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Freitas LAB, Sousa C, Lima BS, Duarte D, Gomes PATDM, Ramos CGC, Costa VDCM, Pitta MGDR, Rêgo MJBDM, de Simone CA, Videira M, Leite ACL. Thiazolyl-isatin derivatives: Synthesis, in silico studies, in vitro biological profile against breast cancer cells, mRNA expression, P-gp modulation, and interactions of Akt2 and VIM proteins. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:110954. [PMID: 38518852 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The literature reports that thiazole and isatin nuclei present a range of biological activities, with an emphasis on anticancer activity. Therefore, our proposal was to make a series of compounds using the molecular hybridization strategy, which has been used by our research group, producing hybrid molecules containing the thiazole and isatin nuclei. After structural planning and synthesis, the compounds were characterized and evaluated in vitro against breast cancer cell lines (T-47D, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and against normal cells (PBMC). The activity profile on membrane proteins involved in chemoresistance and tumorigenic signaling proteins was also evaluated. Among the compounds tested, the compounds 4c and 4a stood out with IC50 values of 1.23 and 1.39 μM, respectively, against the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Both compounds exhibited IC50 values of 0.45 μM for the MCF-7 cell line. Compounds 4a and 4c significantly decreased P-gp mRNA expression levels in MCF-7, 4 and 2 folds respectively. Regarding the impact on tumorigenic signaling proteins, compound 4a inhibited Akt2 in MDA-MB-231 and compound 4c inhibited the mRNA expression of VIM in MCF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Alberto Barros Freitas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Carolina Sousa
- Pharmacological and Regulatory Sciences Group (PharmRegSci), Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Silva Lima
- Pharmacological and Regulatory Sciences Group (PharmRegSci), Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Denise Duarte
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Camila Gabriela Costa Ramos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Inovação Terapêutica Suely Galdino, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Alberto de Simone
- Departamento de Física e Informática, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mafalda Videira
- Pharmacological and Regulatory Sciences Group (PharmRegSci), Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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2
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Deng S, Leong HC, Datta A, Gopal V, Kumar AP, Yap CT. PI3K/AKT Signaling Tips the Balance of Cytoskeletal Forces for Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1652. [PMID: 35406424 PMCID: PMC8997157 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays essential roles in multiple cellular processes, which include cell growth, survival, metabolism, and motility. In response to internal and external stimuli, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway co-opts other signaling pathways, cellular components, and cytoskeletal proteins to reshape individual cells. The cytoskeletal network comprises three main components, which are namely the microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Collectively, they are essential for many fundamental structures and cellular processes. In cancer, aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade and alteration of cytoskeletal structures have been observed to be highly prevalent, and eventually contribute to many cancer hallmarks. Due to their critical roles in tumor progression, pharmacological agents targeting PI3K/AKT, along with cytoskeletal components, have been developed for better intervention strategies against cancer. In our review, we first discuss existing evidence in-depth and then build on recent advances to propose new directions for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Deng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (S.D.); (V.G.)
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Hin Chong Leong
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Arpita Datta
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
| | - Vennila Gopal
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (S.D.); (V.G.)
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Celestial T. Yap
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (S.D.); (V.G.)
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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3
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Id4 Suppresses the Growth and Invasion of Colorectal Cancer HCT116 Cells through CK18-Related Inhibition of AKT and EMT Signaling. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:6660486. [PMID: 33936204 PMCID: PMC8060092 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6660486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Id4 is one of the inhibitors of DNA-binding proteins (Id) and involved in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers. The specific mechanism underlying the Id4-mediated regulation of proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells is still largely unclear. In the present study, results showed CRC cells had a lower baseline Id4 expression than normal intestinal epithelial NCM460 cells. In order to explore the role of Id4 in the tumorigenicity, CRC HCT116 cells with stable Id4 expression were used, and results showed Id4 overexpression arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, inhibited the cell proliferation and the colony formation, as well as suppressed the migration and invasion. In the in vivo model, Id4 overexpression inhibited the tumor growth and metastasis in the nude mice. Furthermore, Id4 overexpression upregulated the expression of proteins associated with cell proliferation, inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway, and suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCT116 cells. Moreover, Id4 significantly decreased cytokeratin 18 (CK18) expression, but CK18 overexpression in Id4 expressing HCT116-Id4 cells rescued the activation of AKT, p-AKT, MMP2, MMP7, and E-cadherin. Collectively, our study indicated Id4 may inhibit CRC growth and metastasis through inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway in a CK18-dependent manner and suppressing EMT. Id4 may become a target for the treatment of CRC.
