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The Role of Acetate Kinase in the Human Parasite Entamoeba histolytica. PARASITOLOGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:147-159. [PMID: 36872919 PMCID: PMC9983610 DOI: 10.3390/parasitologia2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which causes approximately 100 million cases of amoebic dysentery each year, relies on glycolysis as the major source of ATP production from glucose as it lacks a citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Ethanol and acetate, the two major glycolytic end products for E. histolytica, are produced at a ratio of 2:1 under anaerobic conditions, creating an imbalance between NADH production and utilization. In this study we investigated the role of acetate kinase (ACK) in acetate production during glycolysis in E. histolytica metabolism. Analysis of intracellular and extracellular metabolites demonstrated that acetate levels were unaffected in an ACK RNAi cell line, but acetyl-CoA levels and the NAD+/NADH ratio were significantly elevated. Moreover, we demonstrated that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the ACK-dependent conversion of acetaldehyde to acetyl phosphate in E. histolytica. We propose that ACK is not a major contributor to acetate production, but instead provides a mechanism for maintaining the NAD+/NADH balance during ethanol production in the extended glycolytic pathway.
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2
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Feregrino-Mondragón RD, Vega-Segura A, Sánchez-Thomas R, Silva-Flores M, Rodríguez-Zavala JS, Marín-Hernández Á, Pérez-Torres I, Torres-Márquez ME, Moreno-Sánchez R, Jasso-Chávez R. The essential role of mitochondria in the consumption of waste-organic matter and production of metabolites of biotechnological interest in Euglena gracilis. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Shirley DA, Sharma I, Warren CA, Moonah S. Drug Repurposing of the Alcohol Abuse Medication Disulfiram as an Anti-Parasitic Agent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:633194. [PMID: 33777846 PMCID: PMC7991622 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.633194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections contribute significantly to worldwide morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic treatment is essential for managing patients infected with these parasites since control is otherwise challenging and there are no vaccines available for prevention. However, new antimicrobial therapies are urgently needed as significant problems exist with current treatments such as drug resistance, limited options, poor efficacy, as well as toxicity. This situation is made worse by the challenges of drug discovery and development which is costly especially for non-profitable infectious diseases, time-consuming, and risky with a high failure rate. Drug repurposing which involves finding new use for existing drugs may help to more rapidly identify therapeutic candidates while drastically cutting costs of drug research and development. In this perspective article, we discuss the importance of drug repurposing, review disulfiram pharmacology, and highlight emerging data that supports repurposing disulfiram as an anti-parasitic, exemplified by the major diarrhea-causing parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie-Ann Shirley
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ishrya Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Shannon Moonah
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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4
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Martínez-Pérez Y, Nequiz-Avendaño M, García-Torres I, Gudiño-Zayas ME, López-Velázquez G, Enríquez-Flores S, Mendoza E, Saavedra E, Pérez-Tamayo R, León-Avila G, Olivos-García A. Rabeprazole inhibits several functions of Entamoeba histolytica related with its virulence. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3491-3502. [PMID: 32886229 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica. The parasite can invade the large intestine and other organs such as liver; resistance to the host tissue oxygen is a condition for parasite invasion and survival. Thioredoxin reductase of E. histolytica (EhTrxR) is a critical enzyme mainly involved in maintaining reduced the redox system and detoxifying the intracellular oxygen; therefore, it is necessary for E. histolytica survival under both aerobic in vitro and in vivo conditions. In the present work, it is reported that rabeprazole (Rb), a drug widely used to treat heartburn, was able to inhibit the EhTrxR recombinant enzyme. Moreover, Rb affected amoebic proliferation and several functions required for parasite virulence such as cytotoxicity, oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide, erythrophagocytosis, proteolysis, and oxygen and complement resistances. In addition, amoebic pre-incubation with sublethal Rb concentration (600 μM) promoted amoebic death during early liver infection in hamsters. Despite the high Rb concentration used to inhibit amoebic virulence, the wide E. histolytica pathogenic-related functions affected by Rb strongly suggest that its molecular structure can be used as scaffold to design new antiamoebic compounds with lower IC50 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoalli Martínez-Pérez
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N. Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México. .,Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.
