skin, fur, hair or eyes. Thus, over 100 genes and proteins have been identified as pigmentary determinants in mammals, providing us with a deep understanding of this biological system, which functions by using mechanisms and processes that have parallels in other tissues and organs. In particular, many genes implicated in melanosome biogenesis have been characterized, so that melanosomes represent an incredible source of information and a model for organelles belonging to the secretory pathway. Furthermore, the function of melanosomes can be associated with common physiological phenotypes, such as variation of pigmentation among individuals, and with rare pathological conditions, such as albinism, characterized by severe visual defects. Among the most relevant mechanisms operating in melanosome biogenesis are the signal transduction pathways mediated by two peculiar G protein-coupled receptors: the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), involved in the fair skin/red hair phenotype and skin cancer; and OA1 (GPR143), whose loss-of-function results in X-linked ocular albinism. This review will focus on the most recent novelties regarding the functioning of these two receptors, by highlighting emerging signaling mechanisms and general implications for cell biology and pathology.
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