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4
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Schonhoft JD, Zhao JL, Jendrisak A, Carbone EA, Barnett ES, Hullings MA, Gill A, Sutton R, Lee J, Dago AE, Landers M, Bakhoum SF, Wang Y, Gonen M, Dittamore R, Scher HI. Morphology-Predicted Large-Scale Transition Number in Circulating Tumor Cells Identifies a Chromosomal Instability Biomarker Associated with Poor Outcome in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4892-4903. [PMID: 32816908 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) increases a tumor cell's ability to acquire chromosomal alterations, a mechanism by which tumor cells evolve, adapt, and resist therapeutics. We sought to develop a biomarker of CIN in circulating tumor cells (CTC) that are more likely to reflect the genetic diversity of patient's disease than a single-site biopsy and be assessed rapidly so as to inform treatment management decisions in real time. Large-scale transitions (LST) are genomic alterations defined as chromosomal breakages that generate chromosomal gains or losses of greater than or equal to10 Mb. Here we studied the relationship between the number of LST in an individual CTC determined by direct sequencing and morphologic features of the cells. This relationship was then used to develop a computer vision algorithm that utilizes CTC image features to predict the presence of a high (9 or more) versus low (8 or fewer) LST number in a single cell. As LSTs are a primary functional component of homologous recombination deficient cellular phenotypes, the image-based algorithm was studied prospectively on 10,240 CTCs in 367 blood samples obtained from 294 patients with progressing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer taken prior to starting a standard-of-care approved therapy. The resultant computer vision-based biomarker of CIN in CTCs in a pretreatment sample strongly associated with poor overall survival times in patients treated with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors and taxanes. SIGNIFICANCE: A rapidly assessable biomarker of chromosomal instability in CTC is associated with poor outcomes when detected in men with progressing mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jimmy L Zhao
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Emily A Carbone
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ethan S Barnett
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Melanie A Hullings
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Current affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | - Jerry Lee
- Epic Sciences, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Mithat Gonen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Howard I Scher
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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5
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Wagner J, Rapsomaniki MA, Chevrier S, Anzeneder T, Langwieder C, Dykgers A, Rees M, Ramaswamy A, Muenst S, Soysal SD, Jacobs A, Windhager J, Silina K, van den Broek M, Dedes KJ, Rodríguez Martínez M, Weber WP, Bodenmiller B. A Single-Cell Atlas of the Tumor and Immune Ecosystem of Human Breast Cancer. Cell 2019; 177:1330-1345.e18. [PMID: 30982598 PMCID: PMC6526772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Tumor cells and associated healthy cells form ecosystems that determine disease progression and response to therapy. To characterize features of breast cancer ecosystems and their associations with clinical data, we analyzed 144 human breast tumor and 50 non-tumor tissue samples using mass cytometry. The expression of 73 proteins in 26 million cells was evaluated using tumor and immune cell-centric antibody panels. Tumors displayed individuality in tumor cell composition, including phenotypic abnormalities and phenotype dominance. Relationship analyses between tumor and immune cells revealed characteristics of ecosystems related to immunosuppression and poor prognosis. High frequencies of PD-L1+ tumor-associated macrophages and exhausted T cells were found in high-grade ER+ and ER- tumors. This large-scale, single-cell atlas deepens our understanding of breast tumor ecosystems and suggests that ecosystem-based patient classification will facilitate identification of individuals for precision medicine approaches targeting the tumor and its immunoenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Molecular Life Sciences Ph.D. Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Stéphane Chevrier
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Anzeneder
- Patients' Tumor Bank of Hope (PATH) Biobank, PO 750729, 81337 Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Langwieder
- Institute of Pathology at Josefshaus, Amalienstrasse 21, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - August Dykgers
- Institute of Pathology at Josefshaus, Amalienstrasse 21, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Rees
- Institute of Pathology at Josefshaus, Amalienstrasse 21, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Annette Ramaswamy
