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The Maize Pathogen Ustilago maydis Secretes Glycoside Hydrolases and Carbohydrate Oxidases Directed toward Components of the Fungal Cell Wall. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0158122. [PMID: 36354345 PMCID: PMC9746322 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01581-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are keystone microorganisms in the regulation of many processes occurring on Earth, such as plant biomass decay and pathogenesis as well as symbiotic associations. In many of these processes, fungi secrete carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) to modify and/or degrade carbohydrates. Ten years ago, while evaluating the potential of a secretome from the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis to supplement lignocellulolytic cocktails, we noticed it contained many unknown or poorly characterized CAZymes. Here, and after reannotation of this data set and detailed phylogenetic analyses, we observed that several CAZymes (including glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate oxidases) are predicted to act on the fungal cell wall (FCW), notably on β-1,3-glucans. We heterologously produced and biochemically characterized two new CAZymes, called UmGH16_1-A and UmAA3_2-A. We show that UmGH16_1-A displays β-1,3-glucanase activity, with a preference for β-1,3-glucans with short β-1,6 substitutions, and UmAA3_2-A is a dehydrogenase catalyzing the oxidation of β-1,3- and β-1,6-gluco-oligosaccharides into the corresponding aldonic acids. Working on model β-1,3-glucans, we show that the linear oligosaccharide products released by UmGH16_1-A are further oxidized by UmAA3_2-A, bringing to light a putative biocatalytic cascade. Interestingly, analysis of available transcriptomics data indicates that both UmGH16_1-A and UmAA3_2-A are coexpressed, only during early stages of U. maydis infection cycle. Altogether, our results suggest that both enzymes are connected and that additional accessory activities still need to be uncovered to fully understand the biocatalytic cascade at play and its physiological role. IMPORTANCE Filamentous fungi play a central regulatory role on Earth, notably in the global carbon cycle. Regardless of their lifestyle, filamentous fungi need to remodel their own cell wall (mostly composed of polysaccharides) to grow and proliferate. To do so, they must secrete a large arsenal of enzymes, most notably carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). However, research on fungal CAZymes over past decades has mainly focused on finding efficient plant biomass conversion processes while CAZymes directed at the fungus itself have remained little explored. In the present study, using the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis as model, we set off to evaluate the prevalence of CAZymes directed toward the fungal cell wall during growth of the fungus on plant biomass and characterized two new CAZymes active on fungal cell wall components. Our results suggest the existence of a biocatalytic cascade that remains to be fully understood.
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Manat G, Fanuel M, Jouanneau D, Jam M, Mac-Bear J, Rogniaux H, Mora T, Larocque R, Lipinska A, Czjzek M, Ropartz D, Ficko-Blean E. Specificity of a β-porphyranase produced by the carrageenophyte red alga Chondrus crispus and implications of this unexpected activity on red algal biology. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102707. [PMID: 36402445 PMCID: PMC9771727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The carrageenophyte red alga Chondrus crispus produces three family 16 glycoside hydrolases (CcGH16-1, CcGH16-2, and CcGH16-3). Phylogenetically, the red algal GH16 members are closely related to bacterial GH16 homologs from subfamilies 13 and 14, which have characterized marine bacterial β-carrageenase and β-porphyranase activities, respectively, yet the functions of these CcGH16 hydrolases have not been determined. Here, we first confirmed the gene locus of the ccgh16-3 gene in the alga to facilitate further investigation. Next, our biochemical characterization of CcGH16-3 revealed an unexpected β-porphyranase activity, since porphyran is not a known component of the C. crispus extracellular matrix. Kinetic characterization was undertaken on natural porphyran substrate with an experimentally determined molecular weight. We found CcGH16-3 has a pH optimum between 7.5 and 8.0; however, it exhibits reasonably stable activity over a large pH range (pH 7.0-9.0). CcGH16-3 has a KM of 4.0 ± 0.8 μM, a kcat of 79.9 ± 6.9 s-1, and a kcat/KM of 20.1 ± 1.7 μM-1 s-1. We structurally examined fine enzymatic specificity by performing a subsite dissection. CcGH16-3 has a strict requirement for D-galactose and L-galactose-6-sulfate in its -1 and +1 subsites, respectively, whereas the outer subsites are less restrictive. CcGH16-3 is one of a handful of algal enzymes characterized with a specificity for a polysaccharide unknown to be found in their own extracellular matrix. This β-porphyranase activity in a carrageenophyte red alga may provide defense against red algal pathogens or provide a competitive advantage in niche colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Manat
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, UR BIA, Nantes, France,INRAE, BIBS Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Diane Jouanneau
