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Autophosphorylation Assays Using Plant Receptor Kinases Synthesized in Cell-Free Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28567648 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7063-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system has a significant advantage for high-throughput production of eukaryotic multidomain proteins in a folded state. In this chapter, we describe two kinds of methods for performing autophosphorylation assay of plant receptor kinases (PRKs) by using the wheat cell-free system. One is an in vitro kinase assay performed using biotin-streptavidin affinity purification technology, and the other is a luminescence-based high-throughput assay for autophosphorylation analysis. We anticipate that our cell-free-based methods might facilitate the characterization of plant PRKs.
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Davis LS, Reimold AM. Transcriptional profiling of leukocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients before and after anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: A comparison of anti-nuclear antibody positive and negative subsets. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2183-2192. [PMID: 28565826 PMCID: PMC5443193 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) may be induced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy with TNF inhibitors (TNFi), etanercept, infliximab or adalimumab. In the present study, 11 patients who were TNFi drug naive were started on TNFi at a time of high disease activity. Of these, all cases were positive for rheumatoid factor and 9 cases tested were positive for anti-citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies prior to TNFi treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum were collected from all patients before and after TNFi therapy. Serum was assayed for ANAs over time. Total cellular RNA was extracted from PBMCs and assessed using Illumina arrays. Gene expression profiles were examined for alterations in key effector pathways. After 3 or more months on TNFi, 6 patients converted to ANA-positivity. Analysis of transcripts from patients with RA who converted to ANA-positivity after 3 months on TNFi identified complex gene expression profiles that reflected a reduction in cell adhesion, cell stress and lipid metabolism transcripts. In summary, unique transcriptional profiles in PBMCs from patients with RA were observed after TNFi therapy. This pilot study suggests that transcriptional profiling is a precise method of measuring the impact of TNFi therapies and reveals novel pathways that likely influence the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie S Davis
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Andreas M Reimold
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA.,Rheumatology Section, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
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Xanthohumol inhibits proliferation of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5289-5294. [PMID: 28105237 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol is a flavonoid compound that exhibits antioxidant and anticancer effects, and is used to treat atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of xanthohumol on the cell proliferation of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and to understand the mechanism of its action. The effects of xanthohumol on the cell viability and apoptosis rate of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma SCC4 cells were assessed by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. In addition, the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) p53 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), as well as anti-apoptotic markers, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), were analyzed by western blotting. The results revealed that treatment with 40 µM xanthohumol significantly inhibited the proliferation of SCC4 cells. Furthermore, xanthohumol treatment (40 µM) induced SCC4 cell apoptosis, as indicated by the significant increase in activity and expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, PARP, p53 and AIF. By contrast, the protein expression of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 was significantly decreased following treatment with 40 µM xanthohumol. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that xanthohumol mediates growth suppression and apoptosis induction, which was mediated via the suppression of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 and activation of PARP, p53 and AIF signaling pathways. Therefore, future studies that investigate xanthohumol as a potential therapeutic agent for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma are required.