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Simone Muenst
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savas Deniz Soysal
- Clarunis, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Jacobs
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Windhager
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Systems Biology Ph.D. Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karina Silina
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Walter Paul Weber
- Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Kovac RL, Ballash G, Fenger J, London C, Warry E. Plasma cytokeratin-18 concentrations as noninvasive biomarker of early gastrointestinal toxicosis in dogs receiving toceranib. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:2061-2068. [PMID: 30353992 PMCID: PMC6271317 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background No biomarkers for the early detection of gastrointestinal (GI) toxicosis secondary to antineoplastic treatment are recognized in veterinary medicine. Toceranib causes GI toxicosis in dogs. Hypothesis/Objective To assess if changes in plasma cytokeratin 18 (CK18) concentration, measured in dogs being treated with toceranib phosphate, can predict the onset of GI toxicosis. We hypothesize that an increase in CK18 concentrations will be detected before the development of GI toxicosis in dogs treated with toceranib phosphate. Animals Twenty healthy client‐owned dogs and 25 client‐owned dogs with surgically excised mast cell tumor (MCT). Methods Prospective cohort study. Dogs were treated with toceranib (2.75 mg/kg PO q48h). Plasma was collected weekly for 4 weeks. Plasma CK18 concentration was measured on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. vascular endothelial growth factor was measured on days 0 and 28. Results Mean plasma CK18 concentration on day 0 in dogs with MCT was not significantly different than healthy controls (313.5 ± 592.8 pg/mL, 119.7 ± 76.9 pg/mL, mean ± SD P = 0.27). Mean plasma CK18 concentration decreased by 98.69 pg/mL from day 0 to day 28 (P < 0.001). Plasma CK18 concentration was not a significant predictor of the development of signs of GI toxicosis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Plasma CK18 concentration was not a clinically useful biomarker for the early detection of GI toxicosis secondary to toceranib administration in dogs with MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Kovac
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory Ballash
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Joelle Fenger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cheryl London
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, New Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Emma Warry
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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7
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Danielsson F, Peterson MK, Caldeira Araújo H, Lautenschläger F, Gad AKB. Vimentin Diversity in Health and Disease. Cells 2018; 7:E147. [PMID: 30248895 PMCID: PMC6210396 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is a protein that has been linked to a large variety of pathophysiological conditions, including cataracts, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV and cancer. Vimentin has also been shown to regulate a wide spectrum of basic cellular functions. In cells, vimentin assembles into a network of filaments that spans the cytoplasm. It can also be found in smaller, non-filamentous forms that can localise both within cells and within the extracellular microenvironment. The vimentin structure can be altered by subunit exchange, cleavage into different sizes, re-annealing, post-translational modifications and interacting proteins. Together with the observation that different domains of vimentin might have evolved under different selection pressures that defined distinct biological functions for different parts of the protein, the many diverse variants of vimentin might be the cause of its functional diversity. A number of review articles have focussed on the biology and medical aspects of intermediate filament proteins without particular commitment to vimentin, and other reviews have focussed on intermediate filaments in an in vitro context. In contrast, the present review focusses almost exclusively on vimentin, and covers both ex vivo and in vivo data from tissue culture and from living organisms, including a summary of the many phenotypes of vimentin knockout animals. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the many diverse aspects of vimentin, from biochemical, mechanical, cellular, systems biology and medical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Danielsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Campus D2 2, Leibniz-Institut für Neue Materialien gGmbH (INM) and Experimental Physics, NT Faculty, E 2 6, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Annica Karin Britt Gad
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020105 Funchal, Portugal.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden.