- CNRS, FR 2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, Nantes, France,INRAE, BIBS Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Théo Mora
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | - Robert Larocque
- CNRS, FR 2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | - Agnieszka Lipinska
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, Nantes, France,INRAE, BIBS Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France,For correspondence: Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
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Zhang YS, Gong JS, Yao ZY, Jiang JY, Su C, Li H, Kang CL, Liu L, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Insights into the source, mechanism and biotechnological applications of hyaluronidases. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108018. [PMID: 35853550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has long been found that hyaluronidases exist in a variety of organisms, playing their roles in various biological processes including infection, envenomation and metabolic regulation through degrading hyaluronan. However, exploiting them as a bioresource for specific applications had not been extensively studied until the latest decades. In recent years, new application scenarios have been developed, which extended the field of application, and emphasized the research value of hyaluronidase. This critical review comprehensively summarizes existing studies on hyaluronidase from different source, particularly in their structures, action patterns, and biological functions in human and mammals. Furthermore, we give in-depth insight into the resource mining and protein engineering process of hyaluronidase, as well as strategies for their high-level production, indicating that mixed strategies should be adopted to obtain well-performing hyaluronidase with efficiency. In addition, advances in application of hyaluronidase were summarized and discussed. Finally, prospects for future researches are proposed, highlighting the importance of further investigation into the characteristics of hyaluronidases, and the necessity of investigating their products for the development of their application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yao
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chuan-Li Kang
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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Sindelar M, Jilkova J, Kubala L, Velebny V, Turkova K. Hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases: From humans to bacteriophages. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112095. [PMID: 34507069 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a non-sulfated negatively-charged linear polymer distributed in most parts of the human body, where it is located around cells in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues and plays an essential role in the organization of tissue architecture. Moreover, hyaluronan is involved in many biological processes and used in many clinical, cosmetic, pharmaceutic, and biotechnological applications worldwide. As interest in hyaluronan applications increases, so does interest in hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases, as these enzymes play a major part in hyaluronan degradation. Many hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases produced by eukaryotic cells, bacteria, and bacteriophages have so far been described and annotated, and their ability to cleave hyaluronan has been experimentally proven. These enzymes belong to several carbohydrate-active enzyme families, share very low sequence identity, and differ in their cleaving mechanisms and in their structural and functional properties. This review presents a summary of annotated and characterized hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases isolated from different sources belonging to distinct protein families, with a main focus on the binding and catalytic residues of the discussed enzymes in the context of their biochemical properties. In addition, the application potential of individual groups of hyaluronidases and hyaluronate lyases is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sindelar
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jilkova
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 56102, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Velebny
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 56102, Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Turkova
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Viborg AH, Terrapon N, Lombard V, Michel G, Czjzek M, Henrissat B, Brumer H. A subfamily roadmap of the evolutionarily diverse glycoside hydrolase family 16 (GH16). J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15973-15986. [PMID: 31501245 PMCID: PMC6827312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 16 comprises a large and taxonomically diverse family of glycosidases and transglycosidases that adopt a common β-jelly-roll fold and are active on a range of terrestrial and marine polysaccharides. Presently, broadly insightful sequence–function correlations in GH16 are hindered by a lack of a systematic subfamily structure. To fill this gap, we have used a highly scalable protein sequence similarity network analysis to delineate nearly 23,000 GH16 sequences into 23 robust subfamilies, which are strongly supported by hidden Markov model and maximum likelihood molecular phylogenetic analyses. Subsequent evaluation of over 40 experimental three-dimensional structures has highlighted key tertiary structural differences, predominantly manifested in active-site loops, that dictate substrate specificity across the GH16 evolutionary landscape. As for other large GH families (i.e. GH5, GH13, and GH43), this new subfamily classification provides a roadmap for functional glycogenomics that will guide future bioinformatics and experimental structure–function analyses. The GH16 subfamily classification is publicly available in the CAZy database. The sequence similarity network workflow used here, SSNpipe, is freely available from GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Holm Viborg