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Sakamaki K, Ishii TM, Sakata T, Takemoto K, Takagi C, Takeuchi A, Morishita R, Takahashi H, Nozawa A, Shinoda H, Chiba K, Sugimoto H, Saito A, Tamate S, Satou Y, Jung SK, Matsuoka S, Koyamada K, Sawasaki T, Nagai T, Ueno N. Dysregulation of a potassium channel, THIK-1, targeted by caspase-8 accelerates cell shrinkage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2766-2783. [PMID: 27566292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of caspases is crucial for the execution of apoptosis. Although the caspase cascade associated with activation of the initiator caspase-8 (CASP8) has been investigated in molecular and biochemical detail, the physiological role of CASP8 is not fully understood. Here, we identified a two-pore domain potassium channel, tandem-pore domain halothane-inhibited K+ channel 1 (THIK-1), as a novel CASP8 substrate. The intracellular region of THIK-1 was cleaved by CASP8 in apoptotic cells. Overexpression of THIK-1, but not its mutant lacking the CASP8-target sequence in the intracellular portion, accelerated cell shrinkage in response to apoptotic stimuli. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous THIK-1 by RNA interference resulted in delayed shrinkage and potassium efflux. Furthermore, a truncated THIK-1 mutant lacking the intracellular region, which mimics the form cleaved by CASP8, led to a decrease of cell volume of cultured cells without apoptotic stimulation and excessively promoted irregular development of Xenopus embryos. Taken together, these results indicate that THIK-1 is involved in the acceleration of cell shrinkage. Thus, we have demonstrated a novel physiological role of CASP8: creating a cascade that advances the cell to the next stage in the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sakamaki
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiro M Ishii
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sakata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Takemoto
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Chiyo Takagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ayako Takeuchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Morishita
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Yokohama 230-0046, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nozawa
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hajime Shinoda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kumiko Chiba
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruyo Sugimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tamate
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Yutaka Satou
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sang-Kee Jung
- SCOTS, Tensei Suisan Co., Ltd., Karatsu 847-0193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuoka
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Koyamada
- Center for Promotion of Excellence in Higher Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Sakamaki K, Shimizu K, Iwata H, Imai K, Satou Y, Funayama N, Nozaki M, Yajima M, Nishimura O, Higuchi M, Chiba K, Yoshimoto M, Kimura H, Gracey AY, Shimizu T, Tomii K, Gotoh O, Akasaka K, Sawasaki T, Miller DJ. The apoptotic initiator caspase-8: its functional ubiquity and genetic diversity during animal evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:3282-301. [PMID: 25205508 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The caspases, a family of cysteine proteases, play multiple roles in apoptosis, inflammation, and cellular differentiation. Caspase-8 (Casp8), which was first identified in humans, functions as an initiator caspase in the apoptotic signaling mediated by cell-surface death receptors. To understand the evolution of function in the Casp8 protein family, casp8 orthologs were identified from a comprehensive range of vertebrates and invertebrates, including sponges and cnidarians, and characterized at both the gene and protein levels. Some introns have been conserved from cnidarians to mammals, but both losses and gains have also occurred; a new intron arose during teleost evolution, whereas in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, the casp8 gene is intronless and is organized in an operon with a neighboring gene. Casp8 activities are near ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom. Exogenous expression of a representative range of nonmammalian Casp8 proteins in cultured mammalian cells induced cell death, implying that these proteins possess proapoptotic activity. The cnidarian Casp8 proteins differ considerably from their bilaterian counterparts in terms of amino acid residues in the catalytic pocket, but display the same substrate specificity as human CASP8, highlighting the complexity of spatial structural interactions involved in enzymatic activity. Finally, it was confirmed that the interaction with an adaptor molecule, Fas-associated death domain protein, is also evolutionarily ancient. Thus, despite structural diversity and cooption to a variety of new functions, the ancient origins and near ubiquitous distribution of this activity across the animal kingdom emphasize the importance and utility of Casp8 as a central component of the metazoan molecular toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sakamaki
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimizu
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwata
- Multi-Scale Research Center for Medical Science, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Imai
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Satou
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Funayama
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masami Nozaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mamiko Yajima
- Bio Med Molecular, Cellular Biology Biochemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayura Higuchi
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kumiko Chiba
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michi Yoshimoto
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruna Kimura
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andrew Y Gracey
- Marine Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Gotoh
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Akasaka
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - David J Miller
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Molecular and enzymatic characterization of XMRV protease by a cell-free proteolytic analysis. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4863-73. [PMID: 22687250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a virus generated under artificial conditions by the recombination of 2 murine leukemia virus (MLV) proviruses, PreXMRV-1 and PreXMRV-2, during the in vivo passage of human prostate cancer cells in athymic nude mice. The molecular etiology of XMRV infection has not been characterized and its implication in human prostate cancer progression remains equivocal. As a step toward resolving this issue we developed an in vitro enzymatic assay system to characterize XMRV protease (PR)-mediated cleavage of host-cell proteins. Enzymatically-active XMRV PR protein was synthesized using a wheat-germ cell-free system. By monitoring cleavage activity of XMRV PR by AlphaScreen and 2-color immunoblot analyses, we revealed that the catalytic activity of XMRV PR is selectively blocked by the HIV PR inhibitor, Amprenavir, and identified several human tumor suppressor proteins, including PTEN and BAX, to be substrates of XMRV PR. This system may provide an attractive means for analyzing the function of retrovirus proteases and provide a technology platform for drug screening.
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