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8
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Quantitative proteome and lysine succinylome analyses provide insights into metabolic regulation in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2018; 26:93-105. [PMID: 30022435 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-018-0893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer, the most common invasive cancer and cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide, is a multifactorial, complex disease, and many molecular players and mechanisms underlying the complexity of its clinical behavior remain unknown. METHODS To explore the molecular features of breast cancer, quantitative proteome and succinylome analyses in breast cancer were extensively studied using quantitative proteomics techniques, anti-succinyl lysine antibody-based affinity enrichment, and high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis. RESULTS Our study is the first to detect the regulation of lysine succinylation in breast cancer progression. We identified a novel mechanism by which the pentose phosphate pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum protein processing pathway might be regulated via lysine succinylation in their core enzymes. CONCLUSIONS These results expand our understanding of tumorigenesis mechanisms and provide a basis for further characterization of the pathophysiological roles in breast cancer progression, laying a foundation for innovative and novel breast cancer drugs and therapies.
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9
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Prohibitin-2 negatively regulates AKT2 expression to promote prostate cancer cell migration. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1147-1155. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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10
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Kim HJ, Byun HJ, Park MK, Kim EJ, Kang GJ, Lee CH. Novel involvement of RhebL1 in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced keratin phosphorylation and reorganization: Binding to and activation of AKT1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20851-20864. [PMID: 28209923 PMCID: PMC5400551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces keratin phosphorylation and reorganization, and increases viscoelasticity of metastatic cancer cells such as PANC-1 cells. However, the mechanism involved in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced keratin phosphorylation and reorganization is largely unknown. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine dose- and time-dependently induces the expression of RhebL1. The involvement of RhebL1 in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced events including keratin 8 (K8) phosphorylation, reorganization, migration and invasion was examined. Gene silencing of RhebL1 suppressed the sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced events and overexpression of RhebL1 enhanced those events even without sphingosylphosphorylcholine treatment. We examined whether the G protein function of RhebL1 induces K8 phosphorylation using constitutively active RhebL1Q64L and dominant negative RhebL1D60K. G protein activity of RhebL1 is involved in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced K8 phosphorylation. We found that RhebL1 binds and activates AKT1. G protein activity of RhebL1 is involved in the binding and activation of AKT1. MK2206 (AKT inhibitor) and gene silencing of AKT1 inhibited the sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced events, whereas overexpression of activated-AKT1 induced K8 phosphorylation, reorganization, migration and invasion even without sphingosylphosphorylcholine treatment. The collective results indicate that RhebL1 is involved in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced events in A549 lung cancer cells via binding to AKT1 leading to activation of it. These results suggest that suppression of RhebL1 or inhibition of RhebL1′s binding to AKT1 might be a novel way that prevents changes in the physical properties of metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeoung Jin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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11
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Odenthal J, Takes R, Friedl P. Plasticity of tumor cell invasion: governance by growth factors and cytokines. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:1117-1128. [PMID: 27664164 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell migration, the basis for metastatic dissemination, is an adaptive process which depends upon coordinated cell interaction with the environment, influencing cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics and extracellular matrix remodeling. Growth factors and cytokines, released within the reactive tumor microenvironment and their intracellular effector signals strongly impact mechanocoupling functions in tumor cells and thereby control the mode and extent of tumor invasion, including collective and single-cell migration and their interconversions. Besides their role in controlling tumor cell growth and survival, cytokines and growth factors thus provide complex orchestration of the metastatic cascade and tumor cell adaptation to environmental