| | - Mario Nequiz-Avendaño
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Itzhel García-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, México
| | - Marco E Gudiño-Zayas
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, México
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, México
| | - Edith Mendoza
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | - Ruy Pérez-Tamayo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Gloria León-Avila
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N. Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
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5
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Guillén N. The interaction betweenEntamoeba histolyticaand enterobacteria shed light on an ancient antibacterial response. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13039. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur Paris France
- INSBCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS‐ERL9195 Paris France
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Control and regulation of the pyrophosphate-dependent glucose metabolism in Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 229:75-87. [PMID: 30772421 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica has neither Krebs cycle nor oxidative phosphorylation activities; therefore, glycolysis is the main pathway for ATP supply and provision of carbon skeleton precursors for the synthesis of macromolecules. Glucose is metabolized through fermentative glycolysis, producing ethanol as its main end-product as well as some acetate. Amoebal glycolysis markedly differs from the typical Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway present in human cells: (i) by the use of inorganic pyrophosphate, instead of ATP, as the high-energy phospho group donor; (ii) with one exception, the pathway enzymes can catalyze reversible reactions under physiological conditions; (iii) there is no allosteric regulation and sigmoidal kinetic behavior of key enzymes; and (iv) the presence of some glycolytic and fermentation enzymes similar to those of anaerobic bacteria. These peculiarities bring about alternative mechanisms of control and regulation of the PPi-dependent fermentative glycolysis in the parasite in comparison to the ATP-dependent and allosterically regulated glycolysis in many other eukaryotic cells. In this review, the current knowledge of the carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in E. histolytica is analyzed. Thermodynamics and stoichiometric analyses indicate 2 to 3.5 ATP yield per glucose metabolized, instead of the often presumed 5 ATP/glucose ratio. PPi derived from anabolism seems insufficient for PPi-glycolysis; hence, alternative ways of PPi supply are also discussed. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of control and regulation of the E. histolytica carbohydrate metabolism, analyzed by applying integral and systemic approaches such as Metabolic Control Analysis and kinetic modeling, contribute to unveiling alternative and promising drug targets.
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Tracking acetate through a journey of living world: Evolution as alternative cellular fuel with potential for application in cancer therapeutics. Life Sci 2018; 215:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sun Y, Cai X, Cao J, Wu Z, Pan D. Effects of 1,8-cineole on Carbohydrate Metabolism Related Cell Structure Changes of Salmonella. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1078. [PMID: 29910778 PMCID: PMC5992416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is gram-negative foodborne zoonotic bacteria which triggers disease in humans. Our previous studies showed 1,8-cineole possessed remarkable antimicrobial effects on foodborne zoonotic bacteria indicating it could serve as a new source of antibiotic for Salmonella. Present study elucidated the antibacterial mechanism of 1,8-cineole by analyzing serum protein expressed by Salmonella following treatment with 1,8-cineole (0.25 mg/mL, 3 h) using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) with two-dimensional liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS). 1,8-cineole was found to significantly damage the structure of Salmonella cell walls and membranes. A total of 3011 proteins were extracted from the experimental group, of which 435 were differentially expressed (1.5-fold) with 123 upregulated and 312 downregulated. The expressed proteins were involved in 935 intracellular biological processes, 98 cellular components, 477 molecular functions and 86 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Among them, proteins associated with carbohydrate, nucleotide, amino acid, lipid, and energy metabolism were significantly changed following treatment with 1,8-cineole. Carbohydrate metabolism and membrane protein-related genes was down-regulated at the mRNA level when Salmonella was treated with 1,8-cineole. 1,8-cineole may be a potential antibiotic for Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinxuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jinling College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Ahn CS, Kim JG, Shin MH, Lee YA, Kong Y. Comparison of Secretome Profile of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700341. [PMID: 29409117 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery and liver abscess. E. histolytica adheres to the host tissues in a contact-dependent manner. E. histolytica excretory-secretory products (ESP) might play critical roles during invasion. We comparatively analyzed the secretome profile of E. histolytica pathogenic HM-1:IMSS and non-pathogenic Rahman strains. The two ESP revealed similar but distinct spotting patterns. In both ESP, alcohol dehydrogenase, enolase 1, and transketolase, which control classical carbohydrate metabolism and other moonlighting effects, constituted the most abundant fractions. We recognized differently secreted molecules. Secretion of cytoskeletal organization proteins (actin, actin binding protein, and EHI_068510), protein remodeling amino peptidase, and multifunctional elongation factor 1-α were increased in Rahman. Conversely, carbohydrate metabolizing enolase 1, alcohol dehydrogenase, transketolase, calponin, phosphoglucose mutase, malic enzyme and EHI_156420, xenobiotic scavenging superoxide dismutase and EHI_140740, and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and coronin (carbohydrate metabolism/detoxification) showed reduced secretion. Transcription levels of some genes involved in these processes also decreased. Changes of secretory behavior, especially decreased secretion of multifunctional carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and detoxifying proteins that importantly participated in amoeba pathogenesis might reflect avirulent nature of Rahman strain in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seob Ahn