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Terrapon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13288 Marseille, France.,USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Lombard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13288 Marseille, France.,USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13288 Marseille, France .,USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-13288 Marseille, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada .,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Patil S, Bhadane B, Shirsath L, Patil R, Chaudhari B. Steroidal fraction ofCarissa carandasL. inhibits microbial hyaluronidase activity by mixed inhibition mechanism. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:298-306. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1541811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Bhushan Bhadane
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Leena Shirsath
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Ravindra Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Bhushan Chaudhari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India
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Kang Z, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Huang H, Du G, Chen J. Bio-Based Strategies for Producing Glycosaminoglycans and Their Oligosaccharides. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:806-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Amorim FG, Boldrini-França J, de Castro Figueiredo Bordon K, Cardoso IA, De Pauw E, Quinton L, Kashima S, Arantes EC. Heterologous expression of rTsHyal-1: the first recombinant hyaluronidase of scorpion venom produced in Pichia pastoris system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3145-3158. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Patil S, Chaudhari B. A simple, rapid and sensitive plate assay for detection of microbial hyaluronidase activity. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:358-361. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology; R.C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College; Shirpur India
| | - Bhushan Chaudhari
- Department of Microbiology; School of Life Sciences; North Maharashtra University; Jalgaon India
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Bordon KCF, Wiezel GA, Amorim FG, Arantes EC. Arthropod venom Hyaluronidases: biochemical properties and potential applications in medicine and biotechnology. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:43. [PMID: 26500679 PMCID: PMC4619011 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronidases are enzymes that mainly degrade hyaluronan, the major glycosaminoglycan of the interstitial matrix. They are involved in several pathological and physiological activities including fertilization, wound healing, embryogenesis, angiogenesis, diffusion of toxins and drugs, metastasis, pneumonia, sepsis, bacteremia, meningitis, inflammation and allergy, among others. Hyaluronidases are widely distributed in nature and the enzymes from mammalian spermatozoa, lysosomes and animal venoms belong to the subclass EC 3.2.1.35. To date, only five three-dimensional structures for arthropod venom hyaluronidases (Apis mellifera and Vespula vulgaris) were determined. Additionally, there are four molecular models for hyaluronidases from Mesobuthus martensii, Polybia paulista and Tityus serrulatus venoms. These enzymes are employed as adjuvants to increase the absorption and dispersion of other drugs and have been used in various off-label clinical conditions to reduce tissue edema. Moreover, a PEGylated form of a recombinant human hyaluronidase is currently under clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. This review focuses on the arthropod venom hyaluronidases and provides an overview of their biochemical properties, role in the envenoming, structure/activity relationship, and potential medical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla C F Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.040-903 Brazil
| | - Gisele A. Wiezel
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.040-903 Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. Amorim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.040-903 Brazil
| | - Eliane C. Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.040-903 Brazil
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Characterization of Hyaluronan-Degrading Enzymes from Yeasts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:700-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bobková L, Smirnou D, Krčmář M, Moravcová V, Hermannová M, Velebný V. New source of hyaluronidase – Fistulina hepatica. N Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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