challenge. We here review the mechanisms by which growth factors and cytokines control the reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment, and the consequences for the efficacy and plasticity of invasion programs and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Odenthal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Takes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands, .,Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology - Research, Houston, TX 77030, USA and.,Cancer Genomics Center, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Kim HJ, Choi WJ, Lee CH. Phosphorylation and Reorganization of Keratin Networks: Implications for Carcinogenesis and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:301-12. [PMID: 26157545 PMCID: PMC4489823 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is one of hallmarks of cancer and a major cause of cancer death. Combatting metastasis is highly challenging. To overcome these difficulties, researchers have focused on physical properties of metastatic cancer cells. Metastatic cancer cells from patients are softer than benign cancer or normal cells. Changes of viscoelasticity of cancer cells are related to the keratin network. Unexpectedly, keratin network is dynamic and regulation of keratin network is important to the metastasis of cancer. Keratin is composed of heteropolymer of type I and II. Keratin connects from the plasma membrane to nucleus. Several proteins including kinases, and protein phosphatases bind to keratin intermediate filaments. Several endogenous compounds or toxic compounds induce phosphorylation and reorganization of keratin network in cancer cells, leading to increased migration. Continuous phosphorylation of keratin results in loss of keratin, which is one of the features of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Therefore, several proteins involved in phosphorylation and reorganization of keratin also have a role in EMT. It is likely that compounds controlling phosphorylation and reorganization of keratin are potential candidates for combating EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Kim
- BK21PLUS R-FIND team, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Choi
- BK21PLUS R-FIND team, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- BK21PLUS R-FIND team, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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13
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Fortier AM, Asselin E, Cadrin M. Functional specificity of Akt isoforms in cancer progression. Biomol Concepts 2015; 2:1-11. [PMID: 25962016 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt/PKB kinases are central mediators of cell homeostasis. There are three highly homologous Akt isoforms, Akt1/PKBα, Akt2/PKBβ and Akt3/PKBγ. Hyperactivation of Akt signaling is a key node in the progression of a variety of human cancer, by modulating tumor growth, chemoresistance and cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. It is now clear that, to understand the mechanisms on how Akt affects specific cancer cells, it is necessary to consider the relative importance of each of the three Akt isoforms in the altered cells. Akt1 is involved in tumor growth, cancer cell invasion and chemoresistance and is the predominant altered isoform found in various carcinomas. Akt2 is related to cancer cell invasion, metastasis and survival more than tumor induction. Most of the Akt2 alterations are observed in breast, ovarian, pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas. As Akt3 expression is limited to some tissues, its implication in tumor growth and resistance to drugs mostly occurs in melanomas, gliomas and some breast carcinomas. To explain how Akt isoforms can play different or even opposed roles, three mechanisms have been proposed: tissue-specificity expression/activation of Akt isoforms, distinct effect on same substrate as well as specific localization through the cyto-skeleton network. It is becoming clear that to develop an effective anticancer Akt inhibitor drug, it is necessary to target the specific Akt isoform which promotes the progression of the specific tumor.
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14
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Cytokeratin19 induced by HER2/ERK binds and stabilizes HER2 on cell membranes. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:665-76. [PMID: 25342465 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokeratin19 (KRT19) is widely used as a biomarker for the detection of disseminated tumors. Using an LC-MS/MS proteomics approach, we found that KRT19 was upregulated in HER2-overexpressing cells and tissues. KRT19 expression was induced by HER2-downstream ERK at the transcriptional level. Another HER2-downstream kinase, Akt, was found to phosphorylate KRT19 on Ser35 and induce membrane translocation of KRT19 and remodeling of KRT19 from filamentous to granulous form. KRT19 phosphorylated by Akt could bind HER2 on the plasma membrane and stabilized HER2 via inhibition of proteasome-mediated degradation of HER2. Silencing of KRT19 by shRNA resulted in increased ubiquitination and destabilization of HER2. Moreover, treatment of KRT19 antibody resulted in downregulation of HER2 and reduced cell viability. These data provide a new rationale for targeting HER2-positive breast cancers.
