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Chae HB, Bae SB, Paeng SK, Wi SD, Thi Phan KA, Lee SY. S-nitrosylation switches the Arabidopsis redox sensor protein, QSOX1, from an oxidoreductase to a molecular chaperone under heat stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108219. [PMID: 38048703 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) thiol-based redox sensor has been identified as a negative regulator of plant immunity. Here, we have found that small molecular weight proteins of QSOX1 were converted to high molecular weight (HMW) complexes upon exposure to heat stress and that this was accompanied by a switch in QSOX1 function from a thiol-reductase to a molecular chaperone. Plant treatment with S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), which causes nitrosylation of cysteine residues (S-nitrosylation), but not with H2O2, induced HMW QSOX1 complexes. Thus, functional switching of QSOX1 is induced by GSNO treatment. Accordingly, simultaneous treatment of plants with heat shock and GSNO led to a significant increase in QSOX1 chaperone activity by increasing its oligomerization. Consequently, transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing QSOX1 (QSOX1OE) showed strong resistance to heat shock, whereas qsox1 knockout plants exhibited high sensitivity to heat stress. Plant treatment with GSNO under heat stress conditions increased their resistance to heat shock. We conclude that S-nitrosylation allows the thiol-based redox sensor, QSOX1, to respond to various external stresses in multiple ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), PMBBRC, and Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Su Bin Bae
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), PMBBRC, and Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Seol Ki Paeng
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), PMBBRC, and Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Seong Dong Wi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), PMBBRC, and Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Kieu Anh Thi Phan
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), PMBBRC, and Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), PMBBRC, and Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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Chae HB, Kim MG, Kang CH, Park JH, Lee ES, Lee SU, Chi YH, Paeng SK, Bae SB, Wi SD, Yun BW, Kim WY, Yun DJ, Mackey D, Lee SY. Redox sensor QSOX1 regulates plant immunity by targeting GSNOR to modulate ROS generation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1312-1327. [PMID: 33962063 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen signaling regulates numerous biological processes, including stress responses in plants. Redox sensors transduce reactive oxygen signals into cellular responses. Here, we present biochemical evidence that a plant quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase homolog (QSOX1) is a redox sensor that negatively regulates plant immunity against a bacterial pathogen. The expression level of QSOX1 is inversely correlated with pathogen-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Interestingly, QSOX1 both senses and regulates ROS levels by interactingn with and mediating redox regulation of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, which, consistent with previous findings, influences reactive nitrogen-mediated regulation of ROS generation. Collectively, our data indicate that QSOX1 is a redox sensor that negatively regulates plant immunity by linking reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen signaling to limit ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Eun Seon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yong Hun Chi
- Plant Propagation Team, Plant Production Division, Sejong National Arboretum, Sejong 30106, Korea
| | - Seol Ki Paeng
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Su Bin Bae
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Seong Dong Wi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China.
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Meyer AJ, Riemer J, Rouhier N. Oxidative protein folding: state-of-the-art and current avenues of research in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1230-1246. [PMID: 30230547 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1230 I. Introduction 1230 II. Formation and isomerization of disulfides in the ER and the Golgi apparatus 1231 III. The disulfide relay in the mitochondrial intermembrane space: why are plants different? 1236 IV. Disulfide bond formation on luminal proteins in thylakoids 1240 V. Conclusion 1242 Acknowledgements 1242 References 1242 SUMMARY: Disulfide bonds are post-translational modifications crucial for the structure and function of thousands of proteins. Their formation and isomerization, referred to as oxidative folding, require specific protein machineries found in oxidizing subcellular compartments, namely the endoplasmic reticulum and the associated endomembrane system, the intermembrane space of mitochondria and the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts. At least one protein component is required for transferring electrons from substrate proteins to an acceptor that is usually molecular oxygen. For oxidation reactions, incoming reduced substrates are oxidized by thiol-oxidoreductase proteins (or domains in case of chimeric proteins), which are usually themselves oxidized by a single thiol oxidase, the enzyme generating disulfide bonds de novo. By contrast, the description of the molecular actors and pathways involved in proofreading and isomerization of misfolded proteins, which require a tightly controlled redox balance, lags behind. Herein we provide a general overview of the knowledge acquired on the systems responsible for oxidative protein folding in photosynthetic organisms, highlighting their particularities compared to other eukaryotes. Current research challenges are discussed including the importance and specificity of these oxidation systems in the context of the existence of reducing systems in the same compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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Okuda