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Geun Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Myeong Heon Shin
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Pineda E, Perdomo D. Entamoeba histolytica under Oxidative Stress: What Countermeasure Mechanisms Are in Place? Cells 2017; 6:cells6040044. [PMID: 29160807 PMCID: PMC5755502 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis; it affects 50 million people worldwide and causes approximately 100,000 deaths per year. Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasite that is primarily found in the colon; however, for unknown reasons, it can become invasive, breaching the gut barrier and migrating toward the liver causing amoebic liver abscesses. During the invasive process, it must maintain intracellular hypoxia within the oxygenated human tissues and cellular homeostasis during the host immune defense attack when it is confronted with nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. But how? This review will address the described and potential mechanisms available to counter the oxidative stress generated during invasion and the possible role that E. histolytica’s continuous endoplasmic reticulum (Eh-ER) plays during these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pineda
- Laboratory of Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity (MFP), University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Doranda Perdomo
- Laboratory of Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity (MFP), University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Both adhE and a Separate NADPH-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene, adhA, Are Necessary for High Ethanol Production in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00542-16. [PMID: 27849176 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00542-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum has been engineered to produce ethanol at about 90% of the theoretical maximum yield (2 ethanol molecules per glucose equivalent) and a titer of 70 g/liter. Its ethanol-producing ability has drawn attention to its metabolic pathways, which could potentially be transferred to other organisms of interest. Here, we report that the iron-containing AdhA is important for ethanol production in the high-ethanol strain of T. saccharolyticum (LL1049). A single-gene deletion of adhA in LL1049 reduced ethanol production by ∼50%, whereas multiple gene deletions of all annotated alcohol dehydrogenase genes except adhA and adhE did not affect ethanol production. Deletion of adhA in wild-type T.saccharolyticum reduced NADPH-linked alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity (acetaldehyde-reducing direction) by 93%.IMPORTANCE In this study, we set out to identify the alcohol dehydrogenases necessary for high ethanol production in T. saccharolyticum Based on previous work, we had assumed that adhE was the primary alcohol dehydrogenase gene. Here, we show that both adhA and adhE are needed for high ethanol yield in the engineered strain LL1049. This is the first report showing adhA is important for ethanol production in a native adhA host, which has important implications for achieving higher ethanol yields in other microorganisms.
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12
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Gaona-López C, Julián-Sánchez A, Riveros-Rosas H. Diversity and Evolutionary Analysis of Iron-Containing (Type-III) Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Eukaryotes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166851. [PMID: 27893862 PMCID: PMC5125639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity is widely distributed in the three domains of life. Currently, there are three non-homologous NAD(P)+-dependent ADH families reported: Type I ADH comprises Zn-dependent ADHs; type II ADH comprises short-chain ADHs described first in Drosophila; and, type III ADH comprises iron-containing ADHs (FeADHs). These three families arose independently throughout evolution and possess different structures and mechanisms of reaction. While types I and II ADHs have been extensively studied, analyses about the evolution and diversity of (type III) FeADHs have not been published yet. Therefore in this work, a phylogenetic analysis of FeADHs was performed to get insights into the evolution of this protein family, as well as explore the diversity of FeADHs in eukaryotes. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Results showed that FeADHs from eukaryotes are distributed in thirteen protein subfamilies, eight of them possessing protein sequences distributed in the three domains of life. Interestingly, none of these protein subfamilies possess protein sequences found simultaneously in animals, plants and fungi. Many FeADHs are activated by or contain Fe2+, but many others bind to a variety of metals, or even lack of metal cofactor. Animal FeADHs are found in just one protein subfamily, the hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (HOT) subfamily, which includes protein sequences widely distributed in fungi, but not in plants), and in several taxa from lower eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea. Fungi FeADHs are found mainly in two subfamilies: HOT and maleylacetate reductase (MAR), but some can be found also in other three different protein subfamilies. Plant FeADHs are found only in chlorophyta but not in higher plants, and are distributed in three different protein subfamilies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE FeADHs are a diverse and ancient protein family that shares a common 3D scaffold with a patchy distribution in eukaryotes. The majority of sequenced FeADHs from eukaryotes are distributed in just two subfamilies, HOT and MAR (found mainly in animals and fungi). These two subfamilies comprise almost 85% of all sequenced FeADHs in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gaona-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adriana Julián-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Héctor Riveros-Rosas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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Pineda E, Vázquez C, Encalada R, Nozaki T, Sato E, Hanadate Y, Néquiz M, Olivos-García A, Moreno-Sánchez R, Saavedra E. Roles of acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) and acetate kinase (PPi-forming) in ATP and PPi supply in Entamoeba histolytica. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1163-72. [PMID: 26922831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetate is an end-product of the PPi-dependent fermentative glycolysis in Entamoeba histolytica; it is synthesized from acetyl-CoA by ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) with net ATP synthesis or from acetyl-phosphate by a unique PPi-forming acetate kinase (AcK). The relevance of these enzymes to the parasite ATP and PPi supply, respectively, are analyzed here. METHODS The recombinant enzymes were kinetically characterized and their physiological roles were analyzed by transcriptional gene silencing and further metabolic analyses in amoebae. RESULTS Recombinant ACS showed higher catalytic efficiencies (Vmax/Km) for acetate formation than for acetyl-CoA formation and high acetyl-CoA levels were found in trophozoites. Gradual ACS gene silencing (49-93%) significantly decreased the acetate flux without affecting the levels of glycolytic metabolites and ATP in trophozoites. However, amoebae lacking ACS activity were unable to reestablish the acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio after an oxidative stress challenge. Recombinant AcK showed activity only in the acetate formation direction; however, its substrate acetyl-phosphate was undetected in axenic parasites. AcK gene silencing did not affect acetate production in the parasites but promoted a slight decrease (10-20%) in the hexose phosphates and PPi levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the main role of ACS in the parasite energy metabolism is not ATP production but to recycle CoA for glycolysis to proceed under aerobic conditions. AcK does not contribute to acetate production but might be marginally involved in PPi and hexosephosphate homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE The previous, long-standing hypothesis that these enzymes importantly contribute to ATP and PPi supply in amoebae can now be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pineda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Mexico D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Citlali Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Mexico D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Mexico D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Emi Sato
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yuki Hanadate
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mario Néquiz
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Mexico D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Mexico D.F. 14080, Mexico.
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The oxygen reduction pathway and heat shock stress response are both required for Entamoeba histolytica pathogenicity. Curr Genet 2015; 62:295-300. [PMID: 26589893 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several species belonging to the genus Entamoeba can colonize the mouth or the human gut; however, only Entamoeba histolytica is pathogenic to the host, causing the disease amoebiasis. This illness is responsible for one hundred thousand human deaths per year worldwide, affecting mainly underdeveloped countries. Throughout its entire life cycle and invasion of human tissues, the parasite is constantly subjected to stress conditions. Under in vitro culture, this microaerophilic parasite can tolerate up to 5 % oxygen concentrations; however, during tissue invasion the parasite has to cope with the higher oxygen content found in well-perfused tissues (4-14 %) and with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species derived from both host and parasite. In this work, the role of the amoebic oxygen reduction pathway (ORP) and heat shock response (HSP) are analyzed in relation to E. histolytica pathogenicity. The data suggest that in contrast with non-pathogenic E. dispar, the higher level of ORP and HSPs displayed by E. histolytica enables its survival in tissues by diminishing and detoxifying intracellular oxidants and repairing damaged proteins to allow metabolic fluxes, replication and immune evasion.
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15
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Cofactor Specificity of the Bifunctional Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (AdhE) in Wild-Type and Mutant Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2610-9. [PMID: 26013492 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00232-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum are thermophilic bacteria that have been engineered to produce ethanol from the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of biomass, respectively. Although engineered strains of T. saccharolyticum produce ethanol with a yield of 90% of the theoretical maximum, engineered strains of C. thermocellum produce ethanol at lower yields (∼50% of the theoretical maximum). In the course of engineering these strains, a number of mutations have been discovered in their adhE genes, which encode both alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes. To understand the effects of these mutations, the adhE genes from six strains of C. thermocellum and T. saccharolyticum were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, the enzymes produced were purified by affinity chromatography, and enzyme activity was measured. In wild-type strains of both organisms, NADH was the preferred cofactor for both ALDH and ADH activities. In high-ethanol-producing (ethanologen) strains of T. saccharolyticum, both ALDH and ADH activities showed increased NADPH-linked activity. Interestingly, the AdhE protein of the ethanologenic strain of C. thermocellum has acquired high NADPH-linked ADH activity while maintaining NADH-linked ALDH and ADH activities at wild-type levels. When single amino acid mutations in AdhE that caused increased NADPH-linked ADH activity were introduced into C. thermocellum and T. saccharolyticum, ethanol production increased in both organisms. Structural analysis of the wild-type and mutant AdhE proteins was performed to provide explanations for the cofactor specificity change on a molecular level. IMPORTANCE This work describes the characterization of the AdhE enzyme from different strains of C. thermocellum and T. saccharolyticum. C. thermocellum and T. saccharolyticum are thermophilic anaerobes that have been engineered to make high yields of ethanol and can solubilize components of plant biomass and ferment the sugars to ethanol. In the course of engineering these strains, several mutations arose in the bifunctional ADH/ALDH protein AdhE, changing both enzyme activity and cofactor specificity. We show that changing AdhE cofactor specificity from mostly NADH linked to mostly NADPH linked resulted in higher ethanol production by C. thermocellum and T. saccharolyticum.