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15
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Trendowski M. Exploiting the cytoskeletal filaments of neoplastic cells to potentiate a novel therapeutic approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:599-616. [PMID: 25286320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although cytoskeletal-directed agents have been a mainstay in chemotherapeutic protocols due to their ability to readily interfere with the rapid mitotic progression of neoplastic cells, they are all microtubule-based drugs, and there has yet to be any microfilament- or intermediate filament-directed agents approved for clinical use. There are many inherent differences between the cytoskeletal networks of malignant and normal cells, providing an ideal target to attain preferential damage. Further, numerous microfilament-directed agents, and an intermediate filament-directed agent of particular interest (withaferin A) have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efficacy, suggesting that cytoskeletal filaments may be exploited to supplement chemotherapeutic approaches currently used in the clinical setting. Therefore, this review is intended to expose academics and clinicians to the tremendous variety of cytoskeletal filament-directed agents that are currently available for further chemotherapeutic evaluation. The mechanisms by which microfilament directed- and intermediate filament-directed agents damage malignant cells are discussed in detail in order to establish how the drugs can be used in combination with each other, or with currently approved chemotherapeutic agents to generate a substantial synergistic attack, potentially establishing a new paradigm of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Trendowski
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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16
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PAVLIKOVA NELA, BARTONOVA IRENA, DINCAKOVA LUCIA, HALADA PETR, KOVAR JAN. Differentially expressed proteins in human breast cancer cells sensitive and resistant to paclitaxel. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:822-30. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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17
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Ramot Y, Paus R. Harnessing neuroendocrine controls of keratin expression: A new therapeutic strategy for skin diseases? Bioessays 2014; 36:672-86. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology; Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dermatology Research Centre; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Laboratory for Hair Research and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Dermatology; University of Münster; Münster Germany
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18
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Luo W, Yu Y, Wang R, He D, Wang C, Zeng X, Chen X, Tan X, Huang T, Wu X. P7 peptides targeting bFGF sensitize colorectal cancer cells to CPT-11. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:194-200. [PMID: 24190390 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The low survival rate of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is mainly due to the drug resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents. It has been reported that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an essential factor involved in the epigenetic mechanisms of drug resistance, which provides a novel potential target for improving the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we first demonstrate that a novel bFGF antagonist, peptide P7, previously isolated by phage display technology, reversed bFGF-induced resistance to irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11), and counteracted the anti-apoptotic effects of bFGF on CPT-11-treated HT-29 cells. Further experiments indicated that the inhibition of Akt activation, the suppression of bFGF internalization, the increase in the Bax to Bcl-2 ratio and the downregulation of cytokeratin 8 (CK8) by P7 may contribute to the counteracting of the anti-apoptotic effects of bFGF, and further reversal of bFGF-induced resistance to CPT-11. Our results suggest that peptide P7 may have therapeutic potential in CRC as a sensitizer to chemotherapeutic agents by targeting bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Luo
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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19
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Zhang HH, Qi F, Zu XB, Cao YH, Miao JG, Xu L, Qi L. A proteomic study of potential VEGF-C-associated proteins in bladder cancer T24 cells. Med Sci Monit 2013; 18:BR441-9. [PMID: 23111735 PMCID: PMC3560612 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) has been found to play an important role in malignant progression of various cancer cells, in addition to lymphangiogenesis. However, the mechanisms involved are still largely unknown. Our early research has confirmed that the expression of VEGF-C in bladder cancer was markedly higher than that in normal bladder tissues. VEGF-C can also obviously promote proliferation and invasion of bladder cancer T24 cells. In the present work, we attempted to use proteomic analysis to screen out potential VEGF-C-associated proteins involved in malignant progression of the bladder cancer T24 cells. Material/Methods Lentivirus vector-based RNA interference (RNAi) was employed to diminish VEGF-C expression of bladder cancer T24 cells. Then we performed comparative proteome analysis to explore differentially expressed proteins in T24 cells with and without VEGF-C siRNA, by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Results Twenty-three proteins were identified. Some proteins (matrix metalloproteinase-9, Keratin 8, Serpin B5, Annexin A8) with significant differences were further confirmed by Western blotting. Conclusions The 23 potential VEGF-C-associated proteins identified in our study provide us with further insights into the mechanism of VEGF-C promoting malignant progression of bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University, Hengyang city, China
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20