A, Matsusaki M, Higashino Y, Masuda T, Urade R. Disulfide bond formation activity of soybean quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase. FEBS J 2014; 281:5341-55. [PMID: 25265152 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple enzymatic systems can catalyse protein disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells. The enzyme quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) catalyses disulfide bond formation in unfolded proteins via the reduction of oxygen. We found two QSOX homologues in the soybean genome database, Glycine max QSOX (GmQSOX)1 and GmQSOX2, which encode proteins composed of an N-terminal signal peptide, a thioredoxin-like domain, an FAD-binding domain, Erv/ALR, and a transmembrane region near the C terminus. We subsequently cloned two GmQSOX1 cDNAs, GmQSOX1a and GmQSOX1b, which may be generated by alternative splicing. The GmQSOX1a, GmQSOX1b and GmQSOX2 mRNA levels increased during seed storage protein synthesis in the cotyledon, and were also upregulated under conditions causing ER stress. Recombinant GmQSOX1 expressed in Escherichia coli formed disulfide bonds on reduced and denatured RNase A, but did not show any refolding activity. The reduced and denatured RNase A was effectively refolded by recombinant GmQSOX1 in the presence of the soybean protein disulfide isomerase family protein GmPDIL-2 in the absence of glutathione redox buffer, suggesting that GmQSOX1 plays a role in protein folding in the ER. DATABASES The nucleotide sequence data for the GmQSOX1a, GmQSOX1b, GmQSOX2a, GmQSOX2b and glycinin AaB1b cDNAs are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers AB196647, AB195548, XM-006589586, XM-003536592, and AB113349, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Okuda
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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Oxidative protein-folding systems in plant cells. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:585431. [PMID: 24187554 PMCID: PMC3800646 DOI: 10.1155/2013/585431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are unique among eukaryotes in having evolved organelles: the protein storage vacuole, protein body, and chloroplast. Disulfide transfer pathways that function in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and chloroplasts of plants play critical roles in the development of protein storage organelles and the biogenesis of chloroplasts, respectively. Disulfide bond formation requires the cooperative function of disulfide-generating enzymes (e.g., ER oxidoreductase 1), which generate disulfide bonds de novo, and disulfide carrier proteins (e.g., protein disulfide isomerase), which transfer disulfides to substrates by means of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Selective molecular communication between disulfide-generating enzymes and disulfide carrier proteins, which reflects the molecular and structural diversity of disulfide carrier proteins, is key to the efficient transfer of disulfides to specific sets of substrates. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of the various disulfide transfer pathways involved in oxidative protein folding in the ER, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of plants.
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Limor-Waisberg K, Ben-Dor S, Fass D. Diversification of quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase in a preserved framework for redox relay. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:70. [PMID: 23510202 PMCID: PMC3616962 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme family Quiescin Sulfhydryl Oxidase (QSOX) is defined by the presence of an amino-terminal thioredoxin-fold (Trx) domain and a carboxy-terminal Erv family sulfhydryl oxidase domain. QSOX enzymes, which generate disulfide bonds and transfer them to substrate proteins, are present in a wide variety of eukaryotic species including metazoans and plants, but are absent from fungi. Plant and animal QSOXs differ in their active-site amino acid sequences and content of non-catalytic domains. The question arises, therefore, whether the Trx-Erv fusion has the same mechanistic significance in all QSOX enzymes, and whether shared features distinguish the functional domains of QSOX from other instances in which these domains occur independently. Through a study of QSOX phylogeny and an analysis of QSOX sequence diversity in light of recently determined three-dimensional structures, we sought insight into the origin and evolution of this multi-domain redox alliance. RESULTS An updated collection of QSOX enzymes was used to confirm and refine the differences in domain composition and active-site sequence motif patterns of QSOXs belonging to various eukaryotic phyla. Beyond the expected phylogenetic distinction of animal and plant QSOX enzymes, trees based on individual redox-active QSOX domains show a particular distinction of the Trx domain early in plant evolution. A comparison of QSOX domains with Trx and Erv domains from outside the QSOX family revealed several sequence and structural features that clearly differentiate QSOXs from other enzymes containing either of these domains. Notably, these features, present in QSOXs of various phyla, localize to the interface between the Trx and Erv domains observed in structures of QSOX that model interdomain redox communication. CONCLUSIONS The infrastructure for interdomain electron relay, previously identified for animal and parasite QSOXs, is found broadly across the QSOX family, including the plant enzymes. We conclude that the conserved three-dimensional framework of the QSOX catalytic domains accommodates lineage-specific differences and paralog diversification in the amino acid residues surrounding the redox-active cysteines. Our findings indicate that QSOX enzymes are characterized not just by the presence of the two defining domain folds but also by features that promote coordinated activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Limor-Waisberg
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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