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Santos F, Nequiz M, Hernández-Cuevas NA, Hernández K, Pineda E, Encalada R, Guillén N, Luis-García E, Saralegui A, Saavedra E, Pérez-Tamayo R, Olivos-García A. Maintenance of intracellular hypoxia and adequate heat shock response are essential requirements for pathogenicity and virulence ofEntamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1037-51. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico D.F. 04510 Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México D.F. 11340 Mexico
| | - Mario Nequiz
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Kahory Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Erika Pineda
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; Mexico D.F. 14080 Mexico
| | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; Mexico D.F. 14080 Mexico
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme; Institut Pasteur; Paris F-75015 France
- INSERM, U786; Paris F-75015 France
| | - Erika Luis-García
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Andrés Saralegui
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Morelos 62250 Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; Mexico D.F. 14080 Mexico
| | - Ruy Pérez-Tamayo
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico D.F. 04510 Mexico
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Pineda E, Encalada R, Vázquez C, Néquiz M, Olivos-García A, Moreno-Sánchez R, Saavedra E. In vivoidentification of the steps that control energy metabolism and survival ofEntamoeba histolytica. FEBS J 2014; 282:318-31. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pineda
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; México D.F México
| | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; México D.F México
| | - Citlali Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; México D.F México
| | - Mario Néquiz
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
| | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
| | - Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; México D.F México
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; México D.F México
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Huat LB, Garcia AO, Ning TZ, Kin WW, Noordin R, Azham SSA, Jie LZ, Ching GC, Chong FP, Dam PC. Entamoeba histolytica acetyl-CoA synthetase: biomarker of acute amoebic liver abscess. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:446-50. [PMID: 25182945 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) antigen(s) recognized by moribound amoebic liver abscess hamsters. METHODS Crude soluble antigen of E. histolytica was probed with sera of moribund hamsters in 1D- and 2D-Western blot analyses. The antigenic protein was then sent for tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The corresponding gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21-AI to produce the recombinant E. histolytica ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (EhACS) protein. A customised ELISA was developed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the recombinant protein. RESULTS A ∼75 kDa protein band with a pI value of 5.91-6.5 was found to be antigenic; and not detected by sera of hamsters in the control group. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed the protein to be the 77 kDa E. histolytica ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (EhACS). The customised ELISA results revealed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity when tested against infected (n=31) and control group hamsters (n=5) serum samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This finding suggested the significant role of EhACS as a biomarker for moribund hamsters with acute amoebic liver abscess (ALA) infection. It is deemed pertinent that future studies explore the potential roles of EhACS in better understanding the pathogenesis of ALA; and in the development of vaccine and diagnostic tests to control ALA in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lim Boon Huat
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alfonso Olivos Garcia
- Departmento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 04510 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Tan Zi Ning
- Department of Medicine, Allianze University College of Medical Sciences, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Wong Weng Kin
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, 11800 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Shafiqah Anaqi Azham
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Lee Zhi Jie
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Guee Cher Ching
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Foo Phiaw Chong
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Pim Chau Dam
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Jeelani G, Nozaki T. Metabolomic analysis of Entamoeba: applications and implications. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:118-24. [PMID: 24950028 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric protozoan parasite that causes hemorrhagic dysentery and extraintestinal abscesses in millions of inhabitants of endemic areas. The genome of E. histolytica has already been sequenced and used to predict the metabolic potential of the organism. Since nearly 56% of the E. histolytica genes remain unannotated, correlative 'omics' analyses of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and biochemical metabolic profiling are essential in uncovering new, or poorly understood metabolic pathways. Metabolomics aims at understanding biology by comprehensive metabolite profiling. In this review, we discuss recent metabolomics approaches to elucidate unidentified metabolic systems of this pathogen and also discuss future applications of metabolomics to understand the biology and pathogenesis of E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Jeelani
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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