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Fortier AM, Asselin E, Cadrin M. Keratin 8 and 18 loss in epithelial cancer cells increases collective cell migration and cisplatin sensitivity through claudin1 up-regulation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11555-71. [PMID: 23449973 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.428920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/18) are simple epithelial cell-specific intermediate filament proteins. Keratins are essential for tissue integrity and are involved in intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell response to injuries, cell growth, and death. K8/18 expression is maintained during tumorigenesis; hence, they are used as a diagnostic marker in tumor pathology. In recent years, studies have provided evidence that keratins should be considered not only as markers but also as regulators of cancer cell signaling. The loss of K8/18 expression during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with metastasis and chemoresistance. In the present study, we investigated whether K8/18 expression plays an active role in EMT. We show that K8/18 stable knockdown using shRNA increased collective migration and invasiveness of epithelial cancer cells without modulating EMT markers. K8/18-depleted cells showed PI3K/Akt/NF-κB hyperactivation and increased MMP2 and MMP9 expression. K8/18 deletion also increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Increased Fas receptor membrane targeting suggests that apoptosis is enhanced via the extrinsic pathway. Interestingly, we identified the tight junction protein claudin1 as a regulator of these processes. This is the first indication that modulation of K8/18 expression can influence the phenotype of epithelial cancer cells at a transcriptional level and supports the hypothesis that keratins play an active role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Fortier
- Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
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21
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22
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Riggio M, Polo ML, Blaustein M, Colman-Lerner A, Lüthy I, Lanari C, Novaro V. PI3K/AKT pathway regulates phosphorylation of steroid receptors, hormone independence and tumor differentiation in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:509-18. [PMID: 22180571 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a model of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)-induced mouse mammary tumors that transit through different stages of hormone dependence, we previously reported that the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B) pathway is critical for the growth of hormone-independent (HI) mammary carcinomas but not for the growth of hormone-dependent (HD) mammary carcinomas. The objective of this work was to explore whether the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is responsible for the changes in tumor phenotype and for the transition to autonomous growth. We found that the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway suppresses HI tumor growth. In addition, we were able to induce mammary tumors in mice in the absence of MPA by inoculating HD tumor cells expressing a constitutively active form of AKT1, myristoylated AKT1 (myrAKT1). These tumors were highly differentiated and displayed a ductal phenotype with laminin-1 and cytokeratin 8 expression patterns typical of HI tumors. Furthermore, myrAKT1 increased the tumor growth of IBH-6 and IBH-7 human breast cancer cell lines. In the estrogen-dependent IBH-7 cell line, myrAKT1 induced estrogen-independent growth accompanied by the expression of the adhesion markers focal adhesion kinase and E-cadherin. Finally, we found that cells expressing myrAKT1 exhibited increased phosphorylation of the progesterone receptor at Ser190 and Ser294 and of the estrogen receptor α at Ser118 and Ser167, independently of exogenous MPA or estrogen supply. Our results indicate that the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway promotes tissue architecture remodeling and the activation of steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Riggio
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Maxwell SA, Cherry EM, Bayless KJ. Akt, 14-3-3ζ, and vimentin mediate a drug-resistant invasive phenotype in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:849-64. [PMID: 21323512 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.551793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of resistance to the CHOP chemotherapeutic regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) remains a major cause of treatment failure and mortality in approximately 40% of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We established CHOP-resistant DLBCL cells as a model system to investigate molecular mechanisms involved in multidrug resistance. Two-dimensional differential in-gel (DIGE) analysis identified 10 differentially expressed proteins between CHOP-sensitive and -resistant DLBCL cells that play roles in glycolysis (triosephosphate isomerase-1, enolase-1), cytoskeletal structure (ezrin, vimentin, tubulin-specific chaperone B), purine biosynthesis (serine hydroxymethyltransferase), calcium binding (sorcin), and apoptosis (p53, 14-3-3ζ, Akt). Akt, 14-3-3ζ, and vimentin were up-regulated in CHOP-resistant DLBCL cells. We showed previously that siRNA-mediated knockdown of 14-3-3ζ reversed CHOP resistance in DLBCL cells (Maxwell et al., J Biol Chem 2009;284:22379-22389). Here we show that chemical inhibition of Akt overcomes CHOP resistance in DLBCL cells. CHOP-resistant cells exhibited a five-fold greater ability to invade collagen matrices compared with CHOP-sensitive cells. Knockdown of vimentin by siRNA or withaferin A repressed the invasiveness of CHOP-resistant cells in collagen matrices. Increased expressions of Akt, 14-3-3ζ, and vimentin were observed by Western blotting in primary DLBCL tissues relative to normal lymphatic tissue. The data implicate activation of an Akt-14-3-3ζ signaling pathway in promoting a multidrug-resistant phenotype associated with a vimentin-dependent invasive behavior in DLBCL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve A Maxwell
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.
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Abstract
Keratins are the intermediate filament (IF)-forming proteins of epithelial cells. Since their initial characterization almost 30 years ago, the total number of mammalian keratins has increased to 54, including 28 type I and 26 type II keratins. Keratins are obligate heteropolymers and, similarly to other IFs, they contain a dimeric central α-helical rod domain that is flanked by non-helical head and tail domains. The 10-nm keratin filaments participate in the formation of a proteinaceous structural framework within the cellular cytoplasm and, as such, serve an important role in epithelial cell protection from mechanical and non-mechanical stressors, a property extensively substantiated by the discovery of human keratin mutations predisposing to tissue-specific injury and by studies in keratin knockout and transgenic mice. More recently, keratins have also been recognized as regulators of other cellular properties and functions, including apico-basal polarization, motility, cell size, protein synthesis and membrane traffic and signaling. In cancer, keratins are extensively used as diagnostic tumor markers, as epithelial malignancies largely maintain the specific keratin patterns associated with their respective cells of origin, and, in many occasions, full-length or cleaved keratin expression (or lack there of) in tumors and/or peripheral blood carries prognostic significance for cancer patients. Quite intriguingly, several studies have provided evidence for active keratin involvement in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, as well as in treatment responsiveness, and have set the foundation for further exploration of the role of keratins as multifunctional regulators of epithelial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karantza
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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25
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Fortier AM, Riopel K, Désaulniers M, Cadrin M. Novel insights into changes in biochemical properties of keratins 8 and 18 in griseofulvin-induced toxic liver injury. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:117-25. [PMID: 20643122 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/18) intermediate filament proteins are believed to play an essential role in the protection of hepatocytes against mechanical and toxic stress. This assertion is mainly based on increased hepatocyte fragility observed in transgenic mice deficient in K8/18, or carrying mutations on K8/18. The molecular mechanism by which keratins accomplish their protective functions has not been totally elucidated. Liver diseases such as alcoholic hepatitis and copper metabolism diseases are associated with modifications, in hepatocytes, of intermediate filament organisation and the formation of K8/18 containing aggregates named Mallory-Denk bodies. Treatment of mice with a diet containing griseofulvin induces the formation of Mallory-Denk bodies in hepatocytes. This provides a reliable animal model for assessing the molecular mechanism by which keratins accomplish their protective role in the response of hepatocytes to chemical injuries. In this study, we found that griseofulvin intoxication induced changes in keratin solubility and that there was a 5% to 25% increase in the relative amounts of soluble keratin. Keratin phosphorylation on specific sites (K8 pS79, K8 pS436 and K18 pS33) was increased and prominent in the insoluble protein fractions. Since at least six K8 phosphoepitopes were detected after GF treatment, phosphorylation sites other than the ones studied need to be accounted for. Immunofluorescence staining showed that K8 pS79 epitope was present in clusters of hepatocytes that surrounded apoptotic cells. Activated p38 MAPK was associated with, but not present in K8 pS79-positive cells. These results indicate that griseofulvin intoxication mediates changes in the physicochemical properties of keratin, which result in the remodelling of keratin intermediate filaments which in turn could modulate the signalling pathways in which they are involved by modifying their binding to signalling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Fortier
- Molecular oncology and endocrinology research group, Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières, 3351 Blv Des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
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